Types of Drawing

12
Pictorial Drawing
Section 12.1
Types of Pictorial
Drawing
Section 12.2
Creating Pictorial
Drawings
Chapter Objectives
Identify and describe
various types of pictorial drawings.

Explain the differences in the three
types of axonometric
projection.
Make cavalier, normal,
and cabinet oblique
drawings.
Create one-point and
two-point perspective
drawings.
Select appropriate
isometric sections.
Manipulate 3D
models in AutoCAD
to achieve isometric,
oblique, and perspective views.
Fashion and Function In

this store design, Koolhaas has
completely opened the storefront
to passersby on Rodeo Drive. What
else in this photo seems unusual
for a store display?
406
Drafting Career
Rem Koolhaas, Architect and Designer
One remarkable feature of the Prada store in Beverly

Hills is the absence of a faade. There is neither door
nor display windowthe entire width of the building
is open to Rodeo Drive. Look down as you cross the
air curtain and you see merchandise in large display
cones embedded in the ground. Walk ahead and you
climb a large wooden stair rst up and then down the
far side like a hill. Rem Koolhaas, architect, wants to
transform the shopping experience.
Every aspect of shopping here is a new experience

for the novice. Dressing rooms have magic mirrors
that allow you to see front and back at the same time.
A touch screen lists your possibilities as you try them
on and allows you to browse for alternatives. Later,
at home, you can rethink your selections and make
nal choices by logging on to your virtual garment
closet. Everything you tried on is right there for you.
Academic Skills and Abilities

Academic skills and abilities
Math and science
Visual orientation
Spatial reasoning
Computer applications
Drafting and drawing
Career Pathways
Bachelors degree programs in architecture
often require ve years to complete. Helpful high
school courses include advanced mathematics, science, and computer-aided design (CAD). All states
require architects to be licensed.
Go to glencoe.com for this books OLC to learn more

about Rem Koolhaas.
407
Arcaid/Alamy
12.1
Types of Pictorial Drawing
Connect Scan for this sections content vocabulary terms and try to dene them using what
you already know about them, as well as contextual clues, decoding, or dictionary look-up.
Content Vocabulary
isometric drawing
isometric axes
axonometric
dimetric
projection
trimetric
projection
projection
picture plane
cavalier oblique
normal oblique
cabinet oblique
perspective
drawing
vanishing point
technical illustration
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and
tests.
fundamental
specic
Graphic Organizer
Use a chart like the one below to organize notes about pictorial drawings.
Isometric
Oblique
Perspective
Uses
Uses
Uses
Go to glencoe.com for this

books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer.
Drawing
Academic Standards
English Language Arts
Apply strategies to interpret and evaluate texts (NCTE)
Mathematics
Representation Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve
problems (NCTM)
Science
Structure and properties of matter (NSES)
408
Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing
NCTE National Council of

Teachers of English
NCTM National Council
of Teachers of
Mathematics
NSES National Science
Education Standards
Pictorial Drawings
What are the three main types of pictorial
drawings?
Pictorial drawing is an essential part of
graphic language. It is often used to show
exploded views on production and assembly
drawings (see Figure 12-1). These views are
made to explain the operation of machines
and equipment, to illustrate parts lists, and so
on. See Figure 12-2.
The three distinct categories of pictorial
drawings are:
isometric
oblique
perspective
Each category has variations, but the three
fundamental ones are based on how the
drawings are constructed and how they appear.
Each has its own specic use and is constructed in its own unique way. See Figure
12-3 for a single object drawn using various
pictorial techniques.
Figure 12-1
An example of a CAD-generated, exploded-view
pictorial drawing
Isometric Drawing
In an isometric drawing, the object is
aligned with isometric axes, three axes spaced
at equal angles of 120 (see Figure 12-4A).
Several vertical and horizontal positions of the
isometric axes are identied in Figure 12-4B
Figure 12-2
An exploded assembly
drawing may be used to
illustrate a parts list.
Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing
409
Figure 12-5
Nonisometric lines
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
ISOMETRIC
NONISOMETRIC LINES ARE
NOT PARALLEL TO ANY OF
THE ISOMETRIC AXES.
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
Nonisometric lines do not appear in their

true length, so they cannot be measured.
Axonometric Projection
OBLIQUE CAVALIER
Figure 12-3
Types of pictorial drawings
OBLIQUE CABINET
and C. You will learn how to apply them later

in this chapter.
Any line of an object that is parallel to one
of the isometric axes is called an isometric line.
Lines that are not parallel to any of the isometric axes are nonisometric lines (see Figure 12-5).
An important rule of isometric drawing is:
Measurements can be made only along isometric
lines.
A
120
Axonometric projection is projection

that uses three axes at angles to show three
sides of an object. Isometric projection is one
form of axonometric projection. The other
forms are dimetric and trimetric projection.
All three projections are made according to
the same process; the difference is in the angle
of projection (see Figure 12-6). In isometric
projection, the axes form three equal angles of
120 on the plane of projection. Only one scale
is needed for measurements along each axis.
Isometric projections are the easiest type of
axonometric projection to make. In dimetric
projection, only two of the angles are equal,
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
O
120
120
FIRST POSITION
SECOND POSITION
REGULAR
FIRST POSITION
SECOND POSITION
REGULAR
FIRST POSITION
SECOND POSITION
REVERSED
FIRST POSITION
SECOND POSITION
REVERSED
Figure 12-4
Standard positions for isometric axes
410
120
120
120
150
120
105
30
30
105
105
15
ISOMETRIC
15
DIMETRIC
135
Dene What does the term isometric

projection mean?
45
15
TRIMETRIC
Figure 12-6
Oblique Drawing
The three types of axonometric projection
What is an advantage of oblique drawings

over isometric drawings?
and two special foreshortened scales are

needed to make measurements. In trimetric
projection, all three angles are different, and
three special foreshortened scales are needed.
Oblique drawings are plotted in the same

way as isometric drawings; that is, on three
axes. However, in oblique drawing, two axes
are parallel to the picture plane (the plane
Area of a Triangle
Calculate the area of the triangle.
The triangle is one of the most common geometric gures used in drafting and throughout industry. Finding the area of any triangle
is simple, because the formula is the same in
every case.
Example 2:
The formula for nding the

area of a triangle is:
5" (h)
6" (b)
AREA =
bh
2
AREA =
6x5
2
AREA =
30
2
AREA = 15 in.2
RIGHT TRIANGLE
bh
A = ___
2
It can also be stated as: The area of any triangle equals the product of the base and the
altitude to that base, divided by 2.
bh
AREA = ___
2
AREA = 10 6/2
60
AREA = __
2
AREA = 30 in.2
Example 1:
6" (h)
10" (b)
AREA =
bh
2
AREA =
10 x 6
2
AREA =
60
2
AREA = 30 in.2
For help with this math activity, go

to this books OLC at glencoe.com
and click on Math Handbook.
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Academic Standards
Mathematics
Problem Solving Select, apply, and translate among
mathematical representations to solve problems (NCTM)
411
Figure 12-7
The oblique axes and
oblique drawings
ANY
ANGLE
D
W
D
W
W
H
A
OBLIQUE AXES
OBLIQUE DRAWINGS
on which the view is drawn) rather than just

one, as in isometric drawing. These two axes on
which drawings are always plotted always make
right angles with each other (see Figure 12-7).
As a result, oblique drawings show an object as
if viewed face on. That is, one side of the object
is seen squarely, with no distortion, because it is
parallel to the picture plane.
The methods and rules of isometric drawing
apply to oblique drawing. However, oblique
drawing also has some special rules:
Place the object so that the irregular outline or
contour faces the front. See Figure 12-8A.

Place the object so that the longest dimension is
parallel to the picture plane (see Figure 12-8B).
Oblique Projection
Oblique projection, like isometric projection, is used to show depth (see Figure 12-9).
Depth is shown by projectors, or lines, to represent the objects receding edges. These lines
are drawn at an angle other than 90 from the
picture plane, to make the receding planes
visible in the front view. As in isometric drawing, lines on these receding planes, that are
actually parallel to each other are shown as
parallel. Figure 12-9 shows how an oblique
projection is developed. You probably will
never have to develop an oblique projection
TOP VIEW
Figure 12-9
Oblique projection
412
FRONT
VIEW
A
THIS!
THIS!
THIS!
NOT THIS!
NOT THIS!
Figure 12-8
Two special rules for oblique drawings
in this way, but, as with isometric projection,

it is a good idea to understand the theory
behind it.
Because oblique drawing can show one
face of an object without distortion, it has a
distinct advantage over isometric drawing. It
is especially useful for showing objects with
irregular outlines. Refer again to Figure 12-8A.
Figure 12-10 shows several positions for
oblique axes. In all cases, two of the axes, AO
and OB, are drawn at right angles. The oblique
axis OC can be at any angle to the right, left,
up, or down. The best way to draw an object
PICTURE
PLANE
45
MAY BE ANY
ANGLE OTHER
THAN 90
is usually at the angle from which it would

normally be viewed.
are known as cavalier oblique. Some drafters use three-quarter size receding length.
This is sometimes called normal oblique
or general oblique. If the receding lines are
drawn one-half size, the drawing is cabinet
oblique. See Figure 12-11 for a bookcase
in cavalier, normal, and cabinet drawings.
Cabinet drawings are so named because they
are often used in the furniture industry.
Types of Oblique Drawings

