Rogers 1

Sydnie Rogers
Professor Ropko
UWRT 1102-40
17 March 2016

Annotated Bibliography
Cohen, Carl. "Race Preference in College Admissions." The Heritage Foundation. The Heritage
Foundation, 21 Apr. 1998. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.
Carl Cohen analyzes why affirmative action is now related to race and only race. He is
trying to let his audience know that this is not acceptable and that colleges find new ways to go
about it, making it seem justifiable. He builds his argument on describing what happens to
colleges and universities when skin tone plays a part in the admissions process. Carl Cohen has
earned his Ph.D, and has been a member of the University of Michigan's philosophy faculty for
over 40 years, and has served on its admissions committees. He knows firsthand what is going on
and what specifically goes into choosing one student over another. He uses rhetorical questions
and pathos to make preference to skin tone appear as unjust and why it hinders people from
receiving an equal opportunity to get into college. He uses personification and descriptive
language to better his argument. There is some bias in this article, but for the most part it
considers both sides. This article is useful to me as well as it addresses one of the issues I will be
discussing in my paper. It also provides historical evidence from the Brown v. Board of
Education Supreme Court case that can be useful in my research.

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Dan, Nicole. "Equal Opportunity Still Doesnt Exist." The Independent Florida Alligator.
Campus Communications, Inc., 12 Oct. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.
Nicole Dan builds her argument off of the fact that equal opportunity is a myth. She
believes that equal opportunity will not be reached and does not exist in higher education. She is
trying to persuade her audience to actually think about the points that are being made and work
together to try to make the idea of equal opportunity reality. Nicole Dan is a political science
major at the University of Florida and she produces this column every Monday. She does
present a bias in her article as seen in the title Equal Opportunity Still Does Not Exist. With
her being a college student, I feel that she is speaking from personal experience. She makes very
good connections with her examples when she talks about FAFSA and how although it was
created to better students chances of receiving money to go to school, there are so many
stipulations with it, making it that not everyone is given an equal opportunity to do so. It is
obvious that she is passionate about what she speaks on and this evident through her diction as
she capitalizes words to clarify what actually is happening. The information she provides about
FAFSA and SAT is really helpful for myself in my argument.

Eskow, Richard. "Free Higher Education Is a Human Right." Campaign For America's Future.
Campaign for America's Future, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
Richard Eskow unfolds his idea on why higher education should be free by making
connections with all of the social struggles people in the United States have faced. His purpose is
to take action on this problem, and not just talk about it. He points out in this articles that free

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higher education is possible and he discusses different methods in which it can be achieved. He
uses pathos and logos to explain why more and more students are unable to attend college and
why it seems as if college is catered to a certain socioeconomic class. Richard Eskow is a former
executive with experience in finance and information technology. He also host a radio show
where he discusses these issues. This article was not biased because he not only included
solutions, but he also included problems and those problems that may come with higher
education. He uses statistics to show how although higher education here in the United States is
better than most countries, the United States is not the top. This is very useful to me and my
research topic because it provides reasoning to why free higher education is possible and that
barriers are put in place that make it possible that not everyone receives an equal opportunity to
attend college.

Jaschik, Scott. "New Research on How Elite Colleges Make Admissions Decisions." New
Research on How Elite Colleges Make Admissions Decisions. Inside Higher Ed, 9 Apr.
2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
Scott Jaschik wrote this article to expose the truth behind and the patterns that are found
in many admission processes. He discusses how at liberal art colleges, they focus on the
individual and not their scholastic achievements. He provides data such as charts to explain what
goes into a colleges Institutional Fit and research done on this topic. Scott Jaschik is one of
the three founders of Inside Higher Ed. He leads the editorial operations: overseeing news
content, opinion pieces, advice about careers, and blogs. This article does have some bias in it,
and that is shown even in the title How They Really Get In. He uses a lot of pathos in this
argument as well and he states a lot of sources in his argument as well. This is useful to those

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who want to see why certain colleges and universities only accept a certain number of people
while others have a high acceptance rate. This article is useful to me because it serves as
evidence in proving that college is not an equal opportunity for everyone.

Kurlaender, Michal. "Equal Opportunity in Higher Education." Harvard Education Publishing

Group. Harvard Education Publishing Group, 15 Nov. 2010. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
Michal Kurlaender analyzes how the end of affirmative action can help create problems
in achieving equal opportunity. She includes examples from those states that have voted to end
affirmative action and she describes how much of an impact that had on where certain students
decided to go to college. Her purpose for this is to show that affirmative action and things similar
to that have cause for equal opportunity to contradict itself. She wants action to take place and
for education, specifically higher education, to be the platform on where equality is shown. She
wants authors and lawmakers to continue to expose the things that are thought to be good, but
end up having an adverse effect on people. Michal Kurlaender is an associate professor of
education at the University of California and she is coeditor of Equal Opportunity in Higher
Education: The Past and Future of Californias Proposition 209. She uses pathos as she discusses
how change should be brought about. She uses words like crucial, consequence, and disparities
to create a sense of urgency for the problem that is bring faced to end affirmative action. This
article is somewhat helpful for my topic, but it did not go into full detail on exactly the
information I need for my paper. It was more of an overview of the topic.

