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The structural design of any construction related to civil engineering will enhance the life of that
structure. Hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft in protective storage.Hangars
are used for protection from weather, direct sunlight, maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly
and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships. This report explains about the
manual analysis of design process carried out for hangar, and its importance in the construction
for an airport. The checks and corrections are analyzed in STAAD PRO software. The results
obtained in this detailed project report will prove to be economical from design point of view.
'1.1 Introduction
Structure in the civil point of view is very important to be in proper design and detailing so that
maximum benefit can be achieved by the people. An aircraft should be properly repaired and
maintained after its certain use in transportationHence, the hangar is a place where the aircraft
can be taken proper care,proper management and enhancement in the manufacturing parts can be
made.
If hangars are not provided then the aircraft company can face the problems due to its less
maintenance and services. Even less maintenance and repairing may lead to large vital accidents
in future; hence hangars should be designed keeping in mind the future point of view. Materials
used in hangars mainly consist of wood, fabric and steel.
Structure with span larger than 40 m can be regarded as long span structures and need to be
carefully designed keeping a balance of all the aspects like its weight, deflections (sway) and
foundation forces. There are many combinations of designing large spans, like conventional truss
& RCC column combination, truss & steel columns, Pre-engineered building (PEB) etc.
The design under discussion is a 50 meter clear span hangar for aircrafts. We have designed this
hangar in 3D on STAAD software, for proper simulation of the load distribution uniformly in
three co-ordinates system i.e. X, Y and Z. All the basic loads i.e. dead, live, wind, temperature,
seismic etc. have been taken into consideration for designing of the frames. The structure has
been designed under enclosed as well as open conditions for application of wind loads, because
of the opening & closing of the large sized hangar doors.
The basic philosophy of rigid frame design is by adopting 'Fixed' or 'Pinned' column base
conditions. A fixed column base is always a sturdy frame and helps in controlling allowable
deflection (side sway) in the frames. Steel designers always prefer fixed base to pinned base
frames. On the contrary, for foundation designers, the design of foundations becomes a
nightmare particularly in large span buildings. In fixed base design, the frame is rigid, but
transfers heavy moments to the foundations.
'
On weak soil, designing foundations becomes tedious task. Likewise, for pinned support, the
frame does not transfer any moment to the foundation and only vertical & horizontal reactions
affect the design of foundation. It looks simple but in case of large spans, controlling deflections
of frame in pinned base condition is a challenging task.
The simplest wayfor controlling this deflection is to increase the geometrical properties/sectional
sizes of frame, but it is not advisable as it adds to the tonnage of the whole building, adding not
only to the seismic forces but also adding to the cost subsequently. We need a solution wherein
the sway of the frame can be controlled and the section sizes are also not increased.
'
Definitions
Span :
The centre to centre distance between two supports of roof truss is called span.
Spacing:
Horizontal distance between two consecutive trusses is known as spacing
Principal rafter:
Member of roof truss from end support to ridge point is known as principal rafter.
Main tie:
Bottom chord member of the roof truss.
Sag tie:
Vertical member joining ridge point and midpoint of main tie.
Ridge line:
Line joining ridge point of one truss to ridge point of another truss.
Eaves line:
Line joining eave point of one truss to eave point of another truss.
Purlin:
Member supported on panel points of two consecutive roof trusses.
Web members:
Vertical or inclined members joining top chord and bottom chord members.
Panel point:
Points on principal rafter where vertical or inclined members connected to principal rafter are
called panel points.
Panel:
The portion of roof truss between two consecutive panel point on principal rafter.
Rise:
Vertical distance from main tie to the ridge point.
Pitch:
Ratio of rise and span.
Wind bracing:
Two roof truss are connected by cross members to stabilize it against action of wind.
'
Objectives
Identify the current and long-term projected airplane fleet, including the number of airplanes that
will use the facility, annual use of airplanes, and maintenance-hour requirements.
Identify the shops and support functions that will be required to support the hangar functions.
Assess company standards for interior and exterior finish quality, security, facility maintenance,
access for people with disabilities, and corporate image.
Assess airplane layout requirements. As with hangar height, the internal dimensions of the
hangar will be determined by the types and number of airplanes housed and the work performed.
In addition, possible insurance or regulatory authority clearance requirements as well as
maintenance policy will affect the internal dimensions of the hangar.