Oblique drawings are classied according to the length of the receding lines of an
object along the oblique axis. Drawings in
which the receding lines are drawn full length
O
60
C
30
C
Explain In an oblique drawing, what

relationship do two axes have to the picture
plane?
A
A
REVERSED AXES
TO LEFT
B
REVERSED AXES
TO RIGHT
Perspective Drawing
When creating pictorial drawings, what

factors that affect appearance do you need
to consider?
C
C
45
30
A perspective drawing is a threedimensional representation of an object as

it looks to the eye from a particular point
(see Figure 12-12). Of all pictorial drawings, perspective drawings look the most like
photographs. The distinctive feature of these
drawings is that in perspective, lines on the
receding planes that are actually parallel are
not drawn parallel, as they are in isometric and
oblique drawing. Instead, they are drawn as if
they were converging, or coming together.
A
C
TO RIGHT
B
A
TO LEFT
O
Figure 12-10
Positions for oblique axes
D
W
D
MULTIVIEW
.75D
.5D
CAVALIER
NORMAL
CABINET
Figure 12-11
Three types of oblique drawings
413
drawing. The point at which they meet is the

vanishing point. Figure 12-14 also shows
how the observers eye level affects the perspective view. This eye level can be anywhere
on, above, or below the ground. If the object
is seen from above, the view is an aerial, or
birds-eye, view. If the object is seen from
underneath, the view is a ground, or wormseye, view. If the object is seen face on, so that
the line of sight is directly on it rather than
above or below it, the view is a normal view.
The view in Figure 12-13 is a normal view.
Figure 12-12
Perspective drawing of a music center
Denition of Terms
Figure 12-13 illustrates terms used in perspective drawing. The following denitions refer
to the card that appears on the picture plane.
visual rays The sight lines from points on
Types of Perspective Drawings

Perspective views can have one, two, or even
more vanishing points. One-point perspective, also
called parallel perspective, is a perspective view
the card that converge at the observers eye.

picture plane (PP) The plane on which the
object (a card in this case) is drawn.
line of sight (LS) The visual ray from the eye
perpendicular to the picture plane.
station point (SP) The point from which the
observer is looking at the card.
horizon line (HL) The line formed where a
horizontal plane that passes through the
observers eye meets the picture plane.
ground plane The plane on which the
observer stands.
ground line (GL) The line formed where the
ground plane meets the picture plane.
center of vision (CV) The point at which the
line of sight pierces the picture plane.
Figure 12-14 shows how the projectors,

or receding axes, converge in perspective
HORIZON
GROUND OR
WORM'S-EYE VIEW
VP
NORMAL VIEW
AERIAL OR
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
Figure 12-14
Types of perspective views
PICTURE
PLANE
LINE OF
SIGHT
CENTER OF
VISION
VISUAL RAYS
Figure 12-13
Some perspective terms
CARD
EYE
STATION
POINT
414
GROUND LINE
Ted Mishima
Figure 12-15
The lines of the sidewalk, roof, and buildings side appear to converge at a single point in the distance.
that has one vanishing point (see Figure 12-15).

Notice that if the lines of the building in Figure
12-15 were extended, they would converge at a
single point.
Two-point perspective drawings have two
vanishing points. This view is also called
angular perspective, because none of the faces is
drawn parallel to the picture plane. The photograph in Figure 12-16 shows a typical twopoint perspective.
viewer. In that position, the object appears to

be the size indicated by the scale. However,
if the object is moved back from the scale to
a point twice as far away from the viewer, it
looks only half as large. Notice that each time
the distance is doubled, the object looks only
half as large as before.
Factors That Aect Appearance

Two factors affect how an object looks
in perspective. The rst is its distance from
the viewer, and the second is its position, or
angle, in relation to the viewer.
The Eect of Distance

The size of an object seems to change as
you move toward or away from it. The farther
from the object you go, the smaller it looks.
As you come closer, it seems to become larger.
Figure 12-17 shows a graphic explanation of
this distance effect. An object is placed against
a scale at a normal reading distance from the
Figure 12-16
When a building is viewed at an angle, two sides
can be seen. The top and ground lines on each
side appear to converge toward points. This is the
eect of two-point perspective.
415
Figure 12-17
ETC.
The size of an object

appears half as large when
the distance from the
observer doubles.
1.00" SQUARE AT
FOUR TIMES THE
NORMAL READING
DISTANCE
(APPROX 6'0)
1.00" SQUARE AT TWICE THE

NORMAL READING DISTANCE
(APPROX 3'0)
90
60
30
1.00" SQUARE AT NORMAL READING DISTANCE

(APPROX 18.00")
DIRECTION
OF
VIEW
0
C
B
A
D
The Eect of Position

An objects shape also seems to change
when it is viewed from different angles. This
is illustrated in Figure 12-18. If you look at a
square from directly in front, the top and bottom edges are parallel. If the square is rotated
so that you see it at an angle, these edges seem
to converge. The square also appears to grow
narrower. This foreshortening occurs because
one side of the square is now farther from you.
Recall How does an objects appearance

change when a persons distance from it
doubles?
Technical Illustration
What techniques are used to manipulate
the appearance of technical drawings for
aesthetic or other reasons?
Generally, technical illustration is
dened as a pictorial drawing that provides technical information using visual
methods. Technical illustrations are used
to present complex parts and assemblies
graphically, in a way that both professionals
and the general public can read and understand. They help people understand both
the form (shape) and function of parts in an
assembly. Technical illustrations must show
shapes and relative positions in a clear and
accurate way. Shading may be used to bring
416
DIRECTION
OF
VIEW
Figure 12-18
The position of the object in
relationship to the observer
aects its appearance.
out the shape. It serves a practical purpose,

not an artistic one.
Technical illustrations range from sketches
to rather detailed shaded drawings and may
be prepared using board drafting techniques
or sophisticated CAD or modeling software.
They may be based on any of the pictorial
methods: isometric, perspective, or oblique.
The complete project, parts, or groups of parts
may be shown. The views may be exterior,
interior, sectional, cutaway, or phantom. The
purpose in all cases is to provide a clear and
easily understood description.
In addition to pictorials, technical illustrations include graphs, charts, schematics,
owcharts, diagrams, and sometimes circuit
layouts. Dimensions are not generally a part
of technical illustrations, because they are not
working drawings. However, dimensions are
occasionally added to show the relative position of parts or to show the adjustment of
parts in an assembly.
Uses of Technical Illustration

Technical illustration has an important
place in all areas of engineering and science.
Technical illustrations form a necessary part
of the technical and service manuals for

machine tools, automobiles, machines, and
appliances. In technical illustration, pictorial
drawings describe parts in terms of both their
form and their function. They can also show
the steps that need to be followed to complete
a product on the assembly line or even to set
up an assembly line.
Technical illustrations have been used for
many years in illustrated parts lists, operation
and service manuals, and process manuals
(see Figure 12-19). The aircraft and automotive industries in particular have found production illustrations especially valuable. In
many industries, these technical illustrations
are used from the time an item is designed,
through the many production phases, to completion. The technical illustrations included
in the service, repair, and operation manuals
delivered with the product show the customer
how to assemble and operate the product.
Choice of Drawing Type

Most technical illustrations are pictorial line
drawings. Therefore, you should have a complete understanding of the various types of pictorial line drawings and their uses. Usually, any
type of pictorial drawing can be used as the basis
for a technical illustration. However, some types
are more suitable than others. This is especially
true if the illustration is to be rendered (shaded).
Figure 12-20 is a V-block shown in several
types of pictorial drawing. Notice the difference in the appearance of each. Isometric is
the least natural in appearance. Perspective
is the most natural. This might suggest that
all technical illustrations should be drawn in
perspective. This is not necessarily true. While
perspective is more natural than isometric in
appearance, it takes more time to produce,
and it is also more difcult to draw. Thus, it is
often a more costly method to use.
The shape of the object also helps to determine the type of pictorial drawing to use.
Figure 12-21 shows a pipe bracket drawn
List What are the uses of technical

illustrations?
7
8
9
10
ISOMETRIC
DIMETRIC
2
3
1
PART NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PART NAME
BASE
MOVABLE JAW
MOVABLE JAW PLATE
MACHINE SCREW
LOCKING PIN
HANDLE STOP
HANDLE
CLAMP SCREW
JAW FACE
CAP SCREW
TRIMETRIC
OBLIQUE CAVLIER
NO. REQ'D
1
1
11
1
1
11
1
1
2
2
OBLIQUE CABINET
SINGLE-POINT
(PARALLEL)
PERSPECTIVE
TWO-POINT
(ANGULAR)
PERSPECTIVE
Figure 12-20
Figure 12-19
An illustrated parts list
A V-block in various types of

pictorial drawing
417
in isometric and oblique. This object can be

drawn easily and quickly in oblique. Also, in
many cases, oblique looks more natural than
isometric for objects of this shape.
If a pictorial drawing is to be used only in
a plant, the illustrator usually makes it isometric or oblique. These are the quickest and least
costly pictorials to make. If the illustration is
to be used in a publication such as a journal,
operators manual, or technical publication,
dimetric, trimetric, or perspective may be used.
All exploded views are based on the same

process: projecting the parts from the positions they occupy when put together. Simply
put, the parts are just pulled apart. Refer to
Figure 12-23A for the presentation drawing of
a shing reel. An exploded illustration of the
reel is shown in Figure 12-23B. Note that all
parts are easily identiable in the exploded
view. Flow lines are generally used to show
exactly where each part ts into the assembly.
Identication Illustrations
Exploded Views
Pictorial drawings are very useful for identifying parts. They save time when the parts are
manufactured or assembled in place. They are
also useful for illustrating operating instruction manuals and spare-parts catalogs.
Perhaps the easiest way to understand an

exploded view is to separate an object into
its individual parts. In Figure 12-22, three
views are shown in part A, and a pictorial
view is shown in part B. In part C, an explosion has projected the various parts away
from each other. This illustrates the principle
of exploded views.
OBLIQUE
Evaluate What type of pictorial drawing is

