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History revision- wars

WW1 WW2 Korean War Spanish CW


Background Backround Background:
o Taken by Japan in 1905, annexed as a colony in o Spain not as developed or rich as rest of Europe
1910, treated as inferior, Japanizing of culture o Constitutional monarchy king Alfonso XIII, on paper only,
(forcing names, religion) insulting treatment during conservatives and liberals take turns running country faking
WW2, Koreans develop hatred for Japan, become results (1875-1917)
nationalist, look favourably to Russia, Japan’s o
enemy, also businessmen Japanese, workers
Korean so receptive to Marxism, pro-soviet
Causes o WW2, US and USSR rivalry o Divisions:
Japan offers surrender, Soviet troops move in, US o Political problems
follows to prevent Korea from becoming a satellite  Polarisation of society
state, artificial dividing line, meant to be
temporary, Korean nationalists form the Korean
 Hatred between monarchists, liberals, conservatives,
People’s Republic, with Kim Il sung as leader, republicans
meant as interim gvnt, becomes popular (allows  No pol. Center, moderate voice missing, conservatives/
land seizures) and increasingly communist, not liberals fear anarchists (anti-clerical, anti rich, CNT TU,) join
acknowledge in American controlled South Korea with aristocracy and landowners, socialists weak, anarchists
o Economic problems- get all support, so join them in 1900
o Corruption and instability
o Arbitrary division, no historical, cultural or
economic value, the north has hydroelectric • liberals take turns ruling, corruption, unreliability, army
power and factories, the south agriculture support, elections unfair, not general, rigged= ordinary
o Free market in South leads to rice hoarding, Spaniard disillusioned, no role no say, only possible change
prize rises and famine, so Rhee obtains is revolutionary and radical
totalitarian powers • Unstable GVNT- 12 gvnts between 1918-1923
o United Nations’ role- The US hands issue over, •Defeat in Morocco- 1921, government and army questioned
UN propose Korea-wide elections(1946-7), Rhee and criticises from all sections of society and political
uses coercion and rigging to win, proclaims organisation
Republic of Korea, not recognised by North, o Change of governments
where Kim Il Sung wins, both rival, both aim to
o Dictataorships 1923-1930
unite Korea under their rule, immediately
hydroelectric power cut off o Primo de rivera, 1923, supported by king, modernisation,
o Cold War strategies repressive, no freedoms, ends Moroccan crisis, allows TU s
o Dean Acheson’s speech at the national Press but ignores peasants, but problems- borrowed money, hit by
depression, did not introduce social reform, atttacked from
Club, claiming South Korea is not all that
left (conditions and unemployement,) right (loss of
important to US security, American Pacific
prosperity), army (loss of privileges), wealthy (want a new
defence perimeter is Japan, aim to make PRC
gvnt), king demands his resignation, obtains it and replaces
see US as an ally, but encourage North Korean
him with berengus
invasion?
o US perceives communism as such a threat they o Berengus-mild dictator, introduces reform but lacks
popular support, republicans plot against him, win in
are willing to support a non-democratic gvnt
municipal elections and establish republic in 1931
(Rhee repressive), Korea not strategically
o Republic
important, fight is symbolic (fear repetition of
appeasement mistakes)  Dominated by left (Azana)- reforms (censorship,
o US Nk perceived as a puppet and war seen as social reforms- universal suffrage, 23 and above,
beyond local- NK has soviet arms and advisors, working hours, paid sicktime,legalisation of