Areas to consider include required horizontal clearances around airplanes including stands and
floor- or roof-supported maintenance docks, the ability to move airplanes while others are in the
hangar, tail-in versus nose-in airplane-parking configurations, building setback requirements, the
proximity to adjacent buildings, the use of tail doors, and the installation of floor airplane powersupply stations..
Corrosion control and cleaning can be carried out whenever required.
Heavy maintenance, overhauling and modification can be done.
'
CHAPTER-3:
PLAN OF WORK
1. Determining Dimensions of hangar.
2. Determination of Load on purlin and its design.
3. Determinationof Load on Truss and deciding the Configuration of Truss.
4. Structurally analyzing the truss.
5. Structure design of truss.
6. Designing Column for truss.
7. Design of foundation.
'
Chapter-4:
4.1 Materials Used
4.1.1 AutoCAD
AutoCAD is the software developed by the Autodesk Company US. AutoCAD is the software by
which we design the drawings and figures of the truss members and its configurations. It is a
very easy and accurate software to draw the engineering structures. This software is useful in
preparing all the reinforced concrete detailed drawings and at the time of construction, these
drawings are most useful for the construction engineer. All the dimensions and scale of the
drawing can be easily changed by this software. Layout can also be prepared with the help of this
software. In this project, detailed drawing of the trusses and its loading is clearly shown by this
software.
4.1.2 Staad Pro
STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally
developed by Research Engineers International inYorba Linda, CA.The commercial version
STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software. It supports
several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It is 3D design software which shows the
detailing and is an advanced software compared to AutoCAD. In this the analysis and checks of
the project is carried out.
'
4.2 Methodology used
The roof truss member is analyzed by the method of joints.After analysis of this truss we come to
conclusion whether the member is in compression or in tension. The member being in tension is
designed by the following steps.
Determining the gross section area by the factored axial tension on the member and yield stress
??mo=T/fy ??mo
Selection of trial section from the steel table.
The roof truss comprises of welded joints no bolting is carried out, computation of three strength
= 200 ?? 282.528
= 56505.6 N
Self-weight of roof truss
= 10 (50/3+ 5)N/m2
= 216.66 N/m2
Self-weight of roof truss = 216.66 ?? 200
= 43332 N
Weight of wind bracing
Assume the weight as 12 N/m2
=12 ?? 200
= 2400 N
Total Dead Load = 12441.56 + 56505.6 + 43332 + 2400
= 114.67 KN
On one side of roof truss, there are 10 Full panel points (P.P.)
Therefore, D.L per Panel point=98173.56/10
= 9817.356 N
D.L. on I.P.P (full P.P) =11.46 KN
D.L.on E.P.P = 5.733 KN
B). Live Load (L.L.)
L.L on purlin = 750 ' 20 (??-10)
= 750 - 20 (11.309-10)
= 723.82 > 400 N/m^2
L.L. on roof truss =2/3??723.82
= 482.546 N/m^2
Total L.L. = 482.546 ?? 200
= 96509.2 N
L.L. on I.P.P =96509.2/10
= 9.65KN
L.L. on E.P.P =96509.2/(2 ??10000)
= 4.825 KN
I.P.P Total D.L= 19.467 KN
E.P.P Total (D.L. + L.L.) = 9.7335 KN
Weight of purlin = 18 KN
Roof truss = 43.33 KN
Weight of wind bracing = 26 KN
Wind load
basic wind speed Vb= 39 m/s
Design wind speed Vz = Vb K1 K2 K3
K1 = 1.06 (from table 1 IS 875 Pg 3)
K2= 1.10 (for class B type and having terrain category 1)
K3 = 1
Vz = 39 ?? 1.10 ?? 1 ?? 1.06
=45.474 m/s
'
Design wind pressure
PZ = 0.6 V_z^2
= 0.6?? 45.4742
= 1247 N/m^2
TABLE 1.
Wind angle Pressure coefficient Cpe+Cpi A xPd FORCE (KN)
Cpe Cpi WL LW (KN) WL LW
WL LW
0 -1.12 -0.4 -0.7 -1.82 -1.1 190.869 -347.38 -209.95
0.7 -0.42 +0.3 190.869 -80.164 57.26
90 -0.79 -0.6 -0.7 -1.49 -1.3 190.869 -284.39 -248.12
0.7 -0.09 +0.1 190.869 -17.17 19.08
WL on IPP =- 485.69/ 10
= -48.57 KN
WL on EPP = -48.57/2
= -24.29 KN
'
4.2.2.Design of purlin.