the most natural, and why do all drawings
not use this type?
Identication illustrations are usually presented in exploded views. If the object contains
several parts, number them as in Figure 12-23B.
In this example, the names of the numbered
parts are given in a parts list, a portion of which
is shown in Figure 12-23C. If an object consists
of only a few parts, identify them by their names
as in Figure 12-24.
ISOMETRIC
Figure 12-21
The shape of an object helps to determine the
most suitable type of pictorial drawing to use.
LETTER HOLDER
ORTHOGRAPHIC MULTIVIEW DRAWING
Figure 12-22
How a view is exploded
418
ISOMETRIC ASSEMBLY DRAWING
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC DRAWING
Courtesy of Penn Fishing Tackle Inc.
Figure 12-23
A shing reel (A) with an exploded assembly
drawing (B) and partial parts list (C)
SHAFT
NUT
SPRING WASHER
FLAT
WASHER
NUT
BUMPER
SUPPORT ASSEMBLY
ARM ASSEMBLY
PAD
Figure 12-24
An identication illustration with parts labeled
419
Rendering
Rendering, or surface shading, is a method
of enhancing a solid model so that it looks
almost lifelike. It may be used when shapes are
difcult to read or for aesthetic reasons. For
most industrial illustrations, accurate descriptions of shapes and positions are more important than ne artistic effects. You can often
achieve satisfactory results without any rendering. In general, you should limit rendering
when possible. Render the least amount necessary to dene the shapes that are being illustrated. Rendering takes time and is expensive.
In board drafting, materials used to render
technical illustrations include screen tints,
pen and ink, wash, stipple, felt-tip pen and
ink with smudge and edge emphasis.
Rendering is done in a very different way in
CAD drawings. Items to be rendered are created
as solid models using 3D drawing techniques.
These models can then be rendered using the
rendering function of the CAD software. However, many top companies now import the models into high-end, dedicated rendering software.
Figure 12-25 shows an example of a part
that has been modeled and rendered using
a CAD program.
When viewing the rendered object in Figure
12-25, can you answer the following questions?
Is the part opaque or transparent?

Can you tell from which direction the light
source is hitting the object?
Given the reections that appear on inside

surfaces, does the object have a bright or
dull nish?
Consider these denitions as you attempt
to answer the questions:
Reectivity the ability for an objects surface

to bounce light back to the viewer.
Opacity not letting light pass through; not
transparent or translucent.
Light source direction from which light is
directed onto an object.
Material nish the quality of the surface of
an object that renders it bright or dull.
Name List dierent materials used to render

technical illustrations.
Outline Shading
Outline shading is a convention, or standard
method, used by board drafters. It may be done
mechanically or freehand. Sometimes a combination of both methods is used. The light is
generally considered to come from behind and
above the observers left shoulder and across
the objects diagonal (see Figure 12-26A). In
Figure 12-26B, the upper left and top edges
are in the light, so they are drawn with thin
lines. The lower right and bottom edges are in
the shadow. They should be drawn with thick
lines. In Figure 12-26C, the edges meeting in
2
LIGHT
SOURCE
1
1
1
1
T
FRON
2
2
Figure 12-25
CAD programs and third-party rendering
software can be used to render solid models.
420
Figure 12-26
Light source and light-shaded cubes
WIRE OR HEAVY CORD. TYPICAL

METHOD OF SUPPORTING ACTUATOR
WHEN CONNECTING OR DISCONNECTING LINKS
WING UPPER
SURFACE
Figure 12-27
A maintenance illustration. Notice that
only the necessary detail is shown and
that just enough shading is used to
emphasize and give form to the parts.
IDLER LINK (M)

DRIVE LINK (J)
IDLER
LINK (H)
PIN (K)
ACTUATOR
SUPPORT
STRUCTURE
REMOVE PIN (K) TO DISCONNECT DRIVE LINK (J)

FROM THE ACTUATOR. PIN (K) IS INSTALLED IN
THE SAME MANNER TO CONNECT DRIVE LINK (J)
TO THE ACTUATOR
direction (Figure 12-28A), the top and front

surfaces of a cube should be lighted. Therefore,
the right-hand surface should be shaded. In
Figure 12-28B, the front surface is unshaded
and the right surface is lightly shaded using
vertical lines. If the front surface has light shading, then the right side should have heavier
shading (Figure 12-28C). Solid shading may
sometimes be required to avoid confusion. If
the front is shaded, then a darker shade may be
used on the right-hand side (Figure 12-28D).
Figure 12-28E was shaded in AutoCAD using
the SHADE command. Notice that all three
visible sides are shaded differently to dene the
3D shape.
the center are made with thick lines to accent

the shape. In Figure 12-26D, the edges meeting at the center are made with thin lines.
Thick lines are used on the other edges to bring
out the shape. See Figure 12-27 for an example of the use of a small amount of line shading. In this case, the shading is used to outline
important parts of the drawing.
Surface Shading
Shading of the surface, or surface shading
or rendering, can be done using board drafting techniques or computer software. In either
method, the theory of shading is the same. With
the light rays coming from the conventional
LIGHT
SOURCE
T
FRON
Figure 12-28
Some methods of rendering
the faces of a cube
421
Wash Rendering
A wash rendering, or wash drawing, is a
form of watercolor rendering that has traditionally been done with watercolor and
watercolor brushes. CAD drawings can be
imported to an illustration program and
painted to achieve the same effect. Wash
rendering is commonly used to render architectural drawings and for advertising furniture and similar products in newspapers (see
Figure 12-29). Wash rendering is highly
specialized and is usually done by a commercial artist. However, some technical illustrators and drafters are occasionally required to
do this type of illustrating.
Photo Retouching
Photo retouching is the process used to
change details in a photograph. Retouching can be done by hand or with computer
software such as Adobe Photoshop. Details
may be added, removed, or simply repaired.
This process is often needed in preparing
Section 12.1 Assessment

After You Read
Self-Check
Figure 12-29
This illustration was done electronically. Notice
that the computer artist has achieved a
wash-rendered eect.
photographs for use in publications. It can

be used to change the appearance of specic
details or the entire photograph.
Drafting Practice
5. In Figure 12-30 below, identify the following pictorial drawings as two-point
perspective, one-point perspective, oblique
cabinet, isometric, or oblique cavalier.
1. Identify and describe the differernt

types of pictorial drawing types.
2. Explain the differences in the three
types of axonometric projection.
3. Explain how to make cavalier, normal,
and cabinet oblique drawings.
Academic Integration
4. The English language has many words
whose meanings vary, depending
on the use of the word in a particular context. Section 12.1 introduced
the content vocabulary terms, cabinet oblique and cavalier oblique, which
have specic drawing-related meanings in mechanical drawing. How else
can the words cabinet and cavalier be
dened?
422
Figure 12-30
books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.
12.2
Creating Pictorial Drawings
Preview To develop a pictorial drawing, you must understanding the concepts involved and
then apply them to a drawing using either board drafting or CAD techniques. What do you think
are the dierences and similarities are of those techniques?
Content Vocabulary
box method
isoplane
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and tests.
principles
establish
Graphic Organizer
Use a table like the one below to organize notes about pictorial drawing techniques.
Drawing Techniques
Board Drafting
Isometric drawing
CAD

books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer
Oblique drawing
Perspective drawing
Academic Standards
NCTE National Council of

Teachers of English
Developing Research Skills Use a variety of technological and information resources (e.g.,
libraries, databases, computer networks, video, to gather and synthesize information and to create
and communicate knowledge (NCTE)
NCTM National Council

of Teachers of
Mathematics
Mathematics
Numbers and Operations Compute uently and make reasonable estimates (NCTM)
Section 12.2 Creating Pictorial Drawings
423
A
1
4
C
USE A 3060 TRIANGLE TO
LOCATE POINTS A, B, C, D,
AND 1, 2, 3, 4.
A
1
4
C
WITH A AND B AS CENTERS AND
A RADIUS EQUAL TO A2, DRAW
ARCS AS SHOWN.
Section 12.1 discussed the various types

of pictorial drawings and their applications.
This section describes how to apply the
principles of pictorial drawing using board
drafting and CAD techniques. In isometric
drawing, order is important. For example, in
board drafting, you must create the isometric linesthose that are parallel to the isometric axesbefore you can begin to draw
nonisometric lines. This section explains
construction techniques and then takes you
step by step through practice exercises for
isometric drawing.
DRAW AN ISOMETRIC SQUARE

WITH THE SIDES EQUAL TO TO
THE DIAMETER OF THE CIRCLE.
How do you draw circles, nonisometric

lines, and reversed axes in isometric
construction?
ER
ET LE
AM C
DI CIR
OF
Isometric Drawing
Techniques
C
2
B
A
Before you attempt to create an isometric drawing using drafting instruments, you
should understand the techniques used to create various geometric shapes accurately. The
following pages describe several procedures.
Practice these techniques before you attempt
to create an isometric drawing.
Isometric Constructions
WITH C AND D AS CENTERS AND
A RADIUS EQUAL TO C4, DRAW
ARCS TO COMPLETE THE
ISOMETRIC CIRCLE (ELLIPSE).
2
B
Figure 12-31
Steps in drawing an isometric circle
Drawing Isometric Circles

In isometric drawing, circles appear as
ellipses. Because it takes a long time to plot a
true ellipse, a four-centered approximation is
generally drawn, especially for large isometric
circles. Isometric circle templates may be used
for small ellipses. Figure 12-31 describes
how to create a four-centered approximation
of an ellipse. Figure 12-32 shows isometric
circles drawn on three surfaces of a cube.
Figure 12-33 shows how to make an isometric drawing of the cylinder shown as a
multiview drawing in Figure 12-33A. Follow
these steps:
1. Draw an ellipse of the 3.00 circle following
the procedure shown in Figure 12-32.
2. Drop centers A, C, and D a distance equal
to the height of the cylinder (in this case,
4.00) as in Figure 12-33B.
3. Draw lines AC and AD.
424
Figure 12-32
Isometric circles on a cube
4. Complete the ellipses as in Figure 12-33C.

