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Introduction to
Extended Reach
Drilling - ERD -

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Looking for oil in new complex areas

Introduction to Cementing
ADMIN

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2015

pushes the drilling engineering to new

limits. Now adays, extended reach drilling

CEMENTING

(ERD) becomes a sta...

I- Introduction
The cement is used as a
sealing

material

while

drilling an oil and gas

well.
behind

Pumping
the

cement

I-Introduction An oil and gas

w ell is drilled in sections from the
surface to the production zone. It is not
possible to drill the w ell...

casing

provides a barrier to the

fluids flow from or into the
formation, and bonds the
casing to the formation.
This is called a primary
cement job. Cement is
also pumped for other reasons like sealing off perforated casing or plugging
zones.

Introduction to
Casing

Directional Drilling
Applications

Directional drilling is the art

of directing and deviating the w ellbore
along a predetermined trajectory to get
to preplanned targets. At...

Introduction to
Drilling Bits
Introduction The drill bit is an
important component in the drill string.
The bit drills the rock in many
mechanisms. The drilling bit...

Introduction to
Cementing
I- Introduction The cement is

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used as a sealing material w hile drilling

an oil and gas w ell. Pumping cement
behind the casing provides ...

Introduction to
Drilling Fluids
Drilling fluids is an important
part in drilling process. The cost of this
part can get to the level of 15% of total

Fig 01- Oil Well Sketch

cost of operations. Th...

II- Oil Well Cement Functions

Introduction to Well
Control

There are many reasons for pumping cement slurry while drilling operations,

The formation fluids can

the most important functions are:

flow into the w ell bore and eventually to

the surface w hen the formation
pressure becomes greater than the

- Preventing fluids flow from one formation to another or to the surface. The

hydrost...

fluids can flow between the casing and the formation.

- Bonding the casing to the formation
- Supporting the casing string
- Protecting the casing from the corrosion caused by formation fluids
- Sealing off the troublesome zones
A successful primary cementing job is crucial for the well integrity to allow
continuing the drilling operations. In other cases, cement has to be pumped

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Portland Cement
Sand and Cement
Cement Concrete Mix
LABELS

into the well and forced to flow into the formation; this process is called

Casing (1)

secondary or squeezing cementing job.

Cementing (2)

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 Directional Drilling (5)

III- Cement Powder Classes
There is a verity of cement powder which is used for cementing an oil and
gas well. Each cement powder differs from other powders when mixed with
water due to the chemical components.

Drilling Bits (2)

Drilling Equipment (7)
Drilling Fluids (5)
Drilling Problems (4)
Drilling Rigs (2)
Rig Site Tips (1)

Class A & B

Well Control (1)

They are cheap powders and can be used only for shallow depths where
there is not any special requirement. The difference between A class and B

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class is that B class can resist to sulphate.

Class C
This powder can harden quickly due to the high concentration of C3S
Class D,E and F
These are expensive powders due to the properties which they can provide.
These classes are known as retarded cements which make them suitable for
cementing deep wells at high level of temperatures and pressures.
Class G & H
These are the most compatible powders with most of additives and can be
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used for wide range of pressure and temperature. The most common used
class is class G, it can be used at temperature up to 200F without adding
modifiers. Class H has coarser grind than class G which gives it better
retarding properties for cementing deep wells.
The cement powders mentioned above are API classified cements. There
are other non-API cement:
- Pozmix cement: It is a result of mixing Portland cement with pozzolan and
bentonite. It is used for shallow wells due to its light weight.
- Gypsum cement: it is formed by mixing Portland cement and gypsum. This
type of cement is used for remedial jobs; it can develop a high early
strength. It is very appropriate for sealing off lost circulation zones.
IV- Mix-water Requirements
The water which is used to prepare the cement slurry has to be well
quantified to provide appropriate cement mixture. If The amount of water is
too much than the accurate percentage, the cement barrier will not be strong
and impermeable and if it is less than designed, the slurry density and
viscosity will increase, also the pumpability will increase.
The amount of water is designed based on these issues:
- Getting an easy slurry to pump
- Hydrating all the cement powder which provides hard cement
- No free water has to be present after the cement hardened
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V- Cement Properties
At designing stage, fundamental properties have to be considered for any
cement slurry.
Compressive Strength
After pumping the cement slurry and place it in the annulus, drilling
operations should not be started till the cement reaches an appropriate level
of compressive strength. The cement should not disintegrate due to
vibrations when drilling next section. The compressive strength depends on
several variables: temperature, pressure and amount of mix-water.
Thickening Time
The thickening time is the range of time which the cement slurry can be
pumped and displaced. The thickening time should be enough to allow the
slurry to be mixed, pumped into the casing and then displaced by drilling
fluids till placed it in the annulus. When designing the cement slurry, any
delays or interruption should be considered to get a safe thickening time.
Wellbore conditions are also important factors which can affect the
thickening time. Reduction in this parameter can be caused by increase in
pressure or temperature. These conditions should be simulated and tested
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in the laboratory before performing the job.