>> Self weight of roofing material = 61 ?? 2.5498 ?? 8
= 1244.302 N
>>Self weight of purlin = 288 ?? 8
=2304 N
>>Total Dead load = 1244.302 + 2304
= 3548 N
>>Component of D.L. perpendicular to the Principal rafter
>>Cos 11.309 = DL/3548= 3479.14 N
Live load = 750 ' 20 (??-10)
= 750 ' 20 (11.309-10)
= 723.82 > 400 N/m^2
L.L. = 723.82 ?? 25 ?? 8
= 14476.4 N
Purlin = 24 KN
Eaves = 5 KN
Truss = 77.20 KN
Girts = 17.5 KN
Side wall = 125.568 KN
Self-weight = 50.57 KN
Total compressive force = 382.23 KN
Tensile force in column
Vertical uplift force = 0.8 ?? 0.75 ?? 1247 ?? 15 ?? 25
= 280.575KN
Moment at base
Net horizontal force at tie level due to wind on roof
= sin 11.303 ?? 25.49 ?? 8 ?? 0.75 ?? 1247
= 36 KN
0.65 0.75
0.4Pd 0.7Pd
Pd= 0.75 ?? 1247 ?? 8
= 7.482 KN/m
'
Deflection of column AB
=(T '??15'^3)/3EI+ (2.25 '??15'^3)/8EI
Deflection of column CD
=(5.25 '??15'^3)/8EI+ (36 '??15'^3)/3EI- (T '??15'^3)/3EI
Equating deflection of AB and CD
(T '??15'^3)/3EI+ (2.25 '??15'^3)/8EI= (5.25 '??15'^3)/8EI+ (36 '??15'^3)/3EI- (T '??15'^3)/3EI
(2T '??15'^3)/3EI- (36 '??15'^3)/3EI= (5.25 '??15'^3)/8EI- (2.25 '??15'^3)/8EI
('15'^(3 )??(2T-36))/3EI= (3 '??15'^3)/8EI
2T-36 = 9
2T= 45
T = 22.5 KN
Moment at base of AB
= 2.25 ?? 15 ?? 7.5 + 22.5 ?? 15
= 590.625KN.m
Moment at base of CD
= 5.25 ?? 15?? 7.5 + 36.?? 15 ' 22.5 ?? 15
= 793.125KN.m
considering the increase in allowable stress for wind load combination forces, the reduced forces
are :
Tensile force = 0.85 ?? 280.575 = 238.488 KN
Moment = 0.75 ?? 793.125 = 600 KN.m
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Design of section
Compressive force = 382.25 KN
Tensile force = 238.488 KN
Base moment = 600 KN.m
For built up section ISHB 450 with 40 mm thick and 400 mm long plate on both sides
Rxx = 230.6 mm ,Ryy = 102.2 mm
A= 437.89 cm2 = 43789 mm2
W= 343.7 Kg/m
KL/R=(0.8 ??1500)/23.06= 52.038
Fcd = 183 Mpa
Allowable compressive force = 183 ?? 43789 = 8013.387 KN
Check for deflection
ISHB 450
Ixx = 40349.9 + 213.33 ?? 2 = 40776.566 cm^4
Deflection at top
= (535.138 '??15'^4 '??100'^3)/( 8 ??2.047 '??10'^6 ??40776.566)+ (1376.146 '??15'^3
'??100'^3)/(3 ??2.047 '??10'^6 ??40776.586)= 59.12 > 10 cm'''' Not ok
Check for compressive stress due to bending
= 6116207.9/(780.94 ??8787)
= 0.891 < 1 ok
Check for simultaneous action of bending and axial tension and moment
=15290.5/(437.89 ??1500)+ 6116207.9/(1650 ??8787)
= 0.445 < 1 ok
'
For deflection providing two extra plate of 40 x 400 mm at both side of column
New M1 = 40776.56 + 41666.66 ?? 2
= 83443.226 KN.m
= (535.168 '??15'^4 '??100'^3)/(8 ??2.047 '??10'^6 ??83448.226)
= 19.269 ' 11.4108
=7.85 <L = 1500/10= 10 ok
'
4.2.6.Base plate
Eccentricity = m/f
= (600 ?? 106) / (382.7 ?? 103)
= 1567.807 mm
Length of plate = 900 mm < 6 ??1567.807
Hence there will be taken
?? = (900- 100)/2
= 400mm
y =900/2+ 400- ((900/2+ 400)^2- 2((600 '??10'^6+ 382.7 '??10'^3 ??400)/(0.45 ??40 ??700))
)^0.5
= 73.49 mm
Fb= 0.45 ??f_ck ??y ??b ' n
= 0.45 ?? 40 ?? 73.49 ?? (700 ' 382.7 ?? 103)
= 543.27 KN
Hence provide 3 bolts of 32 mm diameter.