Construct a line through CD to locate the
points of tangency. Draw the arcs using the
same radii as in the ellipse at the top.
Figure 12-33
Steps in drawing an
isometric cylinder
3.00
R2
A1
C1
D1
C1
D1
R2
4.00
Figure 12-34
R1
R1
R1
R
Drawing quarter
rounds in isometric
drawings
R1
R2
5. Draw the vertical lines to complete the

cylinder. Notice that the radii for the arcs
at the bottom match those at the top.
H
1
T
T
2I
1I
To draw quarter rounds, use the method in

Figure 12-34 or an ellipse template. In each
case, measure the radius along the tangent
lines from the corner. Then draw the actual
perpendiculars to locate the centers for the
isometric arcs. Observe that the method for
nding R1 and R2 is the same as that for nding the radii of an isometric circle. When an
arc is more or less than a quarter circle, you
can sometimes plot it by drawing all or part of
a complete isometric circle and using as much
of the circle as needed.
Figure 12-35 shows how to draw outside and inside corner arcs. Note the tangent
points T and the centers 1, 11, 2, and 2.
R2
R1
= RIGHT ANGLE (90)
T
H
T
R
1
T
1I
R
T
T
H
2
H
2I
Figure 12-35
Constructing outside and inside arcs
Drawing Irregular Curves

Irregular curves in isometric drawings cannot be drawn using the four-center method.
To draw irregular curves, you must rst plot
points and then connect them using a French
curve. See Figure 12-36.
Using Isometric Templates

Isometric templates are made in a variety
of forms. They are convenient and can save
time when you have to make many isometric
425
15
30
45
50
60
Figure 12-38
Ellipse templates
C
B
A
Figure 12-36
Constructing irregular curves
in isometric drawings
120
30
30
30
30
120
drawings. Many of them have openings for

drawing ellipses, as well as 60 and 90 guiding
edges. Simple homemade guides like those in
Figure 12-37A are convenient for straight-line
work in isometric. These templates can be made
to any convenient size. Figure 12-37B shows
various ways to position the templates for making an isometric drawing. Ellipse templates such
as those in Figure 12-38 are very convenient
for drawing true ellipses. If you use these templates, your drawings will look better and you
will not have to spend time plotting approximate ellipses. See Chapters 3 and 4 for information on templates and how to use them.
DESIGN OF HOMEMADE ISOMETRIC TEMPLATES
Describe What is the drawing order in

isometric drawing?
Isometric Drawing Creation
VARIOUS POSITIONS OF TEMPLATES
Figure 12-37
Simple isometric templates
426
Figure 12-39A shows a multiview drawing

of a ller block. To make an isometric drawing
of the block, begin by drawing the isometric
axes in the rst position (Figure 12-39B).
They represent three edges of the block. Draw
them to form three equal angles. Draw axis
line OA vertically. Then draw axes OB and OC
using the 30-60 triangle. The point at which
the three lines meet represents the upper front
corner O of the block (Figure 12-39C).
Measure off the width W, the depth D, and
the height H of the block on the three axes.
Then draw lines parallel to the axes to make
the isometric drawing of each block. To locate
the rectangular hole in Figure 12-39D, lay off
1.00" along OC to c. Then from c, lay off 2.00"
to c'. Through c and c', draw lines parallel to
OB. In like manner, locate b and b' on axis OB
and draw lines parallel to OC. Draw a vertical
3.00
1.50
A
2.00
4.00
1.00
6.00
3.00
B
C
120
B
120
120
A
B
C
O
H
C
W
A
C1
1
2
line from corner 3. Darken all necessary lines

to complete the drawing as in Figure 12-39E.
Pictorial drawings, in general, are made to
show how something looks. Because hidden
edges are not part of the picture, they are
normally left out. However, you might need
to include them in special cases, to show a
certain feature.
Figure 12-40 shows how to make an isometric drawing of a guide. The guide is shown
in a multiview drawing in Figure 12-40A.
This drawing is more complex because it
includes a circular hole and several rounded
surfaces. Study the size, shape, and relationship of the views in Figure 12-40 A before you
proceed. Then follow these steps:
1. Draw the axes AB, AC, and AD in the second position (see Figure 12-40B).
2. Lay off the length, width, and thickness
measurements given in Figure 12-40A.
That is, starting at point A, measure the
length (3.00) on AB; the width (2.00)
on AC; and the thickness (.62) on AD.
3. Through the points found, draw isometric
lines parallel to the axes. This blocking
in produces an isometric view of the base.
4. Block in the upright part in the same
way, using the measurement given in the
top view of Figure 12-40A.
5. Find the center of the hole and draw centerlines as in Figure 12-40B.
6. Block in a .75 isometric square and draw
the hole as an approximate ellipse or use
an ellipse template.
7. To make the two quarter rounds, measure the .50 radius along the tangent
lines from both upper corners as in
Figure 12-40C. Draw real perpendiculars to nd the centers of the quarter
circles. Refer again to Figure 12-34 for
information about drawing isometric
quarter rounds. An ellipse circle template can also be used for this purpose.
8. Darken all necessary lines. Erase all construction lines to complete the isometric
drawing. See Figure 12-40D.
Nonisometric Lines
Figure 12-39
Steps in making an isometric drawing
To draw a nonisometric line, rst locate

its two ends, and then connect the points.
Angles on isometric drawings do not show in
427
E
1.00
1.25
J,G
I,H
A
D
2.00
.50
3.00
O.75
R.50
.75
2.00
1.25
.62
C
B
B
B
2.00
1.25
.62
B
.75
D
3.00
A .50
B
30
30
1.00
2.00
D
G
A
RADIUS
RADIUS
I
E
D
J
G
A
E
D
D
E
Figure 12-40
Figure 12-41
Creating an isometric drawing of a guide
Drawing nonisometric lines
their true size. Therefore, you cannot measure

them in degrees.
Figure 12-41 shows how to locate and
draw nonisometric lines in an isometric drawing using the box method. The
box method involves the development of
a framework, or box, that provides surfaces
on which to locate points. The nonisomet428
ric lines are the slanted sides of the packing block shown in the multiview drawing
in Figure 12-41A. To make an isometric drawing of the block, use the following
procedure.
1. Block in the overall sizes of the packing
block to make the isometric box gure as
in Figure 12-41B.
3. Connect points O and B to complete the

isometric angle.
B
A
Follow the same steps to construct the

angle on the top of the isometric cube. This
method can be used to lay out any angle on
any isometric plane.
Figure 12-43A is a multiview drawing of an
object with four oblique surfaces. An isometric
view of this object can be made using either the
box or the skeleton method. The box method
involves the development of a framework, or
box, that provides surfaces on which to locate
points (see Figure 12-43B). The points are
then connected to develop the edges that form
the oblique surfaces. In the skeleton method
(see Figure 12-43C), points are located by taking measurements directly on the base triangle.
The points are then connected to develop the
edges that form the oblique surfaces.
B
B
40
A
Figure 12-42
Constructing angles in isometric drawings
2. Use dividers or a scale to transfer distances

AG and HB from the multiview drawing
to the isometric gure. Lay these distances
off along line AB to locate points G and
H. Then draw the lines connecting point
D with point G and point C with point H.
This is shown in Figure 12-41C.
3. Complete the layout by drawing GJ and HI
and by connecting points E and J to form a
third isometric line, as in Figure 12-41D.
4. Erase the construction lines to complete
the drawing (see Figure 12-41E).
Analyze Why is it not possible to measure

angles in degrees on isometric drawings?
Angles
Reversed Axes
To draw the 40 angle in Figure 12-42A,

use the following procedure.
Sometimes you will need to draw an object

as if it were being viewed from below. To do
so in isometric drawing, reverse the position
of the axes. Refer again to Figure 12-4. To
draw an object using reversed axes, follow the
example in Figure 12-44. Consider how an
object appears in a multiview drawing (see
Figure 12-44A). Then begin the isometric
view by drawing the axes in reversed position
1. Make AO and AB any convenient length.

Draw AB perpendicular to AO at any convenient place (see Figure 12-42A).
2. Transfer AO and AB to the isometric
cube in Figure 12-42B. Lay off AO
along the base of the cube. Draw AB parallel to the vertical axis.
BOX METHOD
SKELETON METHOD
Figure 12-43
Drawing oblique surfaces in isometric drawings
429
A
.50 1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
.25
.50
.75
.50
.62SQ
O.88
.50
3.00
1.50
2.25
1.50
1.25SQ
1.75
.50
C
1.25
2.25
Figure 12-44
1.50

with reversed axes
(see Figure 12-44B). Complete the view with

dimensions taken from the multiview drawing (see Figure 12-44C). Darken the lines to
nish the drawing.
.50
Long Axis Horizontal

When long pieces are drawn in isometric, make the long axis horizontal as in
Figure 12-45 or at 30. For example, a long
object is shown in a multiview drawing in
Figure 12-45A. See Figure 12-45B for the
beginning of an isometric drawing with the axes
shown by thick black lines. In Figure 12-45C,
the same object is drawn with the long axis at
30 to the horizontal. The overall size and shape
of the object, along with the intended use of
the object, determines which method should
be used. Remember that in isometric drawing,
you must draw circles rst as isometric squares;
then complete them by the four-center method
or by using an ellipse template.
1.75
3.75
Figure 12-45
with the long axis horizontal
Dimensions of Isometric Drawings

You can place dimensions on isometric drawings in two general ways. The older method is
to place them in the isometric planes and adjust
the letters, numerals, and arrowheads to isometric shapes (see Figure 12-46A). The newer
unidirectional system (see Figure 12-46B) is
simpler. In this system, numerals and letter430
ing are read from the bottom of the sheet.

