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a) i) Chloroplast
ii) Carry out photosynthesis
b) i) - Plasma membrane.
- Thin and semi-permeable
ii) - semi permeable which allow certain molecules to pass through
- Depends on the size and polarity of the molecules
c) -Sugar solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of food cells.
- Water molecules diffuse out of the cell by osmosis cause the cell to lose water.
- Microorganisms cannot grow
d) i) Hypotonic solution
ii) Hypertonic solution
e) - The plant will become wilted
- The manure cause the soil to become hypertonic to the plant cell sap
- Water molecules will diffuse out of the plant cell by osmosis
- Cells lose water and become flaccid.
- No support for the plant.
a) i) Cell Y
ii) Synapsis and crossing over occur
b)
c)
MITOSIS
Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells
Mitosis produces new somatic cells
Pairing of homologous chromosomes does
not occur
Crossing over between non-sister
chromatids does not occur during
prophase
MEIOSIS
Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs
Meiosis produces gametes
Homologous chromosomes pair up
(synapsis) to form tetrads
Crossing over between non-sister
chromatids occurs during prophase 1
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a)
P1: The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight
P2: to breakdown the water molecules into hydrogen ions H+ and hydroxyl ions OHP3: OH- ions release electrons to become hydroxyl groups
P4: A few hydroxyl groups combine to form water and oxygen which are release into the
atmosphere
P5: H+ ions accept the electron and becomes hydrogen atom
P6: The process in which the water molecules is broken down to hydrogen and oxygen is
known as photolysis of water.
P7: Hydrogen atom from the photolysis of water is used in the reduction of carbon
dioxide
P8: To form the basic unit of glucose CH20
P9: Six units of CH2O combine to form one glucose molecule
P10: The glucose formed is changed into starch
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b)
P1: Palisade mesophyll cells are packed tightly together in upright arrangement near the
upper epidermis to receive maximum amount of light during photosynthesis.
P2: high density of chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis at optimum rate.
P3: Mesophyll cells are always covered by a thin film of water so that carbon dioxide can
dissolve in it.
P4: The irregular shape of spongy mesophyll cells increase the surface area for efficient
gaseous exchange.
P5; Also contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
P6: Loosely arranged and between each of them are air spaces that allow easy diffusion
of water and carbon dioxide.
P7: Guard cells which regulate the size of stomata.
P8; Stomata support photosynthesis by allowing CO2 to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen
to diffuse out.
P9: Vascular bundle contain xylem that transport water to the leaf for photosynthesis.
P10: Phloem that transport the product of photosynthesis away from the leaf.
c)
F: In temperate countries light intensity / temperature changes throughout the year.
P1: In winter , temperature is very low
P2: In autumn, the plants shed their leaves // Light intensity/ temperature is low
P3: Rate of photosynthesis is very low
P4: In spring and summer, the light intensity/temperature are optimum for
photosynthesis.
P5: So the rate of photosynthesis is maximum / highest.
P6: In the greenhouse, light intensity/concentration of carbon dioxide / temperature are
maintained at optimum level (for photosynthesis) throughout the year.
P7: So the rate of photosynthesis is maintained at maximum level throughout the year
(regardless of changes in light intensity or temperature).
P8: The plants are able to increase yields / increase the crops production throughout the
years.
d)
P1: To meet the demand of the growing population
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a)
P1: wall of the blood vessel is broken/ damage/injured
P2: the connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to air
P3: platelets stick/ clump together (to the collagen fibers in the connective tissue.)
P4: (then aggregation of platelets) forms plug P5: the clumped platelet / damaged
cells /clotting factors in the plasma.
P6: produce thromboplastins /thrombokinase
P7: thromboplastins / thrombokinase in the presence of calcium ions and vitamin K
P8: convert prothrombin (inactive plasma protein) into thrombin (active plasma protein)
P9: thrombin convert /catalyses ( the conversion of soluble) fibrinogen to (insoluble)
fibrin
P10: fibrin (form a network that mesh over the wound) trapping red blood cells
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b)
P1: sealing the wound
P2: a blood clot prevent excess blood loss
P3: prevent bacteria/pathogen/microbe from entering the cell through wound
P4 : prevent infection of disease
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c) Similarities:
P1: Both have a closed circulation
P2: Both have a heart
P3: The heart pump blood throughout the circulatory system
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Differences:
P
Has single circulation
The heart is divided into two chambers
Septum is absent
Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart
to the gills
Oxygenated blood flows from the gills to
body cells
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Q
Has double circulation
The heart is divided into four chambers
Septum is present
Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart
to the lungs
Oxygenated blood flows from the lung to
the heart. Then the heart pump the blood
to the body cells
d)
P1: exchange of substances such as nutrients, waste products and respiratory gases
with the environment
P2: Occur through simple diffusion
P3: In plants, transport substances to all parts of plant
P4: Water for photosynthesis and cellular metabolism
P5: Mineral ions for healthy growth and development
P6: Organic food materials for cellular metabolism or storage
a) Human skin
P1: The outer layer is tough / impermeable to bacteria / viruses/pathogen
P2: the continual shedding of dead skin cells
P3 : makes it difficult for bacteria to grow on the skin
P4: sebaceous gland produced sebum /oil
P5 : (sebum produced) forms a protective layer over the skin
P6: The sweat secreted contains lysozyme / enzyme
P7: capable of breaking down (the cell walls of certain) bacteria
P8: Skin has slightly acidic at pH 5.5 / prevents bacterial growth.
Phagocytic cell
P9 : The cell performs phagocytosis
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Any 10
(At least 1P from P1-P8,
At least 1P from P9-P13)
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- A balanced ecosystem prevents the loss of plants which will cause a reduction in food
resources and food chains.
- It will also cause soil erosion and flash floods.
- And the extinction of some animal and plant species
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