seen as expansion of communism, fear domino divorce, reduces army, measures against church –
effect after chinam, Truman accused of softness seen as reactionary, article 26- expels Jesuits, end
to communism, of having “lost china” (49- PRC) of religious education, 32- limited autonomy to
catalonia, agrarian reform- nationalisation of
o USSR- originally against, then agree, to land )...leads to ongoing political instability, lower
humiliate US(drag into a conflict they cannot classesholic parties angry as changes are seen as
win), out of self-interest as united communist insufficient, but upper classes terrified, slow
korea would secure USSR border, as Japan was implementation and fight back (army attempt a
US military base and would make available SK’s putch, church forms CEDA, union of cat parties),
lead supplies (in short supply in USSR) azana’s gvnt collapses in 1933, replaced by
o Immediate causes conservatives, LErroux
o Ongoing clashes- before 1950, 100 000 Koreans  Lerroux-overturns reforms, unpopular,
die in civil unrest and border clashes, guerrilla uprisings put down violently
war between right and left, (Franco)..continuing unrest between 1933-
o June 1950- 90 000 NK cross 38th parallel, aim to 1936, uprisings, chaos and crushed, cortez
unify peninsula, pretext: suppressed communist dissolved elections planned for January 1936
support in south, sometimes seen as a o Elections 1936- fought by two opposed fronts
continuatin of the civil unrest, troops well
trained
 Popular Front- Left (, liberals, republicans,
socialists, anarchists, communists )
o China’s involvement- hesitant due to stalin’s
motives, but korea too close,looks up to USSR in  National Front-Right (monarchists, CEDA,
foreign relations, feared US troops would pass nationalists, conservatives)
to China after Korea, sees US invasion after UN  Won by popular front, azana returns, restarts
declaration NK is aggressor as an imperialist reforms, exiles Franco, provokes right,
expansion  February-july 1936- tensions, assassinations,
o Us Involvement- seen NK as a puppet of mao strikes, violence, national front determined to
and stalin, fearful as they already lost China, overthrow gvnt, members united in this aim
became a war by proxy, sent in the *th army (organisers- Mola, Franco, Sanjero)
which was stationed in Japan, could the war o Social divisions
have diminished without the involvement of the o Predominantly agricultural society, semi-feudal, Divisions in
great powers farming regions: small peasant holdings opposed to
o A proxy war- latifundia, large peasant holdings, up to 2 m landless
labourers on each, poor conditions= socialist and anarchist
movements
o Divisions between industrialists and workers demanding
change, some industrial growth but behind rest of Europe,
o = build up of hatred between liberals and conservatives,
build up in socialist and anarchist movements and
polarisation of society
o 1909- Week of tragedy: class warfare, ended by
mil.int
o Ideological conflict between centralism and regionalism,-
pressure from Catalans ands Basques against authoritarian
and conservative elite
o Church- center os Spanish social structure, elitist and
conservative (conservative), seen as reactionary, support
elites, involved in class conflict, increasing anti-clericalism
among the poor, workers and peasants
o Army- elitist, privileged, symbol of former glory, outdated as
no more colonies, top-heavy (1 officer per every 9 soldiers),
traditional, influential in society, difficult to reform
o Geographical divisions: industrial north east and rest of country
agricultural
o Catalyst- assassination of a member of republican assault
guard, provokes retaliation in falange member
o