However, because isometric drawings are
not usually used as working drawings,
they are seldom dimensioned at all. Refer
to Chapter 7 for more information about
the aligned and unidirectional methods of
dimensioning.
0
.5
1.25
.0
O1
CUTTING
PLANE
1.25
.50
O
1.O
3.0
2.0
ALIGNED
.50
Figure 12-48
O1.00
1.25
An example of an isometric half section
1.25
.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
UNIDIRECTIONAL
Figure 12-46
Two methods of dimensioning isometric views
Isometric Sections
Isometric drawings are generally outside
views of an object. Sometimes, however, a
sectional view is needed. To create a sectional
view, take a section on an isometric planea
plane that is parallel to one of the faces of the
isometric cube. See Figure 12-47 for isometric
full sections taken on a different plane for each
of three objects. Note the construction lines

showing the parts that have been cut away.
Figure 12-48 is an illustration of an isometric half section. The construction lines in
Figure 12-48A are for the complete outside
view of the original object. Notice the outlines
of the cut surfaces. Figure 12-48B shows
how to create the section. Draw the complete
outside view as well as the isometric cutting
plane. Then erase the part of the view that the
cutting plane has cut away.
Explain Why do you not dimension

isometric drawings?
Figure 12-47
Examples of isometric full sections
431
Oblique Drawing
Techniques
How is perspective drawing more complex
than isometric and oblique drawing?
In oblique drawing, the front of the
object is easy to draw, because it is parallel
to the picture plane. The rest of the drawing follows rules similar to those for isometric drawings. Lines that are parallel to the
axes are drawn rst. This section explains
construction techniques and then steps you
through practice exercises for oblique pictorial drawing.
Figure 12-50
Plotting oblique circles
factory for some purposes, but they will not

be pleasing. Ellipse templates give much better results. If you use a template, rst block
in the oblique circle as an oblique square.
This shows where to place the ellipse. Blocking in the circle rst also helps you choose the
proper size and shape of the ellipse. If you do
not have a template, plot the ellipse as shown
in Figure 12-50.
Oblique Constructions
As with isometric drawing, you should understand how to draw the geometry in an oblique
drawing before you begin a complete drawing.
The techniques used in oblique drawing are
described below.
Obliques
On the front face, circles and curves show
in their true shape. On other faces, they show
as ellipses. Draw the ellipses using the fourcenter method or an ellipse template. See
Figure 12-49A for a circle as it would be
drawn on a front plane, a side plane, and a top
plane. Figure 12-49B and C show an oblique
drawing with arcs in a horizontal plane and in
a prole plane, respectively.
When you draw oblique circles using the
four-center method, the results will be satis-
Explain What is the four-center method?
Oblique Drawing Creation

The procedure for making an oblique drawing is much the same as that for creating an
isometric drawing. Notice that the oblique
Figure 12-49
Circles parallel to the picture plane are true circles. On other planes, they appear as ellipses.
432
1.12
1.50
.38
1.62
2.38
1.00
.50
O.38
O1.25
O.62
C
D
2.12
R.56
.50
Figure 12-51
Steps in making an oblique
drawing
drawing in Figure 12-51 can show everything but the two small holes in true shape.
Follow these steps:
1. Draw or review the multiview drawing
of the object to be drawn in oblique. See
Figure 12-51A.
2. Draw the axes AB, AC, and AD for the
base in second position and lay off the
length, width, and thickness of the base
on the axes (see Figure 12-51B).
3. Draw the base and block in the upright,
omitting the projecting boss (cylinder)
(see Figure 12-51B).
4. Block in the boss and nd the centers of
all circles and arcs. Draw the circles and
arcs (see Figure 12-51C).
5. Darken all necessary lines and erase construction lines to complete the drawing
(see Figure 12-51D).
C
B
E
C
A
E
B
D
A
C
E
B
B
E
A
D
F
D
Figure 12-52
Angles on oblique drawings
Angles and Inclined Surfaces

Angles that are parallel to the picture plane
show in their true size. For all other angles,
lay the angle off by locating both ends of the
slanting line.
Figure 12-52A is a multiview drawing of a
plate with the corners cut off at angles. The rest
of the gure shows the plate in oblique drawings. In Figure 12-52B, the angles are parallel to the vertical plane. In Figure 12-52C,
they are parallel to the prole plane, and in
Figure 12-52D, they are parallel to the horizontal plane. In each case, the angle is laid off
433
Perspective Drawing
Techniques
What techniques for drawing inclined
surfaces, circles, and arcs used?
FULL SECTION
HALF SECTION
Figure 12-53
Oblique full and half sections
by measurements parallel to one of the axes.

These measurements are shown by the construction lines.
Perspective drawing involves techniques

similar to those used for isometric and
oblique drawings. However, perspective drawing is more complex, because you must consider line of sight, vanishing points, and other
features. This section explains construction
techniques and then takes you step by step
through practice exercises for one- and twopoint perspective drawing.
Perspective Constructions
As with isometric and oblique drawing, you
should understand how to draw the geometry
in a perspective drawing before you begin to
draw one. The techniques for inclined surfaces, circles, and arcs are described in the following paragraphs.
Oblique Sections
Like isometric drawings, oblique drawings
are generally outside views. Sometimes, however, you need to draw a sectional view. To do
so, take a section of a plane parallel to one of
the faces of an oblique cube. See Figure 12-53
for an oblique full section and an oblique half
section. Note the construction lines indicating
the parts that have been cut away.
Describe In what manner do angles that are

parallel to the picture plane appear?
Inclined Surfaces
Plot inclined surfaces in perspective by
nding the ends of inclined lines and connecting them. This drawing method is shown
in Figure 12-54.
Circles and Arcs

See Figure 12-55 for a two-point perspective of an object with a cylindrical surface.
Points on the front and top views are located
rst and then are projected to the perspective
view. A path is formed where the projection
lines meet. The perspective arc is drawn along
Figure 12-54
PP
HL
VPL
VPR
GL
SP
434
Two-point perspective of an
object with an inclined surface
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
PP
HL
VPR
VPL
GL
Figure 12-55
Two-point perspective of an object with a cylindrical surface
SP
TOP VIEW
ISOMETRIC
VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Figure 12-56
Multiview and isometric drawings of an object to
be drawn in single-point perspective
the path using a French curve or an ellipse

template.
One-Point Perspective Creation

Refer to Figure 12-56, which shows an
object in multiview and isometric drawings.
Figure 12-57 shows how to draw the same
object in a one-point, birds-eye perspective
view. Follow these steps:
1. Decide on the scale to be used and draw
the top view near the top of the draw-
ing sheet as in Figure 12-57A. A more

interesting view is obtained if the top
view is drawn slightly to the right or left
of center.
2. Draw an edge (top) view of the picture
plane (PP) through the front edge of the
top view.
3. Draw the horizon line (HL). The location depends on whether you want the
object to be viewed from above, at, or
below eye level. Draw the ground line.
Its location in relation to the horizon
line determines how far above or below
eye level the object will be viewed. See
Figure 12-57A.
4. To locate the station point (SP), draw
a vertical line (line of sight) from the
picture plane toward the bottom of the
sheet. Draw the line slightly to the right
or left of the top view. Set your dividers
at a distance equal to the width of the
top view. Begin at the center of vision of
the picture plan and step off 2 to 3 times
the width of the top view along the line
of sight, to locate the station point. See
Figure 12-57B.
435
TOP VIEW
PP
PICTURE-PLANE LINE (PP)
HORIZON LINE (HL)
GROUND LINE (GL)
GL
HL
VP
SP
Figure 12-58
W
CENTER OF
VISION (CV)
One-point (worms-eye) perspective
VANISHING
POINT (VP)
LINE OF SIGHT (LS)
FRONT
VIEW
PP
STATION
POINT (SP)
HL
GL
VP
PP
VP
SP
HL
Figure 12-59
B
GL
SP
PP
VP
HL
GL
SP
Figure 12-57
Procedure for making a one-point
(birds-eye) perspective drawing
5. Project downward from the top view to

establish the width of the front view
on the ground line. Complete the front
view.
6. The vanishing point is the intersection
of the line of sight and the horizon line.
Project lines from the points on the
front view to the vanishing point (see
Figure 12-57C). Establish depth dimensions in the following way: Project a line
from the back corner of the top view to
436
One-point (normal) perspective
the station point. At point A on PP, drop

a vertical line to the perspective view to
establish the back edge. Draw a horizontal line through point B to establish the
back top edge.
7. Proceed as in the previous step to lay out
the slot detail (see Figure 12-57D).
8. Darken all necessary lines and erase
construction lines to complete the
drawing.
In Figures 12-58 and 12-59, the object is
drawn in one-point perspective in the other
two positions. Notice that in all three cases,
one face of the object is placed on the picture plane (thus the name parallel perspective). Therefore, this face appears in true size
and shape. True-scale measurements can be
made on it.
Dierentiate How does the creation of

one-point and two-point perspective dier?
Figure 12-60
Multiview and isometric drawings of an object to
be drawn in two-point perspective
Two-Point Perspective Creation