Nu=5.5 '??40 ?? '400'^1.5
= 784.244 > 543.27 KN
So 400 mm anchor length
Maximum BM
B.M = 73.49 ?? 700 ?? 0.45 ?? 40 ?? ((370 ' 78.5/2))/'10'^6
= 306.26 KN.m
Moment capacity of base plate = 1.2 ?? 250/1.1 ?? t^2 ?? 700/6
= 31818.18 t^2
t = '((306.26 ?? 106)/31818.18)= 100 mm thickness
'
Truss shoe angle design
WL reaction = -150KN
DL reaction = 382.23KN
Therefore wind load tension per bolt ft
ft= (382.23-150)/4
= 58.0575 KN
Wind load shear per bolt = 36/4 = 9KN
Try 4- M30 4.6 grade black bolt
Fs=??/4 ?? d^(2 )?? 0.78 ?? 400= 220.540KN
Ft =??/(4 ) ?? d^(2 )?? 0.75 ??400= 212.058KN
(9/220.540)^2+ (58.0575/212.058)^2= 0.0766<1
Try 2 ' ISA (200 ?? 200 ?? 18)
X = 2 ?? tan'''60'^?? ' ??14.82+2 = 53.34 cm
Thickness t = 2.5 cm
Moment in angle = 58.0575 ??14.82
= 860.412 KN.m
Bending stress = (860.412 ?? 6)/(53.34 ?? 1.8 ?? 1.8) = 298.72 < 320 N/mm^2 therefore safe.
Cap plate design:Moment = 58.0575 ?? 15.385 = 893.215 KN.m
X = 2 ?? tan60?? ?? 15.385+2 = 55.3 cm
Size of plate = (630 ?? 500 ?? 20)mm
Bending stress = (893.215 ?? 6)/(55.3 ?? 2 ?? 2) = 242.28 N/mm^2< 320 N/mm^2 therefore safe.
'
4.2.7. Design Of Tie Runner.
Portion of wind load from gable end along the ridge will be transferred as axial load to tie runner
provided along the length of building at tie level.
L/W = 48/50 = 0.96< 4
= 124.726 KN> 92 KN
So required section= 150 x 150 x 5
'
4.2.11 Gable columns.
Height= 15m
Wind force per column= 0.7 ?? 1247 ?? 5 ?? (5/2)
= 10911.25 N/m
Mmax = (10911.25 ?? 152)/8
= 308.878 KN.m
Critical Stress Calculation
CS = (1.2 ??10.1 '??10'^6 ??91813 ??55)/(3060.1 '??1500'^2 ) ?? '(1+(0.162 ??64.14
'??1500'^2)/(91813 '??55'^2 ))
= 9237.80kg/cm^2
= 906.149 > 410 Mpa Ok
Section required is ISMB 600
'
4.2.12. Design of pedestal
Self wt of pedestal= 0.94 ?? 0.8 ?? 3 ?? 2500
=55.32 KN
Net downward load = 31.85KN
Moment due to shear force at base of pedestal = 975 KN.m
Total moment at base=1650 KN.m
Therefore design compression= 47.775KN
Design moment =2475KN.m
Fck=40 N/mm^2
MU = '(0.0959/(F_(ck )?? B ?? d_2 ))
PU ='(0.000165/(F_(ck )?? B ?? d_2 ))
(d')/D= 0.05
P_u/F_ck = 0.03
Provide min reinforcement =2%
Therefore area of longitudinal steel= 2% ?? 940 ?? 800
= 15040 mm^2
Provide 12 bars of 40 mm bars
Diameter greater
i) 5mm
ii) ??(dia of main bar)
=1/4(40)
=10 mm
Least lateral dimension =800 mm
16times dia of main bar = (16??40)=640mm
48 times dia of tie =480 mm
Provide 10mm lateral tie at 300 mm c/c as per code
'
4.2.13. Design of footing
Moment=1650 KN.m