Effects • Social o Political


o Korea divided into two armed camps, Country  Spain in ruins- hundreds of thousands died in
stays divided, families broken, can’t visit or combat, or executed
communicate, symbol of the effect of cold war
o 4 million dead and wounded, 50 000 american
 No legal norms or legislation- rule by force
and repression
combat deaths
o 5 million refugees  policy of Limpieza, removing opponents
• Economic violently, no attempt to win opponents over,
o Sustained economic growth only started in special camps and executions take place all
over Spain
1960’s , needed long-term economic aid
o Most industrial plants destroyed  The law of political responsibilities 1939: all
o NK falls into poverty, can’t keep up with south, supporters of the republic liable to penalties
(SK GDP quadruple that of NK) of death, imprisonment or less employment,
o repression a means to prevent future
• Political opposition
 Catalan and Basque languages banned
o Terms of reference-first agreement, on
prisoners of war, communist soldiers can refuse  Trade Unions banned, strikes repressed
repatriation, unless stance changes after 3  Membership of state party compulsory
months will be set free o International position
o Pressing for leverage- further fighting, at “Pork  Initially: very bad, denounced for dictatorial
Chop Hill”, then in June nature, Britan and France distant, alienate
o Rhee’s gvnt- shouts for unification, Us consider spain, cannot join League of Nations,
staging a coup to remover him eventually don’t, excluded from Marshall Plan (could have
Rhee convinced to stop talk about re-unification stopped starvation)
in exchange for US promise to intervene in case  When Cold War broke out: situation improves,
of NK invasion, and $ 1 billion of aid for Franco strongly anti-communist, seen as a
economic recovery necessary ally against communism,
o July 27th Panmunjom- UN, China and NK sign restrictions are lifted, i.e (1950- 62 million of
armistice, SK refuses, points- neither side to capital)
increase nb of non-korean military personnel o Economic
stationed in Korea, 2,5 mile wide buffer zone, to  Economic decline
be demilitarised in fact heavily militarised, with  Spain cut off from market during WW2
1 m troops facing off
 Tight economic controls develop to keep
o Technically at war economy working (import restrictions,
o Rhee eventually becomes more dictatorial, regulation of industrial activity, control over
resigns after student riots in 1960’s, Korea wages etc.)
unstable  1946- drought, bad economic state leads to
o Kim Il sung develops personality cult and starvation, saved by loans and credit from
maintains relative independence from USSR and Argentinian General Peron
PRC influence
 Hardship- extreme poverty, many close to
o Tension remain to this day starvation as wages are low, diseases
o Sino-Soviet split- over bill propagate,
o Legacy worries US, duew to fears of NK’s  Economy doesn’t recover to pre-war levels
possesin of nuclear weapons until 1950’s
o China – gauned influence in region o Social
o USSR- made money by selling arms  500,000 deaths from all causes during the Spanish
Civil War, 200,000 died from combat-related
• Cold War causes, 10 per cent of all soldiers who fought in the
o 1st arned confrontation of cold war, war were killed
o Creates idea of a limited war, no nuclear  the Nationalist Army executed 75,000 people in the
wepoans, fight by proxy, change in military war whereas the Republican Army accounted for
strategy, aim no longer total destruction of 55,000
enemy curtailed military operations  10,000 Spanish people were killed in bombing raids
o Did not end Cold War, US-USSR tensions as  The economic blockade of Republican controlled
high as before, maybe higher, outcome seen areas caused malnutrition in the civilian population.
as a threat to west, leads to containment It is believed that this caused the deaths of around
o East Asia becomes central to military 25,000 people.
planning- Japan-Us security treaty, long-term  believed that the government of General Francisco
military bases in Japan, greater Us Franco arranged the executions of 100,000
invoilvement in Taiwan, Republican prisoners. It is estimated that another
o US loses prestige- Korean war 35,000 Republicans died in concentration camps in
demonstrated US’s will and skill is not the years that followed the war.
inviolable or achievable, Longest retreat  In total 3.3 per cent of the Spanish population died
in US military history- battle of chosin during the war with another 7.5 per cent being
reservoir injured
o Solidifies future American Cold War policy  500 000 spaniards go to exile
o Truman Doctrine-  Civil war moved spain culturally backwards,
o NSC 68- shaped foreign policy for next 20 into “dark ages”, manz best artists and minds
in exile (picasso)
years, involves 350% increase in military
spending, so have to cut down on civilian  Fascist view enforced in art, media and
spending, aims to contain spread of politics
communism secretly or openly, aim to curtail  Church resumed control of Spanish life,
communism return of era of Catholicism, restrictions on
cultural activity
o Changes us view of third world countries- no
loger critical of French involvement in  Many killed, during Paseitos, in 1936, caught
Vietnam, take over 80% of expenses,
on wrong side including de la barca
o Eisenhover- his election partially basedon
withdrawal from korea

Compare and contrast the reasons for Germany’s involvement in the 1st and 2nd WW
• Avoid: descriptive narratives, delve into themes

COMPARE 1WW 2WW


Economic Motives • Mittleeuropa • Lebensraum
Nationalism and desire of world status- • Kaiser • Hitler
aggressive foreign policy
Claim to be fighting a defensive war • Russian mobilisation • “Polish Aggression”

CONTRAST • Fear of pan slavism • Revisionism of the peace treaty : Versailles


Treaty
• Alliance system • Ideology : Anti-communist, anti-democratic,
Aryan superiority,
• • Appeasement

Although Germany was blamed for the outbreak of the First World War, other countries were equally responsible

• Outline traditional view suggesting Germany was to blame, Fischer and the traditional view
o September memorandum,
o Mittleurope, mittleafrica
o Gain more status, nationalism
o Blanque cheque
• However, other countries were also to blame, equally or also?
o Great Britain
 Restore Belgian independence, maintain naval superiority
 Economic reasons, expand power (great Britain wants to maintain superiority)
o France-
 Alsace Lorraine
o Russian:
 unite Russian people under Russia
 non compromittal attitude to dealing with the Balkans post a humiliation by the AH
o Austria Hungary
 Suppression of pan slavism
 Wanted to expand in the Balkans
 Aims announced in
Examine the part played by each of the following in the outbreak of the WW1, alliances, Balkan nationalism and
mobilisation?
• Only focus on the factors mentioned, draw back to the question,
• Balkan nationalism
• Alliances
• Mobilisation
o Russian mobilisation,

How valid is the statement that the European countries went to war in 1914 due to motives of fear rather than gain
• Belgium: just attacked
• Germany is afraid of encirclement
• AH, afraid of pan Slavism and the breakup of the empire
• Russia: wants more territory, unite slavs, afraid of diplomatic failure
• Italy: wants to gain territory, Trieste, Trentino...
• Great Britan: afraid of changes, want to keep supremacy naval and diplomatic
The outcomes of the WW1
• Germany
o Lost the war
o Subject to treaty of Versailles, could outline the effect of the terms, shame, humiliation, bitterness (German subjection to treaty of
Versailles is one effect, don’t overdevelop)
o Rise of street nationalist parties in Germany, Hitler
• Ottoman and Austrian empire ceased to exist
The effects of the Second World War
• Economic devastation
• Japan lost, humiliated, forced into unconditional surrender
• Defeat of Hitler and the Nazis
• Cold war
o Rise of superpowers, change in balance of power
o East and west divisions
o Border re-adjustments
o Arms race
• Colonies
o Some received independence, India

Evaluate the success and failures of one twentieth century treaty in addressing the causes of conflict and restoring peace
and normality
= how far did they restore the situation to normal and prevent another war..
Two parts: addressing causes, restoring peace and normality
• Did they restore peace and normality?
o Restored peace but for a short period of time only, and did not restore normality
o Keep a balanced account, supported by specific details

• Successes • Failures
League of Nations o o Could not enforce the
treaty,
• Abyssinia
• Manchuria
Self - determination • Austria • Rise of nationalism in countries
• Czechoslovakia where self-determination was not granted
• Romania • Growing hostilities between the
different nations
Versailles Treaty • • Political
o Not supported by USA
o Creates divisions by making certain
countries suspicious and preventing
them from joining the league
o Does not restore balance of power
Economic
• Economic problems, hyperinflation,
invasion of the Ruhr
• The idea behind reparations was to
compensate the damage done by the war,
but the reparations did not and could not
meet the damage, the countries were
endebted
• •

In what ways and with what successes did post war peacemakers attempt to deal with the problems which produced conflict? Specific
reference should be made to two peace settlements.
• Differences to be negotiated
• Preventing any one country from gaining too much power

• Does not use the word treaty, only settlement so others can be used

o Yalta and Potsdam


o How were yalta and Potsdam designed to restore peace
o How did they address teh causes of teh war

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