Refer to Figure 12-60 for an object shown
in multiview and isometric drawings. See
Figure 12-61 for the method to draw this
same object with a two-point birds-eye perspective view.
1. Draw an edge view of the picture plane
(PP). See Figure 12-61A. Allow enough
space at the top of the sheet for the top
view. Draw the top view with one corner
touching the PP. In this case, the front
and side of the top view form angles of
30 and 60, respectively. Other angles
may be used, but 30 and 60 seem to
give the best appearance on the nished
drawing. The side with the most detail
is usually placed along the smaller angle
for a better view.
2. Draw the horizon line (HL) and the
ground line (GL).
3. Draw a vertical line (line of sight) from
the center of vision (CV) toward the bottom of the sheet to locate the station
point.
4. Draw line SP-B parallel to the end of the
top view and line SP-C parallel to the front
of the top view (see Figure 12-61B). Use
a 30-60 triangle.
5. Drop vertical lines from the picture
plane to the horizon line to locate vanishing point left (VPL) and vanishing
point right (VPR). Draw the front or side
view of the object on the ground line as
shown in Figure 12-61B.
6. Begin to block in the perspective view by

projecting vertical dimensions from the
front view to the line of sight (also called
the measuring line) and then to the vanishing points. See Figure 12-61C.
7. Finish blocking in the view by projecting lines from points 1 and 2 on the top
view to the station point. Where these
lines cross the picture plane, drop vertical lines to the perspective view to
establish the length and width dimensions. Project point 1' to VPL and point
2' to VPR.
8. Add detail by following the procedure described in steps 6 and 7. See
Figure 12-61D.
9. Darken all necessary lines and erase construction lines to nish the drawing.
Figures 12-62 and 12-63 show the same
object drawn in the other positions. Notice
that none of the faces appear in true size and
shape because none of them are on the picture plane.
Perspective Grids
Perspective drawing can take a lot of
time. This is because so much layout work is
needed before you can start the actual perspective view. Also, a large drawing surface
is often needed in order to locate distant
points. However, you can offset these disadvantages by using perspective grids. Examples are shown in Figure 12-64. There are
many advantages in using grids. But there
is one major disadvantage: a grid cannot
show a variety of views. It is limited to one
type of view based on one set of points and
one view location. However, for the work
done in some industrial drafting rooms,
only one view may be needed.
You can buy perspective grids, or you can
make your own. Creating your own grids is
only practical, however, if you have a number
of perspective drawings to make in a special
style.
Evaluate What are the advantages and

disadvantages of perspective grids?
437
A
60
30
PICTURE-PLANE LINE (PP)

HORIZON LINE (HL)
CENTER OF VISION
LINE OF SIGHT
GROUND LINE (GL)

W
STATION POINT (SP)
B
C
CV
VPL
PP
VPR
HL
GL
SP
2
C
CV
VPL
PP
VPR
HL
1'
2'
GL
SP
2
C
CV
VPL
2'
PP
VPR
HL
1'
GL
SP
Figure 12-61
Procedure for making a two-point perspective drawing (birds-eye view)
438
Figure 12-62
Two-point (worms-eye)
perspective
PP
GL
VPL
VPR
HL
SP
Figure 12-63
Two-point (normal)
perspective
PP
VPL
VPR
HL
GL
SP
6
8
5
7
6
5
3
4
8
7
2
3
5
4
2
3
2
I
I
8
SINGLE-POINT PERSPECTIVE GRID
76
1
3
2
1
0
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE GRID
Figure 12-64
Examples of perspective grids
CAD Techniques
Why would you choose to create a CAD
drawing in 2D rather than in 3D?
In many ways, making a 2D pictorial drawing is a simpler process if you use a CAD
system. For example, you do not have to con-
struct ellipses to represent circles or holes on

isometric planes. AutoCAD creates isocircles
on all three planes. For rendering, however, the
CAD work becomes somewhat more complex
because all rendering is done on 3D models.
The following sections discuss using AutoCAD
to create various types of pictorial drawings.
439
.75
LEFT
2.50
4.00
TOP
RIGHT
Figure 12-66
Positions of the isometric
crosshairs
.50
1.50
.75
MIDPOINTS OF TOP
AND BOTTOM LINES
Figure 12-65
Development of a 2D
isometric drawing in
AutoCAD
C
2D Isometric Drawing
Techniques
You can create isometric drawings in either
two or three dimensions. If the drawing is to
be used as an isolated illustration or for a single purpose, a 2D isometric is often sufcient.
Drawings created in an engineering environment are often created in three dimensions,
because 3D models can be used for many different purposes.
To create a 2D drawing of the block in
Figure 12-65A, begin by setting up the grid
and snap spacing for an isometric drawing.
The rest of the steps are then fairly easy. As in
board drafting, you should draw the isometric
lines rst. Follow these steps:
1. Press the F7 key to turn on the grid, and
enter ZOOM All.
2. Enter the SNAP command at the keyboard. Notice the options that appear on
the Command line. Enter S (Style), and
then enter I (Isometric). Enter a vertical
spacing of .25 to nish setting the snap.
Notice that the grid and crosshairs (cursor) change to an isometric orientation.
In Auto CAD, isoplane is one of the
440
3.
4.
5.
6.
three isometric plane orientations

available for the cursor to choose
in automatic drawing. By default,
the crosshairs are parallel to the
left isometric plane, or isoplane.
You can change them to the top
and right planes using the ISOPLANE command. However, it is
faster and more convenient to use
one of the shortcut methods. You
can toggle through the left, top,
and right isoplanes by pressing
CTRL+E or simply by pressing the F5 key.
Both of these methods work while other
commands are active, which can simplify
drawing tasks. Figure 12-66 shows the
crosshairs in each isometric orientation.
Change the crosshairs to the right
isoplane.
Draw the baseline of the block up and to
the right, as shown in Figure 12-65B.
Reenter the LINE command and use the
Midpoint object snap to snap a second line
to the midpoint of the base. Extend the second line vertically up from the midpoint of
the base, and make its length equal to the
height of the block (1.50"). This temporary
vertical line will form the basis for the top
line and the isometric circle.
At any location on the screen, draw a
2.50" line parallel to the isometric baseline. This will become the top line of the
isometric block. After creating the line,
move it into position by selecting the
midpoint of the 2.50" line as the base
point for the move and snapping it to
the upper end of the temporary vertical
line. Refer again to Figure 12-65B.
Use the LINE command to connect the
ends of the top and bottom lines of the
block.
7. Switch the crosshairs to the left isoplane,

and draw the .50 lines at the top and bottom front corner and the top back corner
to show the depth of the block. Then connect the .50 lines to complete the basic
shape of the block (see Figure 12-65C).
8. Isometric circles, or isocircles, are created
using the ELLIPSE command. When the
snap is set to Isometric mode, an additional
option called Isocircle appears when you
enter the ELLIPSE command. To create the
hole in the block, rst make sure the crosshairs are set to the right isoplane. Then
enter the ELLIPSE command and select the
Isocircle option. Use the Midpoint object
snap to snap the center of the isocircle to
the midpoint of the temporary vertical line
you created in step 4. The command acts
exactly like the CIRCLE command. Enter a
diameter of .50" to complete the isocircle.
Erase the temporary vertical line. The completed block should look like the isometric
drawing in Figure 12-65A.
The Ortho Mode

Like the snap and grid, the Ortho
mode is aected by the isometric
orientation. You can therefore use
Ortho to keep lines aligned perfectly
with the isometric axes. Use Ortho for
all isometric lines.
3D Isometric Drawings
As you may recall from previous chapters,
AutoCAD provides standard, predened isometric views for 3D objects and assemblies.
Therefore, to create a 3D isometric, you simply build the objects in three dimensions, and
then change to an isometric view. The following steps use the EXTRUDE command to create a simple exploded assembly model of the
base block from Figure 12-67 and the dowel
that ts into the hole. Note: Display the View
toolbar to save time. Picking the view but-
tons is faster than using the View pull-down

menu.
1. Use the PLINE command to create the
front view of the block just as you would
for a 2D orthographic drawing (see
Figure 12-67A).
2. Enter the ISOLINES command and set a
new density of 10. This is not critical, but
it will show the isocircle in better detail
in the nished drawing.
3. Enter the EXTRUDE command and select
the entire front view. Specify a height
equal to the thickness of the block (.50).
Press Enter to specify a taper angle of 0
(no taper).
4. Display the model from the SW Isometric viewpoint to verify that the base is
now a 3D model. Then return to the previous view by picking the Undo button
on the Standard or Standard Annotation
toolbar. Although this looks like a correct
isometric representation of the block, it
has one major fault as a solid model. The
circle is not truly a hole. It is a solid cylinder in the middle of a solid block. You
must subtract the extruded circle from
the block to create a real hole.
5. Enter the SUBTRACT command, and
pick anywhere on the outside of the base
block as the solid from which to subtract.
Press Enter and then select the cylinder
to subtract. Remove hidden lines, and
notice the difference in the model (see
Figure 12-67B). The hole now passes all
the way through the block. Now you can
create the dowel that ts into the hole in
the base. To create an exploded assembly,
you must show the dowel above the base
and in line with the hole.
6. Enter the PLAN command and select the
World option to return to the plan view
of the model.
7. Enter the CIRCLE command. Use the
Center object snap to center the new
circle on the hole in the base. Create the
circle with a diameter of .235.
8. Enter the EXTRUDE command, select
the new circle, and extrude it to a
height of 3.00 to create the dowel. The
dowel now exists and is in line with the
base block, but the base of the dowel is
441
D
B
12. Enter the LINE command and use the

Center object snap to select the center of
the top of the dowel as the starting point
for the line.
13. With Ortho still on, move the crosshairs
straight down and select a point below
the base block for the other endpoint
of the line. The centerline should now
run through the center of the dowel and
through the center of the hole in the
base block.
14. Pick the grip at the top of the centerline
and move it up so that it extends beyond
the top of the dowel.
15. Enter the HIDE command to see the
exploded assembly. It should look similar to the one in Figure 12-67E.
Summarize How do you create a 3D

isometric?
Figure 12-67
Steps to develop a 3D exploded assembly model
in AutoCAD
aligned with the top of the block (see

Figure 12-67C). To explode the assembly, you must move the dowel up while
keeping it in proper alignment.
9. Switch back to the SW Isometric viewpoint to see the dowel and base block.
Also, if Ortho mode is not on, turn it
on now by pressing the F8 key. This will
keep the dowel in proper alignment.
10. Enter the MOVE command and select the
dowel. Move it straight up to clear the
base block, as shown in Figure 12-67D.
11. To complete the exploded assembly,
you need to create a trail to show how
the two parts t together. In this case,
the trail will be a centerline that extends
through the center of the dowel and
the center of the hole in the base block.
Enter the LAYER command and create a new layer called Center. Specify
the Center linetype, and make this the
current layer.
442
Oblique Drawing
TechniquesCAD
What is the advantage of using 3D Orbit in
creating oblique drawings?
The procedures for creating an oblique
drawing using a CAD system are much like
those for creating an isometric drawing. You
can create oblique drawings in either two or
three dimensions.
2D Oblique Drawings
Because the front view of an oblique drawing is at true size and shape, you can draw the
front view as you normally would an orthographic. Then you can change the snap to
make the top and side views easier to create.
Follow these steps:
1. Create the front view of the pole support
as in Figure 12-68A.
2. Be sure the grid is on, and enter the
SNAP command at the keyboard. Enter R
(for Rotate) and pick the lower right corner of the front view as the base point.
Enter a rotation angle of 30. The grid and
3.
4.
5.
6.
The procedure given here is for a cavalier

oblique drawn at 30. The same procedure
can be used to create an oblique at any angle
simply by changing the angle of the snap
rotation. To create a cabinet oblique, divide
the depth dimensions by 2 before adding the
dimensions to the drawing.
crosshairs rotate counterclockwise 30.