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Muso, Pete. "Colleges Look to Change Admission Process." VOA. Association of American
Publishers, 20 Feb. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
Pete Muso wrote this article to bring attention to fact that the admission process for
college is bring forth unequal opportunities for those who want to apply for college. The
admission process at some schools rely too heavily on grades and test scores and not enough of
the individual themselves. Pete Muso is a reporter for VOA Learning English. He uses a lot of
references in his article to those people who feel that the admission process should be changed.
He uses pathos to show how the admission process dehumanizes the students and how it needs to
look at the greater good of the student and what attributions they can bring to that college or
university. He also bolds words like diversity and selective to emphasize what the admission
process currently looks like. He also talks about how the rankings of college help to add more to
the reasoning to why certain schools are popular. He shed light on the fact that the admission
process is getting so competitive and out of hand that the level of stress students have over this is
not healthy. This article is helpful for me as well because it shows that even the admissions
process is not an equal opportunity and that its based off of high school grades and test scores
and as the article said, that does not define a person.

Reich, Robert. "Why College Isn't (and Shouldn't Have to Be) for Everyone | BillMoyers.com."
BillMoyers.com. Moyers and Company Publishing, 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.
In this article, Reich Robert informs his audience that a four year college degree is not
necessary, but that there are other alternative forms of higher education that serve as the
equivalent. He provides evidence for this as he says that the social norm that has been created is

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only showing off four year universities and not community and vocational colleges. Also, he
provides sound evidence to why college is designed for the rich and what they do to make sure
their children get accepted to an elite university. Reich Robert currently serves as Chancellors
Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley and he served as Secretary
of Labor in the Clinton administration. He also is the author of 14 books. After reading the
article, it is obvious that the author has a bias towards the rich and how they go about handling
the admissions process. He uses words such as enhance generous contributions this is nuts
to describe how out of control this has become. He includes statistics that report how four years
degrees are not worth the time and investment put into them. This article is helpful for me in the
since that it provides evidence to why and how a certain group of students gets accepted into
college and it proves the point of my inquiry project that college is not created equal for
everyone.

Staff, Kalamazoo Gazette. "Our Turn Column: Is America Really the Land of "equal
Opportunity"?" MLive Media Group. Kalamazoo Gazette Publishing, 21 May 2011. Web.
14 Mar. 2016.
The Staff at the Kalamazoo Gazette main purpose of this article is to expose the truth
behind the American Dream. They feel that it exist only to a certain extent and not everyone is
given the opportunity in achieving the American Dream. The writers of this article are high
school students who serve as the Young Editorial Staff in Michigan. They are able to discuss
their own topics and they have an advisor over them. I liked the idea of including three articles
for this one topic. They all talked about different issue and their definition of the American
Dream and they all related to each other. The first young lady discussed her issue from a

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firsthand perspective and how she knew from experience that until discrimination does not occur,
equality will never exist. Also, the young man made key points as he discussed how beneficial
other countries are with their free higher education and how the United States should strive to
make theses certain implications. This article is very useful to me as it sheds insight into higher
educational systems around the world, and how they are actually equal opportunity. It also shows
that the lack of equal opportunity is not only in education put in everything.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Equal Opportunity, Our National Myth." Opinionator Equal Opportunity
Our National Myth Comments. The New York Times, 13 Feb. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.
Joseph Stiglitz idea behind this article is to inform and promote change and bring about
equality, not just those in higher education, but for children at a young age. He understands that
although racial inequality has decreased, socioeconomic inequality has increased and it is putting
a damper on Americans lives. He not only informs the readers of the serious problems that are
occurring, but he gives solutions to the problem by comparing other countries higher educational
systems to that in of the United States. Joseph Stiglitz is a credible source as he serves as a
professor at Columbia University, is a former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors and
he has written several books. This article was very effective in conveying the messages. The
diction he used emphasizes how serious this could become if proper action are not taking soon.
He immediately catches the readers attention by beginning with a quote from President Obama
and he then builds his argument off of that. There is some bias in the article, as seen in the title,
but for the most part I feel that it is not biased. I feel that this article is beneficial to anyone who
is interested in socioeconomic injustice. This article is very useful in the topic I have and I plan
on using it to better my argument and for evidence as well.

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"Your Right to Equality in Education." American Civil Liberties Union. Editorial. American
Civil Liberties Union Foundation, Education, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
This article speaks on the rights given to each student in school and how they cannot be
discriminated based on the color of their skin, socioeconomic status, sexuality, or whether they
are a citizen or not. The purpose of this article is to inform others about the rights they are given,
and to make sure they are given equal educational rights. The American Liberties Union was
formed in 1920 and their mission is to ensure the promise of the Bill of Rights and to make sure
it reaches to those people who were historically denied its protections. This article contains little
bias mostly because it states information about the Bill of Rights and what the rights are to each
individual. There is pathos in this articles as it emphasizes how important and valuable an
education is. This article is not really beneficial to me because this article states general rights in
education and it gives a broad overview of it. It does not discuss issues in the higher educational
system, so I will not use this source in my paper.