Professional Documents
Culture Documents
First of all I would like to thank to my teachers who guided me whenever I faced
problems during my training. In my six months industrial training it is a wonderful
experience to be a part of IEEE where I have opportunity to work under brilliant minds.
I owe my deep regards for the supporting and kind staff authorities who are helping me
in my lean patches during this course. The knowledge I am gaining throughout my
studies have the practical implementation during this period. I am grateful to all the
staff of GTBIT and for their timely support and sharing of their experience with me. I
would like to express my heartiest concern for Mr.Mukesh Sahu for her able guidance
and for her inspiring attitude, praiseworthy attitude and honest support. Not to forget
the pain staking efforts of our college training and placement cell and specially my
training and placement officer. Last but not the least I would express my utmost regards
for the electronics and communication department of my Institute.
CONTENTS
PCB designing
Types of PCB
Techniques used for PCB designing
Orcad design environment
Starting capture
Project manager
Session log
Layout
Design window
Power system design
Bibliography
PCB DESIGNING
PCB stands for PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. Printed circuit board (PCB) provides
both the physical structure for mounting and holding the components as well as the
electrical interconnection between the components. That means a PCB = PWB (printed
wiring board) is the platform upon which electronic components such as integrated
circuit chips and other components are mounted. A PCB consists of a non-conducting
substrate (typically fiber glass with epoxy as resin) upon which the conductive pattern
or circuitry is formed. Copper is the most prevalent conductor although nickel, silver
and tin are also used in some cases.
Types of PCB
PCB may be of different types:1) Single-sided
2) Double-sided
3) Multilayer
Single sided PCBs: - As the name suggest in these designs the conductive pattern is
only at in one side. And also the size is large in these case but these are cheap.
Double sided PCBs: - These are the PCBs on which the conductive pattern is in on
both sides. The size of board is small in this case but it is costlier than that of above.
Multilayer PCBs: - In this case the board consists of alternating layers of conducting
pattern and insulating material. The conductive material is connected across the layers
through plated through holes. The size of this PCB is smaller than that of double sided
PCB but it is very costly.
PCBs may also be either rigid, flexible, or the combination of two (rigid-flex). When
the electronic components have been mounted on the PCB, the combination of PCB
and components is an electronic assembly, also called PRINTED CIRCUIT
ASSEMBLY. This assembly is the basic building block for all the electronic appliances
such as television, computer and other goods.
FUNCTIONS OF PCB
Printed circuited boards are dielectric substrates with metallic circuitry formed on that.
They are some times referred to as the base line in electronic packaging. Electronic
packaging is fundamentally an inter connection technology and the PCB is the baseline
building block of this technology.
Electrical connections(nets)
Junctions
Integrated circuits symbols
Discrete components symbols like resistors, capacitors etc.
Input / output connectors
Power and ground symbols
Buses
No connection symbols
Components reference names
Text
The Schematic Page Editor:
The schematic page editor is used to display and edit schematic pages. So that one can
parts; wires; buses and draw graphics. The schematic page editor has a tool palette that
we can use to draw and place everything we need to create a schematic page. One can
print from within the schematic page editor, or from the project window.
Starting Capture
The OrCAD Release 9 installation process puts Capture in the \PROGRAM
FILES\ORCAD\CAPTURE folder, and adds OrCAD Release 9 to the Programs menu
(available from the Start button).
To start Capture
From the Start menu, choose Programs. The Programs menu displays.
From the OrCAD Release 9 menu item, choose Capture.
The Capture session frame
Once we start Capture, we see the Capture session frame we do all your schematic
design and processing within this window.The minimized Session Log icon in the lower
left portion of the Capture session frame is the session log. The session log provides
information about everything we have done in the current Capture session. Detailed
information about this windowand the other windows in Capture.
Within the project manager, we can expand or collapse the structure we see by doubleclicking on a folder, or by clicking on the plus sign or minus sign to the left of a folder.
A plus sign indicates that the folder has contents that are not currently visible; a minus
sign indicates that the folder is open and its contents are visible, listed below the folder.
It appears as a schematic folder with a slash on it in a design file, or as a page in a
VHDL file.
Each project we open has its own project manager window. we can move or copy folders
or files between projects by dragging them from one project manager window to another
(as well as to and from Windows Explorer). To copy rather than move items, press and
hold the C key while we drag them. If we close a project manager window, we close the
project.
In the project managers File tab, double-clicking on a schematic folder expands it and
displays icons for each schematic page within the schematic folder. Then, if we doubleclick on a schematic page icon, the schematic page opens in a schematic page editor. Or,
if the page is already open, its window becomes active.