Set the snap to .25.
Starting at the lower right corner of the
base, create the .75 line that represents
the depth of the pole support. Then
copy this line to the other key points as
in Figure 12-68B to dene the depth.
Use the Endpoint object snap to ensure
accuracy.
Copy the right upright, hole, and arched
top of the front view to the back of the
object (see Figure 12-68C).
Draw a line tangent to the front and back
arcs to connect them, and add the lines
to complete the right side of the object
(see Figure 12-68D).
To complete the oblique drawing, trim
away the unwanted lines from construction, as shown in Figure 12-68E.
3D Oblique Drawings
Like 3D isometric drawings, 3D oblique
drawings are created as normal 3D models.
The viewpoint is then changed to create the
oblique. Follow these steps to create a model
of the pole support:
1. Use the PLINE command to draw the
front view of the pole support shown in
Figure 12-69A.
2. Set ISOLINES to 10. Then enter FACETRES
and enter a new value of 1. FACETRES
.75
1.38
2.75
1.03
E
A
.50
1.75
.50
Figure 12-68
Steps to develop a 2D
oblique drawing in
AutoCAD
443
Figure 12-69
tage of using 3D Orbit is that you can actually see the object as you rotate the view. See
Figure 12-70. Activate this feature using the
3DORBIT command. Move the viewpoint
by dragging the mouse. Note: In some versions of AutoCAD, the spherical orbit does
not appear. The command works exactly the
same in these versions, however.
Steps to develop a 3D oblique drawing

in AutoCAD
Recall What does extrude mean?

is a command variable that controls the
appearance of curved objects in 3D views.
3. Use the EXTRUDE command to extrude
the object by the depth dimension, .75".
4. To create the hole, use the SUBTRACT
command to subtract the hole from the
pole support (if your version of AutoCAD
supports this feature).
5. For convenience, select the SW Isometric
viewpoint from the View menu. As with
the 3D isometric, the drawing is lying
on its side (see Figure 12-69A). Use the
ROTATE3D command to rotate it into
position. Use the Xaxis option and select
the lower front corner as the base point.
Rotate it 90 to achieve the position in
Figure 12-69B.
AutoCAD includes a free-rotation feature
known as 3D Orbit. This feature allows you
to rotate a model in 3D space interactively
using a spherical orbit algorithm. The advan-
Perspective Drawing
TechniquesCAD
How are the commands 3DORBIT, PLINE,
and EXTRUDE used in perspective drawing?
Perspective drawing in AutoCAD is done
entirely in 3D. Therefore, the rst step in
drawing any perspective view is to create a
normal model of the object. Then you can
view the model either in parallel projection
(normal) or perspective views. The 3DORBIT
command provides an easy method of adding
perspective to a model. Follow these steps:
1. Create the box shown in Figure 12-71A
using the PLINE and EXTRUDE commands. Extrude it to a height of .50 inch.
2. For convenience, switch to AutoCADs
preset SW Isometric view.
3. Enter the 3DORBIT command and right-click to
present a shortcut menu.
From this menu, pick Projection and then Perspective.
This places the model into
the perspective mode.
4. Use the cursor to move the
object in the perspective view.
Create a view similar to the
one in Figure 12-72. Press
Enter to end the 3DORBIT
command.
Figure 12-70
The 3D Orbit feature
444
10.50
Figure 12-72
The 3DORBIT
command oers
better control
for creating 3D
perspective views.
1.50
A
PARALLEL VIEW
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
Figure 12-71
Use DVIEW to create a 3D perspective view.
Section 12.2 Assessment

After You Read
Self-Check
5. Enter the HIDE command to remove

hidden lines. As you can see, the object
retains the perspective view even after
you end the 3DORBIT command.
6. To remove the perspective view, reenter
the 3DORBIT command, right-click, and
choose Projection and Parallel.
Drafting Practice
1. Make an isometric drawing of the babbitted stop shown in Figure 12-73. Start
at the corner indicated by thick lines.
1. Select and draw appropriate isometric

sections.
2. Manipulate 3D models in AutoCAD to
achieve isometric, oblique, and perspective views.
Academic Integration
.70
.80
.80
.50
Mathematics
3. Imagine you are applying for a loan to
start your freelance drafting business. The
lender tells you that you will get a better rate if your debt payments-to-income
ratio is low. Your debt payments would be
for any credit card balances or loans that
you are paying. If your monthly income is
$1,200 and your monthly debt payments
total $180, what is your debt-paymentsto-income ratio?
6.00
2.00
.50
.80
3.25
1.50
Figure 12-73
Number and Operations

To gure out a ratio, you need to use a
fraction. To calculate the DPR ratio, divide
the total debts by the total income. Convert the decimal outcome to a percentage by moving the decimal point two
places to the right and adding a percent
sign (%).

books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.
445
12 Review and Assessment

Chapter Summary
Section 12.1
Section 12.2
An isometric drawing is a drawing in which
the object is aligned with the three axes

equally spaced at 120 angles. An oblique
drawing is one in which two axes of the
object are parallel to the projection plane. A
perspective drawing is a three-dimensional
representation of an object as it appears to
the eye from a particular point.
Axonometric projection has three types:
diametric in which only two angles are
equal; trimetric in which all three angles
are different; and isometric in which the
axes form three equal angles of 120 on
the plane of projection.
Oblique drawings are classied accord-
ing to the length of an objects receding

lines along the oblique axis: cavalier (full
length), normal (three-fourths size), and
cabinet (one-half size).
One-point perspective is a view that has
one vanishing point in comparison to a
two-point perspective that has two vanishing points.
At times, it is necessary to show a sectional (full or half) view of an isometric
drawing. The process involves drawing
the objects complete view and then erasing the part that has been cut away.
AutoCAD provides predened, standard
views for 3D objects. The rst step is to
build the object in three dimensions and
then change to an isometric, oblique, or
perspective view as your need dictates.
Review Content Vocabulary and Academic Vocabulary

1. Use each of these Content and Academic Vocabulary words in a sentence or drawing.
Content Vocabulary
isometric drawing (p. 407)
isometric axes (p. 407)
axonometric projection
(p. 408)
dimetric projection (p. 408)
trimetric projection (p. 409)
picture plane (p. 409)

cavalier oblique (p. 411)
normal oblique (p. 411)
cabinet oblique (p. 411)
perspective drawing (p. 411)
vanishing point (p. 412)
technical illustration (p. 414)
box method (p. 426)

isoplane (p. 438)
Academic Vocabulary
fundamental (p. 407)
specic (p. 407)
principles (p. 422)
establish (p. 434)
Review Key Concepts

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
446
Identify various pictorial drawing types.

Explain the differences between the three types of axonometric projection.
Make cavalier, normal, and cabinet oblique drawings.
Create one-point and two-point perspective drawings.
Select appropriate isometric sections.
Manipulate 3D models in AutoCAD to achieve isometric, oblique, and perspective views.
Technology
8. The Information Age
Many historical eras have been given names
that in some way describe the particular generation. Examples include the Age of Reason,
the Gilded Age, and the Age of Discovery. We
currently live in the Information Age. Why do
you think our era has been given this name?
In a one-page paper, dene the Information
Age and the emphasis it places on the processing and exchange of information.
Multiple Choice Question
11. You have a design problem for which you need

a solution that is easy
to draw, can be drawn without projecting from other views, and
whose measurements can be made
with a regular scale. Which of these
drawings would meet your needs?
a. oblique
b. axonometric
9. Information Literacy
You hear the word economy at least daily.
How would you dene the word? Research
the major economic systems used worldwide
today. Go to libraries, databases, and computer
networks to nd your sources. Be sure to keep
bibliographical information on those sources.
When you have enough information, write a
ve-page paper explaining the two most commonly used economic systems. Be sure to use
proper grammar, spelling, and organizational
rules. Devote one page to critiquing the quality of the individual sources you found.
Mathematics
10. Recording Finances
Ahra set up a spreadsheet for her companys
nances. For each month, she has information about earnings and expenditures. Create a
monthly spreadsheet to display this data that
includes an equation for total cash ow.
Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets are basically tables, with rows
and columns, use to display information.
Computer spreadsheet programs can perform
operations automatically when you input an
equation into the row or column in question.
Step 1: Consider which data categories
should go in the columns and rows.
Step 2: Create an equation for total cash
ow using earnings and expenditures. Create
another line for this data as well.
Prep
For
c. 3D oblique
d. isometric
TEST-TAKING TIP
When you take a test, read the instructions
before you begin. Failing to read directions
could cause you to completely misinterpret
what the test is asking you to do.
Win
Competitive
Events
12. Architectural Drafting
Organizations such as SkillsUSA offer a
variety of architectural, career, and drafting competitions. Completing activities
such as the one below will help you prepare for these events.
Activity Work with a partner to brainstorm ways research and development
can be used as a tool to troubleshoot, or
solve problems. For example, what kind
of research might be needed to solve
technological problems? What is the difference between technological and nontechnological problems?
Go to glencoe.com for this books