Slurry Density
Cement slurry density can vary from 11 ppg to 18.5 ppg. The density is
controlled by adjusting the amount of mix-water or additives. The cement
slurry density is relatively higher than the density of drilling fluids which has
to be considered when planning for cement job especially when formations
with normal pore pressure trend.
Water Loss
The setting of cement is a result of cement powder hydration. Slurry should
not lose its water before place it at its planned position because it can affect
its pumpability. The fluid loss property should be determined at laboratories
under standard conditions. The fluid loss depends on the type of the job; it is
not crucial to control fluid loss in primary jobs but for the squeezing jobs it
should well defined.
Permeability
The permeability of cement after hardening will be very low (less than 0.1
milli-darcy); this level is much lower than production formations permeability.
In some cases, the permeability of the cement can be affected: for example
by gas intrusion which lead to higher permeability and then the barrier of
cement can be less effective.
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VI-Cement Additives
Slurry properties are adjusted by adding additives; this adjustment is
performed to optimize the cementing jobs. The cement additives are used to:
- Varying the slurry density
- Changing the compressive strength
- Accelerating or retarding the setting time
- Controlling fluid loss
- Reducing the slurry viscosity
Accelerators
When cementing shallow wells, where the temperatures are low, the
thickening time can be decreased to avoid any additional rig time to wait for
cement hardening. The reduction is reached by using what are called
accelerators
Common accelerators are sodium chloride, potassium chloride and gypsum
Retarders
The temperature increases with depth. The high temperature in deep wells
reduces the thickening time which can lead to cement setting into the casing.
Retarders are used to extend to the thickening time to avoid such risks.
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Common

retarders

are

organic

acids,

modified

cellulose

and

lignosulphonates.
Extenders
They are used to reduce the slurry density in case when there is a risk of
exceeding the fracture pressure of some formations. The use of this type of
additives can also reduce the compressive strength and increase the
thickening time. They called extenders because they allow more mix-water
and as a consequence more slurry volume.
The most common extenders are the bentonite, pozzolan and diatomaceous.
Heavy additives
Cementing through over-pressured formations can be crucial. The slurry
density in these cases is increased by adding barite, hematite and sand.
The use of barite and hematite can cause a significant reduction in
pumpability.
Fluid loss additives
They are used to avoid cement dehydration and premature setting. Organic
polymers are the most common fluid loss additive.
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Dispersants
They are used to lower the slurry viscosity in order to improve the flow
properties. The most common dispersants are the salt, polymers and
calcium lignosulphanate.

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Introduction to
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pushes the drilling engineering to new
limits. Now adays, extended reach drilling
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Introduction to
Casing
I-Introduction An oil and gas

Drilling Course
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w ell is drilled in sections from the surface

to the production zone. It is not possible
to drill the w ell...

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a predetermined trajectory to get to

preplanned targets. At...

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