NOTES: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

1. STATEMENT A SENTENCE EITHER TRUE OR FALSE BUT NOT BOTH

statement or not statements.

True/ false

Ten is less than eleven

Ten is less than one
Please keep quiet in the library
2. QUANTIFIERS
Used to indicate the quantity
ALL To Show That Every Object Satisfies Certain Conditions
SOME To Show That One Or More Objects Satisfy Certain Conditions
EXAMPLE :
- .............. cats have four legs
- ............. even numbers are divisible by 4
- ............. perfect squares are more than
3. OPERATIONS ON SETS
NEGATION
The truth value of a statement can be changed by adding the word ................. into a statement.
TRUE

FALSE

EXAMPLE:
P
: 2 is an even number ( )
P (NOT P ) : 2 is . an even number (.)
4. COMPOUND STATEMENT
Compound statement is formed when two statements are combined by using
..........................
...................
P

P AND Q

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

EXAMPLE :
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2 ( . )
Q : -6 > -1 ( )
P and Q :
EXAMPLE 2 :
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2 ( .)
Q : -6 > -1 ( )
P OR Q :

5. IMPLICATIONS

P OR Q

 SENTENCES IN THE FORM

If

then q ,

where
p and q are
p is the antecedent
q is the consequent

And

Example :
If x3 = 64 , then x = 4
Antecedent :
Consequent : ..
Example :
Identify the antecedent and consequent for the
implication below.
If the weather is fine this evening, then I will
play football
Answer :
Antecedent :
Consequent :
p if and only if q
The sentence in the form p if and only if q , is a
compound statement containing two implications:
a) If p , then q
b) If q , then p
The converse of
If p ,then q
is
if q , then p.
6. ARGUMENTS
What is argument ?
-

A process of making .. based

on a set of relevant information.
Simple arguments are made up of .
.. and a

There are three forms of arguments :

Argument Form I ( Syllogism )
Premise 1 : All A is B
Premise 2 : C is A
Conclusion : C is B
Example:
Premise 1 : All .. can
be divided by
Premise 2 :. is an
Conclusion : can be divided by

Exercise pg

Argument Form II ( Modus Ponens ):

Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : p is true
Conclusion : q is true
Example:
Premise 1 : If . , then
.....................
Premise 2 :
Conclusion : .

Exercise pg

Argument Form III (Modus Tollens )

Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : Not q is true
Conclusion : Not p is true
Example:
Premise 1 : If . .,
then
Premise 2 : ............................................
Conclusion :

Exercise pg

Example :
All quadrilaterals have . sides.
A . is a quadrilateral.
Therefore, a . has sides.

Completing the arguments

recognise the argument form
Complete the argument according to its
form

Example : Argument form I

Premise 1 : All triangles have a sum of
interior
angles of 180
Premise 2 :
Conclusion : PQR has a sum of interior
Exercise pg
angles of 180
Example : Argument form II
Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16
Premise 2 :.
Conclusion : x = 16
Exercise pg
Example : Argument form III
Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16
Premise 2 :
Conclusion : x = 16
Exercise pg

Notes: 6. Deduction & induction

DEDUCTION

INDUCTION

IS A PROCESS OF MAKING A
. BASED ON A
GIVEN ...........................................................

A PROCESS OF MAKING A
.. BASED ON
.

Example 1:

Example 2:

All students in Form 4X are present today.

David is a student in Form 4X.

Amy is a student in Form 4X. Amy likes Physics

Carol is a student in Form 4X. Carol likes Physics
Elize is a student in Form 4X. Elize likes Physics

Conclusion :
Conclusion : ..
Example 2:

Example 2:

Sum of interior angles of any triangle is 1800.

Triangle PQR has interior angle of x, y and z.

Given that the sequence of number of 6,9,14,21,

.
Follow the following pattern.

Specific conclusion: ..
6 = 5 + 12
9 = 5 + 22
14 = 5 + 32
21 = 5 + 42
General conclusion:
...............................
Problem solving:
Example 1:

Solution:

Exercise : Deduction and induction

Deduction
Write the specific conclusion by deduction for the following statement.
General statement
Example:

Specific conclusion by deduction

Example 2:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

Induction:
Write a general conclusion by induction for the following sequence of numbers.
Sequences of numbers

Example:

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

f.

g.

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

h.

j.

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Exercise Problem solving:

1.

2.