A design can consist of a single schematic page within a single schematic folder, or a
number of schematic pages within a number of schematic folders. A schematic
foldercontains schematic pages in a relationship similar to the relationship between a
directory and the files it contains. Files are contained in a directory; schematic pages are
contained in a schematic folder.
For example, the Find and Browse commands on the project managers Edit menu, the
Print command on the project managers File menu, and the various tools on the Tools
menu, only apply to the selected schematic folder or page.
schematic pages. These are displayed in a tree-like fashion. we can expand or collapse
the tree by clicking the plus sign in front of the icon. When that branch of the tree is
expanded, the plus sign change to a minus sign.If we choose the Hierarchy tab, the
project manager displays the hierarchical relationship among the projects schematic
folders and schematic pages.
Single view
Versions of Capture prior to Release 9 used logical mode and physical mode to separate
instance and occurrence information. Now, both instances and occurrences are contained
in a single view. The project manager shows all occurrences in the Hierarchy tab.
In versions of Capture prior to Release 9, it was necessary to switch modes before
creating a netlist for use with OrCAD Layout. Now, the netlist tool provides an option to
use either the instance properties or the occurrence properties for creating a netlist.
Create and edit parts and symbols, then store them in new or existing libraries.
Create and edit power and ground symbols, off-page connector symbols, and title
blocks.
Use the tool palettes electrical tools to place pins on parts, and its drawing tools
to draw parts and symbols.
Package view shows the entire package. A package is a physical part that
contains more than one logical part. we can edit the properties of the entire
package, such as part reference, prefix, part alias, and so on. we cannot edit
individual parts in this view, but we can select individual parts to edit by doubleclicking on them.
The part editor is very similar to the symbol editor.
The main difference between the two is the symbol editors lack of Pin and Pin
Array tool palette buttons.
the ruler bar, dragging the tabs to different positions, or remove them by dragging
them down into the session log window. our tab settings are saved and used each
time we start Capture.
we can search for information in the session log using the Find command on the
Edit menu. We can also save the contents of the session log to a file, which is
useful when working with OrCADs technical support staff to solve technical
problems. The default filename is SESSION.TXT.
From the Edit menu, choose the Find command. The Find dialog box appears.
Enter the word or words that we want to find.
Click Find Next.
The toolbar
The toolbar is always docked on the top edge of the session frame the first time
we open a project in a new session frame of Capture. The position of the tool palette is
not saved.
Captures toolbar is dockable(that is, we can select an area between buttons and drag the
toolbar to a new location) and resizable, and displays tooltips for each tool. By choosing
a tool button, we can quickly perform a task. If a tool button is dimmed,we cant
perform that task in the current situation.
Starting a project
A project file (.OPJ) stores pointers to a single design file(.DSN), and can also contain
libraries, VHDL files, and output reports associated with the design file. A design file
contains one or more schematic folders, in which there are one or more schematic pages.
A design file also contains a design cache,
which is like an embedded library- it contains a copy of all the parts and symbols used
on the schematic pages. When a design is saved with the project file, information from
the various Tools dialog boxes is also saved in the project file.
From the File menu, choose New, then choose Project. The New Project dialog
box appears.
Type a name for our new project in the Name text box
Select a project type in the Create a New Project Using group box, and click OK.
Capture provides the following project types:
Analog or mixed signal circuitselect this type of project if we intend to use your
design with OrCAD PSpice. Follow the guidance of the Analog Mixed-Mode Project
wizard to add the appropriate files to project.
PC boardselect this type of project if we intend to use our design with OrCAD
Layout. Follow the guidance of the PCB Project Wizard to add the appropriate files .
Programmable logicselect this type of project if we intend to use our design with Or
CAD Express. Follow the guidance of the Programmable Logic Project Wizard to add
the appropriate files to our project.
Schematicselect this type of project if none of the other project types apply. Using
this option, Capture creates a basic project containing only the design file.
The design opens in a new PCB project manager and a new schematic page
displays.
On the File tab of the project manager, select the schematic folder that requires a
new schematic page.
1
Click the right mouse button and choose New Page from the pop-up menu. A
new schematic page appears within the schematic folder we selected in step 1.
The library opens in the project manager and a Library Cache folder is added to
the project manager, or the library opens in the existing open project manager
and a library cache is added.
In the project manager, select the File tab and double-click the icon of a schematic
folder; this Expands the folder and reveals the schematic pages it contains.
Double-click on the icon of the schematic page we want to open. The schematic page
opens in a schematic page editor window.
