JACINTO & GALLINERA

EVOLUTION

Definition
Change through time as species
become modified and diverge to
produce multiple descendant species

Basic Idea
All the different species have
developed over time from
simple life forms.

Methods of Evolution
Gradualism

Punctuated
Equilibrium

Gradualism
Selection and variation happen
over a long period of time.
Change is slow, constant and
consistent.

time

Punctuated Equilibrium
There is a period of little or no
change, then one or a few huge
changes occur.

time

Early Concepts of
Evolution

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Theory of Inheritance
of Acquired
Characteristics
Change is made by
what organisms want
or need.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
If an organism
changes during its
life in order to adapt
to its environment,
those changes are
passed on to its
offspring.

Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin
studied variation in
plants and animals
during a voyage
around the world
On the Origin of
Species

Charles Darwin
noticed that islands
contained species of
plants and animals
that could not be
found in any other
place, but were
similar to creatures in
nearby continents

Charles Darwin
noticed that
creatures on the
islands were adapted
to island life

Darwins Theory of
Natural Selection

1
Individuals within a
population differ.

The differences are

passed from parents to
offspring.

Individuals with
characteristics most suited
to the environment are
more likely to survive.

The genes that allow these

individuals to be
successful are passed on
to their offspring.

Descent with Modification

Each generation of animals mixes
the genes of its parents, creating
variation in the descendants genes
and physical forms.

Evolution
vs.
Natural Selection

Evolution

Natural Selection

is the historical
occurrence of
change.

is one mechanism
that can cause
change.

Other Mechanisms of
Evolutionary Change

Genetic Drift
An event that happens by chance
Influences allele frequency within a
population
Result of a sampling error

Genetic Drift
Some alleles can be completely
lost even if they are beneficial traits.

Effect is larger in small populations.

Genetic Drift

Mutations
Change in the DNA sequence
within a gene or chromosome
Could improve or worsen an
organisms ability to survive in its
environment

Mutations
Harmful mutations may reduce the
fitness of an organism and increase
its susceptibility to illnesses.
Beneficial mutations may spread
and be fixed in the population due
to natural selection processes.

Mutations

Gene Flow
AKA gene migration
Transfer of genes from the gene
pool of one population to another
May change the frequency and/or
range of alleles in a population

Gene Flow
Introduction of new alleles
increases the variability within a
population
Allows new combinations of traits

Gene Flow

Comparison of
Mechanisms
Mutations

Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

Natural Selection

Controversy

Creationism
belief that all living organisms originate
from specific acts of divine intervention
rather than by natural processes

Missing Links
lack of transitional forms in the
fossil record

Evidence of Evolution

Fossil Record
Remains of plants and animals
found in sedimentary rock deposits
Record of past changes through
various periods of time (rock layers)
Evidence that plants and animals
today came from simpler ones

Fossil Record

Similarities in Embryology
Many embryos look similar in the
early stages of development
Similarities suggest an evolutionary
relationship among species

Similarities in Embryology

Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures

Homologous Structures
similar features found in different species
that come from a common ancestor

Analogous Structures
traits or organs that appear similar in two
unrelated organisms (due to convergent
evolution)

Convergent Evolution
When species evolve in similar
environments which results in them
having similar survival factors

Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures
similar in anatomy,
dissimilar in function
Analogous Structures
similar in function,
dissimilar in anatomy

Vestigial Structures
Structures that are reduced in size
and seem to no longer have a
function
Scientists think these parts were
once useful to ancestors

Vestigial Structures

Geographical Distribution
Geographic location affects the
way organisms evolve
Many species share similar
characteristics because they live in
similar environments

Geographical Distribution

JACINTO & GALLINERA

BIODIVERSITY

Definition
The variety among living
organisms and the habitats
of which they are part

Levels of Biodiversity

Ecosystems

Species

Genes

Gene Diversity
Total number of gene
characteristics in the genetic makeup of the organisms
Different genes and combinations
of genes

Species Diversity
Different kinds of organisms
Most useful indicator of
biodiversity
SPECIES: A group of living organisms consisting
of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes
or interbreeding

Species Diversity
vs.
Species Richness

Species Diversity

Species Richness

is the measure of
the diversity
within an
ecological
community.

is the number of
species present in
a sample,
community, or
taxonomic group.

Ecological Diversity
Diversity of a place at the
ecosystem level
Different habitats, niches, species
interactions

Factors Affecting Diversity

of Flora and Fauna

1
2

Climate
Relief

Climate
Land
Soil

Relief
Temperature
Sunlight
Rainfall

Fact:
Biodiversity is highly concentrated
in tropical regions.

Importance of
Biodiversity

Consumptive Value
Source of food, shelter, clothing,
clean air and water, medicine and
other industrial raw materials

Non-consumptive Value
Education and research
Recreation
Traditional value

Ecological Importance
Balance of nature
Regulation of climate

Human Behaviour
Biophilia: Human love for and
attachment to other living things
and nature

Threats

HIPPO Dilemma

Habitat Loss

Introduced Species

Population Growth

Pollution

Overconsumption

HIPPO Dilemma
Habitat Loss
Introduced Species
Population Growth
Pollution
Overconsumption

Causes of Threats

Natural Causes
Narrow geographical areas
Natural disasters
Low breeding rate

Anthropogenic Causes
Pollution
Hunting
Over-exploitation

Biodiversity
Conservation

In Situ Conservation
Conservation of genetic resources
in natural populations of plant or
animal species
Protecting an endangered plant or
animal species in its natural habitat

Ex Situ Conservation
Off-site conservation
Protecting an endangered plant or
animal species outside its natural
habitat

Biodiversity Conservation

In Situ

Sacred groves
and lakes

Biosphere
reserves

Ex Situ

Nature parks and

wildlife sanctuaries

Sacred home
plant garden
Seedbanks

Marine

Terrestrial
Botanical gardens

Conservation
Approaches

Captive Breeding
Endangered species are bred in
zoos, then reintroduced to the wild.

Conservation through
Biotechnology

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant cells grown in isolation from
intact plants in tissue culture
systems
Grown cells have the
characteristics of callus cells, which
help heal damaged plants.

Plant Tissue Culture

Cryopreservation
Non-lethal storage of biological
tissues at ultra-low temperatures
Provides a source of tissues and
genetically stable living cells for a
variety of purposes

Cryopreservation

In Vitro Fertilization
Manually combining an egg and
sperm in a laboratory dish, then
transferring the embryo to the
uterus

In Vitro Fertilization

Reproductive Cloning
Involves creating an animal that is
genetically identical to a donor
animal through somatic cell
transfer

Reproductive Cloning

Evolution and
Biodiversity
Evolutionary processes
generate and maintain (or
limit) biodiversity.