REPORT Ok

SCREENING OF THE ELEVATED C02 TOLERANT MOSSES, THEIR
POTENTIALS IN THE C BALANCE, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL ATMOPSHERIC

METAL MNTORING.
*(joining of the JRF)
(C.S.T Project Report 2nd year)
(24 Auguest, 2014- September2015)
1. INTRODUCTION
Present CO2 concentration is in the range of 240-312 ppm and same was 140 ppm in the beginning of
the present century. It is expected that in future by the end of present century the C level will touch the
values of 659- 700 ppm .
Therefore, in changing scenario, it is very important to know the response of the elevated CO 2 on the
metabolic process and growth of the plants. Same needs to be correlated with the other atmospheric
pollutants i.e. (specially metals) and as well as amelioration strategies.
Since elevated CO2 is known to increase the biomass of the plants, therefore we cannot rule out their
potentials in trapping more metals and bind them in the cell as a results their potentials can not be
over looked as an ameliorating organism. Same is also applicable in the case of mosses as most of the
mosses take their nutrients from atmosphere as they lack root.
Present study is aimed at to screen the potentials of common available mosses for metal monitoring
and screening of the tolerant moss during elevated CO 2. For the same (i) widely distributed mosses
were collected, (ii) they were validated for metal and elevated CO 2 tolerance, (iii) and finally metal
tolerant moss were shortlisted and inducted for biomopping program.Later on such moss exposed for
4 moths (representing one season) for seasonal atmospheric metal load. Beside this, native mosses
were also collected for the annual metal load
Human activities are modified the bio-geochemical cycle of metals with a progressive increase in the
flow of bioavailability of chemicals into terrestrial ecosystem. The majority of the pollutants are
metals, sulphur and nitrogen compounds which originate from man-made activities. Metals that have
density exceeding generally a value of 4.5 g/cm3 are called heavy metals. The term has been criticized
because the limit is artificial and there is no biological ground for its use(Hudson,2004). The
tremendous increase in the use of metals invincibility results in increased flux of gases or particulate
matter in the environment to the extent that they show significant affect on natural component and
cause harm to living things. The metals i.e As, Cr, Be, F, V, Se, Cd, Zn, Hg, and Pb are closely
associated with air pollution, are derived from a wide spectrum of natural and anthropogenic sources
(Market, 1993).The sources of air pollution in these areas are industrialization, automobiles and
generator exhaust resulting from the combustion of fuel, beside otherman-made activities (Xuoloug
et.al 1997). A comparative studies show that metallic pollution are more hazardous than other way of
pollution. To combat the atmospheric elemental pollution, monitoring is desired for policy maker.
Without quantification of atmospheric pollution, mitigation plan can not be executed. Therefore,
monitoring of the elemental load is pre requisite for clean environment.
1
Monitoring of the atmospheric pollution can be done by the biological as well as instrumens.
Instrumental, chemical, and biological tool are the way to go for metal monitoring. High cost,
maintenance, interrupted power supply and manpower limits the use of instrumental monitoring.
Chemical treatment is it itself hazardous for their surroundings. On the contrary, biological
biomonitoring is the use of the properties of an organism to obtain information on certain aspects of
the biosphere.The relevant information is deduced from either the changes in the behaviour or from
the analysis of specific substance in the monitor tissues (Wolterbeek, 2001).The comparative study
shows that biological tools are best to interact with environment pollution amongst biomonitoring
materials, plants arethe best. However, mosses are an excellent indicator, biomonitor and accumulator
of metals compare to other biological organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, pteridophytes and
gymnosperms, due to the following characteristics.
1.1 Why Mosses are preferred over the algae, Fungi,Gymnosperm, Pteridiophyte and
Angiosperm.
(a) Unlike bacteria and fungi, bryophytes are autotrophic and no chlorophyll.
(b) Algae grow in water (aquatic) therefore misfit for air monitoring.
(c) Pteridiphytes and gymnosperm have conductive stand and roost, (which are absent in
bryophytes) as a result chances of contamination from soil are there.
1.2 Advantages of bryophytes for biomonitoring.

1. Green and perennial
2.Grow in a wide variety of habitat and throughout the year.
3. Grow in even extreme conditions (temperature, water, light)
4. Ability to store moss specimen for several years without any special care.
5 Large surface area to weight ratio.
6. Small size and easy to handle.
7 .They have no real root system, they lack cuticle and have one-celled thickened leaves, they
take nutrient over a entire plant surface from air and from atmospheric precipitation.
8. Due to lack of any protective layer like cuticle means that ions retained on their surface have
direct access to exchange sites in the cell wall.
9. They are able to sorbs ions from very dilute due to their high cation exchange capability and
lack of vascular supply immobilize the metal in tissue.
10. Absorption and accumulation of nutrients or elements directly from the atmosphere due to
poly galacturonic acids which helps in high cation exchange to.
11. Herbarium samples can be analyzed immedatly or even after year as decomposition of
biomass is very slow hence metals are retained for long duration.
12.Mosses are direct probe for the level of metallic pollutants.
13. Rapid absorption rate and slow and partial absorption allow us toanalyse andevaluate metals
pollution weeks after the pollution occur.
14. There is a large relation of the metal concentration between bryophytes and air.
1.3 Distribution of mosses

Mosses are important on hilly forest ecosystem. The percentage occurrence of mosses on hills in
India is quite high as compare to any other plant groups.About 27.5% of world`s mosses and
11.26% of liverworts are present in India (Banerjee,1998).
Due their characteristic given above, they have been preferred for present study.
2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Human population, man-made activities and industrial activity are principally responsible too for the
changes in environment globally. Beside man-made activities Physical, chemical and biological
metrological processes are also responsible to bring them in atmosphere. (Pacyna,1998). Over a Past
few decade, air pollution is widespread and has an increasing trend in urban areas due to vehicles,
generators, traffic jams (Nriagu, 1979; 1992; Bergkvist et al., 1989) . Vehicular emissions are of
particular concern since these are ground level sources and thus have the maximum impact on the
general population. Also, vehicles contribute significantly to the total air pollution load in many urban
areas. Human population, man-made activities and industrial activity are principally responsible too
for the changes in environment globally. Beside man-made activities Physical, chemical and
biological metrological processes are also responsible to bring them in atmosphere. (Pacyna,1998)
Beside, population of the biosphere has also been accelerated drastically, since the beginning of
industrial revolution. This rapid increase in urban population has resulted in unplanned urban
development, increase in consumption patterns and higher demands for transport, energy, other
infrastructure, thereby leading to pollution problems. All the chemical compounds or elements that are
released into the atmosphere primarily as a result of human activities, can damage living organisms,
are considered pollutants. The majority of the metals, PAH, sulphur and nitrogen compounds that are
considered pollutants originate from anthropogenic sources (Pitcairn et al.,1995; Pacyna & Pacyna,
2001).
Metals are important pollutants in environment. An exposure to these is a significant problem of
environmental toxicology.
Mitigating the air pollution is a very complex problem but same is desired to identify the source and
nature of emissions have to be identified (Borut et al., 2002; Giordano et al., 2005; Tripathi and
Gautam, 2007). The necessary information on air pollutants can be obtained by using the equipments,
electricity and manpower, which is generally associated with high cost. Bryophytes/mosses have been
used in present study as terrestrial biomonitors and bioindicators of air pollution are recognized as
more sensitive to pollution than other plants (Sardans and Penuelas 2005; Sun et al., 2009; Saxena
and Arfeen, 2009). However, biomonitoring includes a broad array of environmental study and
examines the relationship between biological variables and pollutants. The tools of biomonitoring are
bioaccumulators, species or organisms that accumulate metals and bioindicator, organism that react to
specific pollutants in a consistent, measurable fashion. Bryophytes/mosses have been used in present
study as terrestrial biomonitors and bioindicators of air pollution are recognized as more sensitive to
pollution than other plants (Sardans and Penuelas, 2005; Sun et al., 2009; Saxena et al 2014). Mosses
effectively accumulate the majority of metals and other trace elements from air and precipitation.
More than three decades mosses are used as biomonitors. This technique is widely accepted and is
being used at present as the method to assess the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals are cheap
and less expensive.
Thus, it seems very important to develop and improve a long term monitoring technique to assess the
type and level of heavy metal pollution of any particular area. Sources of air pollution refer to the
various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the
atmosphere. The sources can be classified into two major categories which are: Anthropogenic
sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel (Kim et al., 2003b).
Stationary sources include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and
waste incinerators, as well furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. Mobile sources
sources include automobiles and generators. The main cause of air pollution is fuel combustion through
any of these sources (Goyal and Siddhartha, 2003).
In India, 25% of the total energy is (of which 98% comes from oil) consumed by transport sector only,
which is reported to be contributing more than 50% of air pollution problem in most of the cities, and in
some cases it is even up to 80% due to population pressure.
3
Uttrakhandand, Himachal, Punjab, Kasmir had extensive tracts of natural forests until a few centuries
back (Banerjee, 1983). The area is tucked by an evergreen subtropical forest having trees of oak,
conifer, rhododendron, pine, deodar, bryophytes etc (Saxena, et al., 2006). In recent decades the
number and intensity of anthropogenic sources, such as waste burning, fertilizers, vehicle emissions,
agricultural and sewage sludge, have increased the overall environmental element concentration
which has witnessed large-scale changes in land use pattern of the region. This Rapid urbanization
and agricultural expansion has depleted the forest cover and degraded the landscape (Kushwaha,
et.al., 2004). The majority of the pollutants are metals, sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which
originate from man-made activities due to industrialisation.
Therefore, it is prerequisite to develop an effective large-scale monitoring network for heavy metals to
prepare strategy for mitigating the problem (Hodson, 2004). Air quality can be monitored by
measuring the pollutants directly in the air or in deposition, by constructing models depicting the
spread of pollutants, or by using biomonitors (Markertet al. 2003). While air quality monitoring can
be thought of as a value regulating i.e. how much pollutant is released into the environment,
bioindication of pollution impact and biomonitoring can be thought of as an information feedback
mechanism. A comparative study shows that metallic pollutants are more hazardous than any other
way of pollution (Soleimani and Rafinejad, 2008). The metals As, Cr, Be, F, V, Cu, Se, Cd, Zn, Hg
and Pb are closely associated with air precipitation and are derived from a wide spectrum of natural
and anthropogenic sources (Shahmansouri et al., 2005). Therefore, monitoring of air contaminants is
necessary to determine impact upon ecosystem and control measure requires for abatement of their
sources in their respective region (Saxena et al., 2008a).In recent decades the number and intensity of
anthropogenic sources, such as waste burning, fertilizers, vehicle emissions, agricultural and sewage
sludge, have increased the overall environmental element concentration (Bargagli, 1998; Saxena et
al., 2008b). This fact seems to be true for the mountainous region of Kumaon and Garhwal
(Uttrakhand) where there are large numbers of vehicles and other human actives increased with time.
Increasing population and tourist inflow to these hills is also an important factor for the increased
environmental deterioration as automobiles are only the mode of transport.
2.1. MONITORING OF METALS:

Biomonitoring is defined generally as the use of biological organisms to obtain information
on certain characteristics of the biosphere. The organism used is called a bioindicator or biological
monitor (Markertet al., 1997). There is considerable variation between the term bioindicator and
biological monitor. Bioindicator generally refers to all organisms that provide information on the
environment or the quality of environmental changes, and biomonitors are the organisms that provide
quantitative information on the quality of the environment (Markertet al., 2003). Thus, with proper
selection of organisms, air-pollution monitoring is possible even in remote areas as samples can be
collected and measurements of pollutants done at laboratories miles away from the site. Even though
there might be deposition of pollutants on the surface, these can be taken care of by proper washing of
samples before measurements.
Biomonitoring provides a first level assessment of environment health (Reimann, et al., 2001).It
provides a measure of integrated exposure over a period of time. Monitoring toxic air pollutants is
needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their
harmful effects. Direct physical and chemical methods of air pollution monitoring are expensive, while
bioindication has also been used to evaluate air pollution risk (Dmuchowski and Bytnerowicz., 2009).
The major advantages of biomonitoring are:
a) No long term use of expensive sampling equipment is required.
b) Sampling of organisms used as biological monitor is generally easier.
c) The concentrations in the monitor organisms are higher than the system to be monitored. This
improves the accuracy of measurements.
d) Most organisms reflect external conditions averaged over certain periods of time.
4
Biochemical/physiological effects can be detected by cell biology method to detect multi elemental
effects of environmental pollutants (Poikolainen, et al., 2004). Furthermore, biomonitoring can
provide regional information about the seriousness of pollution and an early warning when the
problem is still at sub lethal levels. The most important reasons for using biomoniting techniques are:1. The direct determination of effect.
2. The determination of synergetic and antagonistic effects of multiple pollutants on an
organism.
3. The early recognition of pollutant damage to plants as well as toxic dangers to humans.
4. Relatively low cost compared to technical measuring methods.
Several heavy metals survey mode in different countries such as Brazil (Silvia et al. 2004), Denmark
(Karl et al.,2002), Portugal (Vasconcelos and Tavares 1997), India (Khillareet al., 2004), Spain
(Moreno-Grauet al.,1997, 2000), Egypt (Abdel-Ghaniet al.,2007), and Russia (Drobyshev and
Emelina,2001), not to mention national and international continuous monitoring programs for
regulatory purposes are in progress under European Monitoring and Evaluation Program.
2.2 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING:

Passive monitoring observes plant growing naturally with in the area of interest. More likely it is use
of organisms, and parts of organisms, which are natural components of the ecosystem and appear
spontaneously (Kauss and Hamdy, 1985; Chaphekar, 1991).
The use of native mosses as passive biomonitors for atmospheric deposition of metals has been
reported in a large number of studies including local investigations as well as regional surveys in
different parts of the world, due to the high correlation between deposition rates and levels in moss
tissues particularly in western and northern Europe (Ruhling, et al.,1968, 1987, 1994. Berg et al.
1995a; Berg and Steinnes 1997; Rhling and Steinnes 1998; Gerdol et al. 2000; Szczepaniak and
Biziuk 2003). The aim of European Heavy Metals Survey, to determine patterns of metal load
variation across the region, identify the main polluted areas and develop the understanding of longrange transboundary pollution (Harmens et al. 2007, 2008). It is possible to use Terrestrial mosses as a
Bio-monitoring agent to analyse atmospheric metal load because of the morphology and physiology
(Aboal.JR, et. Al 2010; Gonzlez-Miqueo et al. 2010 )
Bryophytes, especially the carpet-forming species, are considered suitable native biomonitors for the
assessment of the long-term accumulation of deposited air borne metals because they obtain most of
their elemental supply from the atmosphere, due to a lack of a root system.
A majority of studies dealing with metal uptake efficiency from precipitation in moss (Thoni, et al.,
1996, Berg, et al., 2003) used the passive or native method, using a regression method, for which
metal concentrations in moss were compared with metal concentration in precipitation. Relative
atmospheric metal as well as absolute deposition levels were calculated by the uses of native mosses
(Berg, et al., 2003; Sucharova and Suchara, 2004).
2.3 ACTIVE BIOMONITORING:
Satisfactory results are often obtained by using Naturally flourishing mosses to biomonitor heavy
metals: to describe spatial and temporal patterns (Harmens et al., 2012), and to locate sources of
contamination (Fernndez et al., 2007).
Active monitoring methods detect the presence of air pollutant by placing test mosses of known
response into the study area. It includes all methods (transplant method), which insert organism from
control conditioned into the site to be monitored (Lovett Doust, et al., 1994). In this approach an
organism is used which is obtained from controlled sites or cultured in the laboratory and is exposed
at for a defined period. The moss bag technique originally introduced by Goodman and Roberts
(1972) and later modified by Little and Martin (1974) has become very popular. Transplant techniques
appear to be useful, in particular at relatively high pollutant levels. This technique is also very useful
especially in such polluted areas where wild growing mosses are lacking (Makholm and Miadenoff,
2005).
Haseloff (1982) divided the active Biomonitoring into transplantation, test plant and test chamber
methods. In the transplantation procedure suitable organism (mainly mosses and lichens) are
transported from unpolluted areas to the polluted site under consideration. This method is usually
applied to testing either synergetic or single species effects of pollutants on sensitive biomonitors.
Moss transplants have often been used as active biomonitors if selected moss species is absent in the
study area (Tyler, 1990; Falla, et al., 2000).
The aim of European Heavy Metals Survey, Conducting every five year, since 1980 to determine
concentration and patterns of metal load across the region, identify the main polluted areas and
develop the understanding of long-range transboundary pollution (Gerdol et al. 2002,Harmens et al.
2007, 2008).
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

6
3.1 SURVEY OF SITES: ( Garhwal, Uttranchal, Himanchal)

For collection and transplant of moss specimens, different sites were identified after G. P. S. based
survey at Uttarakhand (Nainital, Muktshwar, Bheemtal, Almora, Artola, Jageshwar,
Pithoragarh, and Ranikhet,Kumaon and Cha mba, Dhanault y, New Tehri, Masoorie and
surroundings of Dehradoon were inducted
from Garhwal region ). Dharmshala,
McLeoidganj, Palampurand its surrounding belongs toHimachal, were also inducted for CO 2 studeis
and atmospheric metal monitoring programme.
3.2 STUDY AREA :

The study area is Uttrakhand,is a land of forests and clear gurgling streams and mountains. The brief
description of the study area is given below. The map of the study area and location of sampling sites
are shown in figures (3.4.1.1-3.4.1.9).
3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE UTTRAKHAND
Location:
GPS
Located in the northern part of India
28 43' North Latitude and 77o 34' East Longitude.
Co-ordinates:
Area:
51,125 sq. km.
Population:
10116752 (Census 2011)
Climate:
Average summer temperatures vary between 30 o C to 18 o C and winter

is also bearable 4 o C to 18 o C
Traffic density:
High to Medium and low at some places.
Tourist destination: Kumaon-Almora, Ranikhet, Nanital, Pithoragarh,Chamoli, champawat,

Bageshwar, Udham singh nagar.
Garhwal- Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Pauri, Rudrapryag,
Haridwar.
3.4. MONITORING SITES OF UTTRAKHAND

7
Uttarakhand state lies at 28 53 24 N to 31 27 50 N latitude and 77 34 27 E to 81 02 22 E

longitude, covering an area of 51125 sq. Km. Covering thirteen hilly districts. Uttrakhand comprise
two geographically distinct divisions the Kumaon and Garhwal.
3.4.1 SELECTION OF SITES

Monitoring studies in Kumaon region includes Mukteshwar, Almora,Artola, Jageshwar, Nainital,
Ranikhet and Pithoragarh, while Garhwal division coversChamba, Mussorrie, Dhanualti. To
obtain an average change in metal concentration of atmosphere different sites were identified at each
direction (EAST, WEST, NORTH and SOUTH). The transplants kept at a distant of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 Km
from the centre of the city in respective direction. There was also a benefit to this type of selection
was that we also obtained data of the different direction and at variable distant, compared them and
obtained maximum and minimum concentration change in different direction and distant by which we
also knew the direction and location of the source of metal which was responsible for concentration
change in atmosphere. Control sites were also considered in the study for the representation of the
background value of metals, and for this they are Mukteshwar (Reserve forest) in Kumaon and
Chamba (Reserve forest) inGarhwal region has been identified.
PLAN FOR MONITORING (PASSIVE AND ACTIVE) SITES

N
C
B
W
Sampling details wise:

S
City centre (0 Km.)
A. 0.5 Km distance from the centre of the city
B. 1.0 Km distance from centre of the city
C. 1.5 Km distance from the centre of the city
3.4.A. KUMAON REGION

The Kumaon region consists of a large Himalayan tract, together with two submontane strips called
the Terai and the Bhabhar. The submontane strips were up to 1850 m an almost impenetrable forest,
given up to wild animals; but after 1850 m the numerous clearings attracted a large population from
the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to
8
3.4.1.1.MUKTESHWAR
Location :
In Nanital district of Uttarakhand
GPS
Co-ordinates:
29.47' North Latitude 79.64' East Longitude.
Altitude:
2286 meters (7500ft)
Climate:
Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 14 C (minimum) Winter: 14C (maximum)

and -5 C (minimum)
Area:
8.856 sq. km.
Traffic
density:
Medium
Control site:
Mukteshwar Temple , IVRI Campus Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar is a small town, and one of the most-sought tourist destinations, in the Kumaon hills of
Uttarakhand. It is situated at an altitude of 7,500 ft above sea level and is famous for the wonderful
9
180-degree view of the captivating snow capped mountain ranges that it provides.
3.4.1.2 NAINITAL
Location:
GPS
In Nainital .
29. 23' North Latitude and 79. 27' East Longitude
Co-ordinates:
Altitude:
1,938 meters (6,358 ft)
Climate:
Summer: 28 C (maximum), 10 C (minimum)

Winter: 15 C (maximum), 2 C (minimum)
Area:
12 sq. km.
Traffic density:
Very high(1 min= 4-5 Vehicles)
Naini Lake, