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STATISTICS
By:- Nishant Gupta

For any help contact:

9953168795, 9268789880

STATISTICS

1.

The data obtained in a statistical investigation is called raw data and when it is arranged in ascending or
descending order of magnitude, it is called an array.

2.

A variable which can assume any value between two given values is called a continuous variable,
otherwise it is called a discrete variable.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (OR AVERAGES)
An average of a distribution is that value of the variable which is representative of the entire distribution.
Following are the five measures of central tendency.

1.

Arithmetic Mean or just Mean x

2.

Geometric Mean

3.

Harmonic Mean

4.

Median

5.

Mode.
AIRTHMETIC MEAN

(i)

If a variable x takes values x1, x2, , xn, then the A.M. is denoted by x and is given by

x
(ii)

x 1 x 2 ........ x n 1 n
xi
n
n i 1

For a ungrouped frequency distribution

x = x1 x2 . xn

f = f1 f2 fn

f1 x 1 f 2 x 2 ........ f n x n
f1 f 2 ........ f n

n
1 n
f i x i1 whereN f i .
N i1
i 1

(iii)

For a grouped frequency, formula listed in (ii) is applicable where xi denotes the mid point of ith class.

(iv)

Weighted Arithmetic Mean. If x takes values x1, x2, .......x:n with their respective weights w1, w2, ..wn,
then weighted A.M. is given by
n

w x w 2 x 2 ........ w n x n
x 1 1

w 1 w 2 ........ w n

wixi

i 1
n

wi

i 1

SHORT-CUT METHOD IN COMPUTING

Arithmetic Mean We take a number 'a' (generally in the middle of the greatest and the least values of
the variable) called the assume mean.
(i)

For simple distribution

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

A a d i where di = xi - a,

n is the number of terms.

i 1

(ii)

For ungrouped frequency distribution

n

Aa

fidi

i 1
n

where

di = xi a.

fi

i 1

(iii)

Step deviation or Shift of origin and change of scale for grouped frequency distribution :

1 n

x a h f i u i a h u
N i1

(iv)

ui

where

n
xi a
; N fi .
h
i 1

Mean of the composite of the k groups. If x1 , x 2 ,.............,x k are means of k groups having n1, n2,.............,
nk members, then mean of the k groups, combined is give

n 1 x 1 n 2 x 2 ............... n k x k
.
n 1 n 2 .............. n k

Some Algebraic Properties of A.M.

(i)

Algebraic sum of deviations of all values of variable from their A.M. is always zero.
Thus, for simple distribution.
And for a frequency distribution.

x i x 0,

i 1
n

f i x i x 0,

i 1

(ii)

The mean of the sum of two (or more) variables is equal to sum of their means.

(iii)

If u, v are two variables and w = au + bv for some constants a, b then

(iv)

Sum of squares of deviations of variable is minimum when taken about A.M.

w a u bv .

GEOMETRIC MEAN
(i)

If x takes positive values x1, x2,...,xn then G.M. of x is G = (x, x2 ... xn)1/N. Using logarithm, we see that

1 n

G = antilog logx i
x i 1

(ii)

For a frequency distribution :

x = x1, x2, ..., xn

f = f1, f2, ., fn

G.M. is given by

G x1f1 .x 2 f 2 ..........x n f n

In terms of log,

1 n

G = antilog logf ilog x i

x i1

1N

For a grouped frequency distribution, xi is the mid-point of the ith class interval.
(iii)

If G1 and G2 are the geometric means of the two series of sizes n1 and n2 respectively, then the G.M. G of
the combined series is given by
log G

(iv)

n 1 log G1 n 2 log G 2
n1 n 2

It is useful in the construction of index numbers, averaging ratios, percentages etc.

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

HARMONIC MEAN
If x assumes non-zero values x1, x2,...., xn, then H.M. is denoted by H and is given by H

For a frequency distribution : (xi, fi), i = 1, 2, ....., n,

1
1 fi

n i 1 x i
n

1
1 n fi

N i 1 x i

It is useful in problems related with rates, ratios, times, etc. Note. A G H.

MEDIAN AND OTHER PARTITION VALUES
Median is that value of the variable which divides the total observations into two equal halves.
(i)

n 1
If x takes values x1, x2, ..., xn (n odd), then the median is
th value after the values have been
2
arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
n
If n is even, then the A.M. of th and
2

(ii)

1 th values is the median.

2

For a frequency distribution (xi, fi), i = 1,2,.., n, median is calculated as follows :

First, find the cumulative frequencies. Then, see the cumulative frequency just greater than

N
. The
2

corresponding value of x is the median.

(iii)

For a grouped frequency distribution. Median is calculated by the formula

N
h
Me l C
2
f
Where l = lower limit of median class
f = frequency of median class
h = width of median class
c = c.f. of the class preceding the median class.
The class corresponding to cumulative frequency just greater than

N
is the median class.
2

Graphical Method: Here we draw 'less than' and 'more than' ogive. The abscissa of point of intersection
of these ogives is the median.
Like median, the other partition values quar-tiles, deciles, percentiles, etc. can be determined- The ith
iN

C h

Q l
, i 1,2,3etc
quartile Qi is given by
f
MODE
The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of the variable which has the maximum
frequency.
For a grouped frequency distribution, mode is given by

Mode l

f m f1
h
2f m f1 f 2

Where l = lower limit of modal class (i.e., the class in which frequency is maximum)

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

h = width of modal class

f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the class following the modal class
fm = maximum frequency.
Note:

(i) The length of intervals should be equal (ii)

Mode l

If 2fm f1 f2 = 0 then use :

f m f1
h
f m f1 f m f 2

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Averages are not sufficient to give a complete picture of the distribution as they do not tell us how the
values vary about some central value. There can be more than one distributions having the same average
but have wide disparities in the formation of the distribution. Dispersion measures the scatteredness of
various observation about some central value. Following are the measures of dispersion :

(i)

(i)

Range

(iii)

Mean Deviation and

(ii)

Quartile Deviation

(iv)

Standard

Range of a distribution is the difference of the largest and the smallest values.
Coefficient of range =

LS
LS

(ii)

Quartile Deviation = Q3 Q1 Coefficient of quartile deviation =

(iii)

Mean Deviation. For a frequency distribution (xi, fi),i = 1,2, ...,n

Mean Deviation (M.D.) from 'a'

Coefficient of dispersion =
(iv)

Q 3 Q1
Q 3 Q1

1 n
f i x i a . where 'a' can be mean, mode or median
N i 1

Mean deviation from ' a'

a

Standard Deviation (S.D.) For a frequency distribution (xi, fi),i = 1,2,..,n,

S.D. is denoted by and is given by

1 n
f i x1 x
N i 1

1 n
1

2
fi xi fi xi
N i 1
N

(for calculation)

1 n
1

2
fiui fiui
N i 1
N

Where u i

xi a
h

x h u

Thus S.D. is independent of shift of origin but depends upon change of scale,
Coefficient of Dispersion (C.D.) =

Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) =

If s denotes the root mean square deviation from some number a, i.e.,

1 n
2
f i x i a and is the S.D.
N i 1

s2 = 2 + d2

where d = x a

clearly, s is least when d = 0 i.e., x a

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

100
x

Deviation

Thus, root mean square deviation is least when deviation are taken from x .
Square of S.D. is called variance. S.D. ( ) of the combined mp of two groups having means, x1 , x 2 ;
standard deviation 1 , 2 and number of elements n1, n2 is given by

2
And

1
n1 12 d12 n 2 2 2 d 2 2
n1 n 2
x

n1 x1 n 2 x 2
n1 n 2

Where

d1 x1 x, d 2 x 2 x.

Also, note that 2 (Range)2.

SYMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC

In a symmetrical distribution, Mean, Median, Mode coincide. Here, frequencies are symmetrically
distributed both sides of some central value.

A distribution which is not symmetrical, is called skew- symmetrical. In a moderately skew-symmetric

distribution,
Mean - Mode = 3 (Mean - Median)
In a positively skew-symmetric distribution, the value of mean is maximum and that of mode is least, and
the median lies between the two.
In a negatively skew-symmetric distribution, the value of mode is maximum and that of mean is least,
and the median lies between the two.
Absolute measures of skewness are
(i) x M e , (ii) x M 0 , (iii) Q3 + Q1- 2Q2.

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

ASSIGNMENT
STATISTICS

1.

2.

(a)

n 1
6

(b)

(c)

(n 1)( 2n 1)
6

(d)None of these.

(c)

4.

5.

6.

n 1
6

2n
n 1

(b)

2n
n

2 n 1
n 1

(d) None of these

The mean wage of 1000 workers in a factory

running in two shifts of 700 and 300 workers
is Rs, 500. The mean wage of 700 workers
working in day shift is Rs. 450. The mean
wage of workers working in the night shift is
(a)Rs.570

(b) Rs.616.67

(c) Rs.543.67

(d) None of these.

7.

(a) 79 kg

(b) 79.48 kg

(c) 81.32 kg

(d) N/T

(a) Mean

(b) Median

(c) Mode

(d) Range.

3n n 1
22n 1

The relationship between mean, median and

mode for a moderately skewed distribution is

(c) Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean

(d) Mode = 2 Median - 3 Mean.
8.

9.

Median of 16, 10, 14, 11, 9, 8, 12, 6, 5 is

(a) 10

(b) 12

(c) 11

(d) 14.

In an arranged series of an even number n of

the median is
(a)

n
th term
2

n
(b) 1 th term
2
n
n
(c) the mean of th and 1 th term
2
2
(d) None of these
10.

Which of the following is not a measure of

dispersion?
(a) Variance

(b) Mode

(c) Mean deviation (d)Standard deviation

11.

The weighted mean of first n natural numbers

whose weights are equal to the squares of the
corresponding numbers is
(b)

n n 1
2

(b) Mode = 2 Median Mean

Which of the following is not a measure of

central tendency?

n 1
2

(d)

(a) Mode = Median - 2 Mean

The average weight of 25 boys was calculated

to be 78.4 kg. If was later discovered that one
weight was misread as 69 kg instead of 96 kg.
The correct aver- age is

(a)

n 12n 1

The A.M. of nC0, nC1, nC2, .. , nCn is

(a)

3.

(c)

A.M. of squares of first n natural numbers is

12.

If each observation of a raw data whose

variance is 2 , is increased by then the
variance of the new set is
(a) 2

(b) 2 2

(c) 2 2

(d) None of these.

If each observation of a raw data, whose

variance is 2 , is multiplied by , then the
variance of the new set is

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

13.

14.

(a) 2

(b) 2 2

(c) 2

(d) 2 2

If x is the mean of a distribution, then

f1 x 1 x

(a) 0

(b) M.D.

(c) S.D.

(d) None of these.

The variance of the first n natural number is

(a)

n 2 1
12

n 2 1
(c)
6
15.

16.

(b)

n 2 1
12

n 2 1
(d)
12

18.

21.

The sum of squares of deviations of a set of

values is minimum when taken about
(a) A.M.

(b) Median

(c) Mode

(d) H.M.

22.

(b)

(c)

x 10a
a

(d) a x b

The mean age of a combined group of men

and women is 30 years. If the means of the
age of men and women are respectively 32
and 27, then the percentage of women in the
group is
(a) 30

(b) 40

(c) 50

(d) 60.

Which one of the following measures is the

most suitable one of central location for
computing intelligence of students ?
(a) Mode

(b) A.M.

(c) G.M.

(d) Median.

Variance of the data 2, 4, 6, 8,10 is

(a) 6

(b) 7

(a) Ogive

(c)8

(d) None of these.

(b) Histogram
23.

A person purchased one kg of potatoes from

each of 4 places at the rate of 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg
and 4 kg per rupee respectively. If he has
purchased x kg of potatoes per rupee, then x
(a) 1.92

(b) 2

(c)2.10

(d)None of these.

A market with 3900 operating firms has the

follow- ing distribution:
Income group of workers

No. of firms

150 300
300 500
500 800
800 1200
1200 1800

300
500
900
1000
1200

(a) 500 - 800

(b) 1200 - 1800

(c) 800 - 1200

(d) 150 300.

The mean of a set of observation is x. If each

observation is divided by a, a 0 and then is
increased by 10, then mean of the new set is

The mean deviation from the median is

(a) greater than that measured from any
other value
(b) less than that measured from any other
value
(c) equal to that measured from any other
value
(d) maximum if all observation are positive.

24.

If a variable x takes values a:; such that

a x i b for i = 1,2, ...,n, then
(a) a var x b
(c)

25.

If the histogram is constructed with the above

data, the highest bar in the histogram would
correspond to the class

19.

x
a

Median can be graphically determined from

(c) Frequency curve (d) None of these.

17.

20.

x 10
a

(a)

26.

a2
var x
4

(b) a 2 var x b 2
(d) b a 2 var x

If variance of x1, x2, .. , xn is 2 , then

variance of ax1, ax2, .. ,axn a 0 , is
(a) 2

(b) a 2

(c) a2 2

(d)

2
a2

If in an examination different weights are

assigned to different subjects. Physics (2),
Chemistry (1), English (1). Mathematics (2). If
a student scored 60 in Physics, 70 in

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

Chemistry, 70 in English and 80

Mathematics, then his weighted A.M. is

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

(a) 60

(b) 70

(c) 80

(d) None of these.

in

Workers work in three shifts I, II, III in a

factory. Their wages are in the ratio 4:5:6
depending upon the shift. Number of workers
in the shifts are in the ratio 3 : 2 : l. If total
number of workers working is 1500 and
wages per worker in shift I is Rs.400. Then
mean wage of a worker is
(a) Rs.467

(b) Rs.500

(c) Rs.600

(d) Rs.400.

A group of 10 items has A.M. 6 and A.M. of

four items in 7.5, then A.M. of remaining items
is
(a) 6.5

(b) 5.5

(c) 4.5

(d) None of these.

Total

The missing frequencies are

33.

(b) 1/2

(c) 1/4

(d) 1/8

The A.M. of 9 items is 15. If one more item is

added to this series, the A.M. becomes 16. The
value of 10th item is
(a) 23

(b) 25

(c) 27

(d) 30.

A car owner buys petrol at Rs.7.50, Rs.8.00

and Rs.8.50 per litre for the 3 successive
years. If he spends Rs.4000 each year, then
the average cost per litre of petrol is
(a) Rs.8

(b) Rs.8.25

(c) Rs.7.98

(d) None of these.

(a) 28, 24

(b) 24, 36

(c) 36, 28

(d) None of these.

Geometric mean of 1, 2, 22, 23, .....,, 2n is

2

(a) 2 n

(b) 2 2

(c) 2
34.

35.

n 1
2

The mean square deviation of n observations

x1 , x2, ... xn about - 2 and 2 are 18 and 10
respectively. Then, S.D. of the given set is
(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4.

If G is the G.M. of the product of K sets of

observations, with G.M.'s G1, G2, ..., GK
respectively, then G is equal to

(c)G1 G2 ...GK
(d) None of these.
36.

37.

Mean of n times is x . If these x items are

successively increased by 2, 22, 23, ..., 2n, then
the new mean is

0 20

17

20 40

f1

40 60

32

60 80

f2

80 100

19

2 n 1 2

n
n

(a) x

2 n1
n

(b) x

(c) x

2n
n

(d) None of these.

If X 1 and X 2 are means to two distributions

such that X 1 < X 2 and X is the mean of the
combined distribution, then
(a) X X1
(c) X

Frequency

n 1
2

(b) log G1 log G2 ... log GK

The mean of following frequency table is 50.

Class

(d) 2

(a) log G1 + log G2 + ... + log GK

If 25% of the items are less than 15 and 25%

are more than 45, then coefficient of quartile
deviation is
(a) l

120

38.

X1 X 2
2

(b) X X 2
(d) X1 X X 2

The A.M. of n observation is x . If the sum n

5 observations is a, then the mean of
remaining 5 observations is
(a)

nx a
5

(c) n x a

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

(b)

nx a
5

(d) None of these.

39.

40.

Karl-Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a

distribution is 0.4. If S.D. is 6 and mean 40,
then median of the distribution is
(a) 39.5

(b) 39

(c) 39.2

(d) None of these.

2n
n 1

n 1
(c)
2

42.

46.

(b)

A car completes the first half of its journey

with a velocity v1 and the rest half with
velocity v2. Then the average velocity of the
car for the whole journey.
(a)

v1 v 2
2

(b)

(c)

2v1 v 2
v1 v 2

(d) None of these.

(iii) Variance is independent of change of

origin and scale.
Which of these is/are correct

47.

48.

The quartile deviation of daily wages (in Rs.)

of 7 persons is given below :
12, 7.15,10, 17,17, 25 is

43.

44.

45.

(b) 5

(c) 9

(d) 4.5.

49.

Mean deviation of numbers 3, 4, 5,6, 7 is

(a) 0

(b) 1.2

(c) 5

(d) 25.

In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys

whose average marks in a subject are 75, If
the average marks of the complete class is 72,
then what is the average marks of the girls ?
(a) 73

(b) 65

(c) 68

(d) 74.

In an experiment with 15 observations on x,

the following results were available Sx2 =
2830, Ix =a 170. One observation 20 found to
be wrong and was replaced by the correct
value 30- Then, the corrected variance is
(a) 188, 66

(a) only (i)

(b)only (ii)

(c) only (i) and (ii)

(d) (i), (ii) and (iii).

In a series of2n observations, half of them

equal a and the remaining equal - a. If the S.D.
is 2 then |a| equals

1
n

(b)

(c) 2

(d)

2
n

(a)

v1 v 2

(a) 14.6

Consider the following statements :

(ii) Median is not independent of change of
scale

2 n 1
n n 1

n
(d)
2

(d) 78.00.

(i) Mode can be computed from histogram

The mean of the values 0, 1, 2, ..., n with the

corresponding weights nC0, nC1,..., nCn,
respectively is
(a)

41.

(c) 8.33

If in a frequency distribution, the mean and

median are 21 and 22 respectively, then its
mode is approximately
(a) 25.5

(b)24.0

(c) 22.0

(d) 20.5.

A random variable X has Poisson distribution

with mean 2. Then P(x > 1,5) equals
(a) 1
(c)

50.

3
e2

2
e2

(b)

3
e2

(d) 0

Suppose a population A has 100 observations

101, 102, ......., 200, and another population B
has 100 observations 151,152, ...., 250. If VA
and VB represent the variances of the two
V
populations respectively, then , A is
VB
(a) 4/9

(b) 2/3

(c) 1

(d) 9/4

(b)177,33

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

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Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880