OLC for more information about
competitive events.
Review and Assessment
447
12 Problems
Drafting Problems
The drafting problems in this chapter are designed to be completed using
board drafting techniques or CAD.
For problems 1 through 15, determine an appropriate scale and create
isometric drawings according to the instructions for each problem. Do not
dimension.
1.
Determine an appropriate scale, and create an isometric drawing of the object(s) assigned
from Figure 12-74. Note: These objects may also be used for oblique and perspective
drawing practice.
2.50
24 50
2.50
13
76
5.50
6.00
1.20
.60
BRICK
27
130
2.50
1.20
30
LAP JOINT
HOLLOW BLOCK
METRIC
METRIC
0'-10
1.30
2.30
2.25
1'-4
.50
1.00
6.00
5.30
3.30
.70
1'-8
0'-8
4'-0
2.00
1.00
CONCRETE STEPS
1.40
BASE PAD
30
60
50
.80
30
4.00
5.50
150
24
2.00
70
16
30
.30
1.80
2.00
V-BLOCK
.80
TOY BOAT
METRIC
METRIC
Figure 12-74
448
2.50
.30
90
2.00
.80
10
.25
DOOR STOP
SAW BRACKET
2.
Make an isometric drawing of the stirrup

shown in Figure 12-75. Start the drawing at the lower left. Note the thick starting lines.
3.
Make an isometric drawing of the brace

shown in Figure 12-76. Start the drawing at the lower right. Note the thick
starting lines.
.50
45
3.25
1.00
3.20
1.00
1.00
45
1.30
5.25
.50
.50
5.30
.50
.50
60
.50
2.50
.50
3.50
3.50
Figure 12-75
2.50
Figure 12-76
.80
30
4.
.80
.40
.60 1.00
2.40
3.00
Make an isometric drawing of the ratchet

shown in Figure 12-77.
.80
.80
1.40
5.30
1.40
Figure 12-77
.80
1.40
Problems
449
12 Problems
5.
6.
Make an isometric drawing of the object(s)

assigned from Figure 12-78. Note: These
objects may also be used for oblique and
perspective drawing practice.
Make an isometric full or half section of the object(s) assigned from

Figure 12-78.
METRIC
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
1.50
1.50
3.00
6.00
3.00
2.00
6.00
130
1.50
1.00
110
.50
SPACER
12
BASE SUPPORT
TRAY
R1.30
1.75
2X
R1.20
R1.80
2X
R.80
3.50
4.30
4.38
.25
3.00
.90
1.00
1.50
MAGNET
.25
IDLER SPOOL
LINK
2X .75
12
1.50
3.00
5.50
1.50
METRIC
4.50
.40
.75
6.00
.50 SQUARES
64
R1.50
3.00
30
R1.20
.30
CLAMP
Figure 12-78
450
3
FLANGE
.40
CORNER BRACE
7.
Make an isometric drawing of the hung bearing shown in Figure 12-79. Most of the construction is shown on the layout. Make the drawing as though all corners were square, and
then construct the curves.
R.70
1.60
2X O .625
Figure 12-79
1.30
2.00
.62
1.50
5.50
1.00
O 2.00
1.50
1.50
8.
1.30
.60
3.00
3.00
TO BORDER
Make an isometric drawing of the bracket shown in Figure 12-80. Some of the construction is shown on the layout. Make the drawing as though all corners were square, and then
construct the curves.
2.00
1.60
.60
.80
.60
R.60
1.00
.60
R.70 3.00
1.40
1.75
1.00
3.25
.60
Figure 12-80
R
O.75
2 HOLES
Problems
451
12 Problems
9.
Make an isometric drawing of the tablet shown in Figure 12-81. Use reversed axes. Refer to the
layout on the right.
64
84
12
20
12
12
24
60
12
6
146
50
38
20
10
METRIC
METRIC
Figure 12-81
10.
Make an oblique drawing of the angle

support shown in Figure 12-82.
20
26
38
50
150
R
12
38
120
20
90
88
Figure 12-82
452
50
11.
Make an oblique half or full section of the object(s) assigned from Figure 12-83. Note: These
objects may also be used for isometric and perspective drawing practice.
1.30
2.50
2.50
1.80
1.80
3.50
1.30
.60
DISK
1.25
.50
.50
POST SUPPORT
FLANGE
2.00
50
70
20
1.50
METRIC
METRIC
4.10
100
4.00
3.40
2.70
3.00
.25
58
.50
BUSHING
1.00
1.50
1.50
STEP FLANGE
.25
SPOOL
100
2.00
4.00
100
2.00
50
METRIC
METRIC
2.00
4.00
.50
1.80
20
.80
SQUARE POST SUPPORT
2.00
44
ROUND POST SUPPORT
LUG
Figure 12-83
Problems
453
12 Problems
12.
Make a one-point perspective or two-point perspective drawing of each object assigned. Use any
suitable scale.
.80 2.60
2.60
1.00
.90
.80
.80
4.00
6.00
5.50
3.00
3.00
1.00 2.60
.80
.80
ALIGNMENT BAR
CORNER BRACE
3.50
2.00
.70
1.00
1.50
3.00
.50
1.50
1.00
.70
2.70
1.00
1.00
.50
2.00
6.00
5.00
.50
TOOL SUPPORT
D
160
24
100
8
24
LETTER "N"
90
76
2X
R30
28
20
METRIC
V-BLOCK
4.50
100
8.00
METRIC
1.60
45
1.00
R40
44
3.50
38
.90
12
BEARING
Figure 12-84
454
DOVETAIL SLIDE
45
For problems 13 and 14, determine an appropriate scale and create a pictorial drawing
according to the instructions for each problem. Do not dimension unless instructed to do so.
13.
To develop a good understanding of

the relationship of the various types
of pictorial drawings, make an isometric, oblique cavalier, oblique cabinet,
one-point perspective, and two-point
perspective sketch of the tool support
shown in Figure 12-84D.
14.
Make instrument or CAD drawings of

the same tool support (Figure 12-84D)
in isometric, oblique cavalier, oblique
cabinet, one-point perspective, and twopoint perspective. Compare the sketches
you made in Problem 13 with the instrument or CAD drawings. Are they similar?
Which type of pictorial drawing gives
the most natural appearance?
Design Problems
Design problems have been prepared to challenge individual students or teams of students.
In these problems, you are to apply skills learned mainly in this chapter but also in other
chapters throughout the text. They are designed to be completed using board drafting, CAD, or a
combination of the two.
Challenge Your Creativity
1.
Design an educational toy or game for children ages three to ve. Material optional.
Carefully consider safety issues. Include
overall dimensions only.
4.
Design a park bench to be made from at

least two different materials. Develop
design sketches and pictorial drawings
with dimensions.
2.
Design a portable tool holder to accommodate a cordless electric drill with accessories.
The design should also incorporate a means
for attaching the tool holder to a tool panel.
The accessories include at least a set of drill
bits and screwdriver bits. Prepare a list of all
items before proceeding with the design.
Material optional. Develop design sketches
and pictorial drawings with dimensions.
5.
In this chapter, you used AutoCADs

SUBTRACT command to create a hole in
a solid model. SUBTRACT is one of several commands that allow you to perform Boolean operations (operations
based on Boolean mathematics) on 3D
models. The other two common Boolean
commands are UNION, which allows
you to combine simpler models to create a single, more complex model, and
INTERSECTION, which creates a new
model from the intersecting portion of
two existing models. Investigate these
commands and then use them to create a solid model of the bracket shown
in Figure 12-80. Challenge: It is possible
to build this model using more than one
construction method. Try at least two
different methods and determine which
variation results in the smallest database
(le) size.
Teamwork
3.
Design a device that can be used to convert

a portable electric router into a bench-type
router. It can be designed as a oor model or
a bench-top model. Make it easy and quick
to install and remove the router. Material optional. Each team member should
develop design sketches of his or her design.
Select the best ideas from each to nalize
the team design. Prepare a nal set of pictorial drawings with dimensions.
Problems
455

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12

various types of pictorial drawings.

Fashion and Function In

One remarkable feature of the Prada store in Beverly

Every aspect of shopping here is a new experience

Academic Skills and Abilities

Go to glencoe.com for this books OLC to learn more

Types of Pictorial Drawing

Go to glencoe.com for this

Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing

NCTE National Council of

Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing

Nonisometric lines do not appear in their

and C. You will learn how to apply them later

Axonometric projection is projection

Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing

Dene What does the term isometric

The three types of axonometric projection

What is an advantage of oblique drawings

and two special foreshortened scales are

Oblique drawings are plotted in the same

Calculate the area of the triangle.

The formula for nding the

For help with this math activity, go

Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing

on which the view is drawn) rather than just

Place the object so that the irregular outline or

contour faces the front. See Figure 12-8A.

Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing

in this way, but, as with isometric projection,

is usually at the angle from which it would

Types of Oblique Drawings

Explain In an oblique drawing, what

When creating pictorial drawings, what

A perspective drawing is a threedimensional representation of an object as

Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing

drawing. The point at which they meet is the

visual rays The sight lines from points on

Types of Perspective Drawings

the card that converge at the observers eye.

Figure 12-14 shows how the projectors,

Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing

that has one vanishing point (see Figure 12-15).

viewer. In that position, the object appears to

Factors That Aect Appearance

The Eect of Distance

Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing

The size of an object

1.00" SQUARE AT TWICE THE

1.00" SQUARE AT NORMAL READING DISTANCE

The Eect of Position

Recall How does an objects appearance

Chapter 12 Pictorial Drawing

out the shape. It serves a practical purpose,

Uses of Technical Illustration

of the technical and service manuals for

Choice of Drawing Type

List What are the uses of technical

A V-block in various types of

Section 12.1 Types of Pictorial Drawing

in isometric and oblique. This object can be

All exploded views are based on the same

Perhaps the easiest way to understand an

Evaluate What type of pictorial drawing is