To open an existing library
1 From the File menu, choose Open, then choose Library. The Open Library
dialog box displays.
2 Select a library (.OLB) or type the name in the File name text box, then choose the
Open button.The library opens in the project manager.
1 In the project manager, select the folder to which we want to add a file.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Project. The Add File to Project Folder dialog box
displays.
3 Select the file we want to add and choose the Open button. The file is added to the
project.
Or
1 Drag the file from the Windows Explorer into the folder in the project manager.
With the design or library selected in the project manager, from the File menu,
choose Save. The Save As dialog box displays.
Enter a name for the design or library in the File name text box, specify a
location, then choose the Save button.
The design or library is saved, and the project manager remains open. When we
close the project, Capture prompts we to save the project file.
With the Design Resources or Output folder selected, choose Save from the File
menu.
The project is saved, and remains open in the Capture session frame.
CLOSING A PROJECT
To close a project
From the project managers File menu, choose
Close Project. When we close a project, a
dialog box displays, asking if we want to save
changes.
To quit Capture
From the project managers File menu, choose Exit.
Choose Yes to save the specific document
Choose Yes All to save all documents in the project.
Choose No to close the document without saving it.
Choose No All to close all open documents without saving them.
Choose Cancel to abort closing the project.
SETTING UP PROJECT
Capture provides different levels of configuration. Using commands on the Options
menu, we can:
Create default settings for new designs (using Design Template). These settings stay
with the design
as design properties even if it is moved to another system with
different preferences.
and zoom options, and so on to our liking and be assured that our settings will remain,
even if we work on a project created on another system.
The Design Template dialog box determines the default characteristics of all the projects
created on our system. Because a new project inherits characteristics from the current
Design Template settings, its a good idea to check the settings before we create a new
project.
Once we begin working on a project, we can customize its particular characteristics
by choosing Design Properties from the Options menu when we are in the project
manager or Schematic Page Properties when we are in the schematic page editor.
Area Select. Specify whether to select objects that are inside and
intersecting the selection border or only objects that are fully enclosed by the
selection border.
Show Palette. Select this check box to make the tool palette visible;
deselect it to make the
Fill Style. Select the fill pattern to be used when drawing rectangles, ellipses, and
close shapes drawn with the polyline tool.
Line Style and Width. Select the line style and width used for lines, polylines,
rectangles, ellipses.
these items are the ones set in the Syntax Highlighting group box.
If we want to reset the text editor options to the Capture default values, click the Reset
button.
Click OK.
SETTING UP PROJECT TEMPLATES
The options that we define in the Design Template dialog box are the default settings for
all new projects, and for schematic pages you add to an existing project. we can
override some of these options for individual projects or schematic pages. Some of the
things we can define in the Design Template dialog box are:
Fonts. we can define the fonts for schematic page objects that contain text,
such as part references and values.
Title Block. we can specify the text to appear in title block fields, as well as
the path and filename of the library containing the title block. This affects
new projects, as well as new schematic pages in existing projects.
Page Size. we can specify whether inches or millimeters are used as the
unit of measure, the width and height of a schematic page, and the spacing
between pins.
Grid Reference. For horizontal and vertical border grid references, we can set
the number of border grid references to display in either direction, whether the
grid references are alphabetic or numeric, whether they increment or
decrement across the schematic page, and how wide grid reference cells are.
we can also make the border, grid references, and title block visible or invisible.
This affects new projects, as well as new schematic pages in existing projects.
Hierarchy. For hierarchical blocks and part instances that have their
Primitive property set to Default, we can specify if we want Capture to treat
each as primitive (cannot descend into attached schematic folders) or
nonprimitive (can descend into attached schematic folders).
we specify the information that goes into the default title block in the Title Block tab
of the Design Template dialog box. Capture places a default title block in the lower right
corner of each schematic page (if a library and title block name are specified), and
places the information we enter in the text fields in the Title Block tab into the title
block. This information is also used in reports created by the commands on the Tools
menu. This affects new projects, as well as new schematic pages in existing projects.
we can set the default title block to be visible or invisible on an existing schematic
page by changing the setting in the Grid References tab in the Schematic Page Properties
dialog box.
we can place any number of optional title blocks anywhere on the schematic page
using the Title Block command on the Place menu. Optional title blocks display
information that you define as property values for the title block symbol.
Capture provides default title block symbols in the CAPSYM.OLB library. One such
title block is shown below. The text shown in curly braces acts as property text
placeholders. we can specify the value by double-clicking on the text and supplying
a value. we can control the visibility by selecting or deselecting the Visible check box
in the Display Properties dialog box.
Title block
The Library Name text box can be left blank if you are using title block
from the CAPSYM.OLB library and CAPSYM.OLB has not been moved to
a different directory from where it was installed.
If weare using a custom title block, then put thefull path and file name for
the library in the Library Name text box.
4 Enter the exact name of the title block into the Title Block Name text box. Symbol
names are case sensitive and space sensitive.
5 Click OK.
LAYOUT
What is Layout?
Layout is one part for the PCB Design in which we place as well as route the components and set
unit of measurements, grids, and spacing in orcad. With other softwares you also have to place
and route the components in a similar way. For the placement and routing of the components we
normally use Auto-placement and Auto-routing.
Repetition of the steps for board design :
At first, we have created a netlist from our schematic diagram by using capture.
Layout includes design rules in order to guide logical placement and routing.
That means, load the netlist into layout to create the board. At the same time you have to
specify the board parameters.
Specify board parameters:- Specify global setting for the board, including units of
measurements, gride and spacing. In addition , you create board outline and define the
layerstacks, padstacks, and vias.
Place components:- Use the component tool in order to place manually the
components which are fixed by the system designer on yhr board or otherwise Autoplacement.
Route the board:- Use different routing technologies to route the board and take
advantage of push and shove, in which moves the tracks to make room for thr track
you are currently routing as well as you can also auto route the board.
38
39
From the file menu, choose text editor appears like a notepad.
From the text editors file menu, choose open. The open dialog box appears.
The toolbar
By choosing a tool in the toolbar, we can quickly perform the most frequent layout tasks. When
we move the pointer over a toolbar button, the buttons name appears below the button.
40
41
42
43
Design window
44
Select the technology template (.TCH), then choose the open button and load the net list in other
box.
Then apply the auto ECO.
If necessary, respond to link footprints to component dialog.
Draw the board outline by using the obstacle tool in the tool bar.
Set Datum
Create a board outline
Set units of measurements
Set system grid
Add mount holes
45
Placement of components:
Placement of components means that to place the components in designed box. A designer should
follow the following steps before going for it:-
Choose the components tool bar button. From the pop up men, choose the queue for placement.
The components selection criteria dialog box appears. Enter the reference designator of the
components that we want to place in the appropriate text box, and click ok. Drag the components
to desired location, place it there.
46
Conductor Routing in Layout:After placing all the components the other main step is to route the board from the electrical
connections between the components. One may route board manually or automatically by auto
router.
100% auto routing can be achieved only when components are placed in the order of functional
flow of electronic circuit. The main routing tool available in OrCad is as flow:-
Design Rule Check:In manual designs every thing was checked as a possible source of error. Components sizes, hole
sizes, conductor widths and clearance, land-to-hole-ratio, board areas to be free of components,
clearance to the edges, positional accuracy and of course electrical interconnections had tad to be
personally reviewed with a great deal of care. After completing the design of printed circuit board
with the help of an EDA-Tool, a designer has again to verify the PCB in order to find out errors.
Such type of verifications/design rule check contains beside the general verifications commonly
two types:-
Physical verification
Electrical verification
47
Post processing:Post processing can be done once the design is completed in all aspects. The common way is still
a process to generate GERBER data and NCD files which can be used for photo plotting and for
steps of CNC manufacturing and PCB- drilling.
48
These active devices are known as Regulators. These regulators can be used to produce
negative and positive voltage of required value.
The voltage regulators are of three types:1) Constant positive voltage regulators
2) Constant negative voltage regulators
3) Variable voltage regulators
Constant positive voltage regulators:These are the regulators which are able to produce positive and constant voltage. Some of them
are given below:S. no.
Name of regulator
Output voltage
LM 7805
5v
LM 7810
10v
LM 7812
12v
LM 7815
15v
Constant negative voltage regulators:These are also the constant output voltage regulator but there output is negative in polarity. These
regulators are also employed according to voltage requirements. Some of them are given below
with there outputs:S. no
Name of regulator
Output voltage
LM7905
-5v
LM7910
-10v
LM7912
-12v
LM7915
-15v
49
Variable voltage regulators:These are the regulator whose output voltage can be varied according to the desired need. These
regulators again of two types i.e.:
Positive
Negative
The output of these regulators can be varied by varying the resistance of the variable resistance
which is connected to the adjustable pin the regulators. So these are the most commonly used
regulators in the electronic industry as wide range of stable voltage can be obtained from single
chip by varying the resistance connected to the adjustable pin of the regulators. The most
commonly variable regulators are:-
50
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.eeast.biz
www.electrosoft.biz
www.techera.co.in
51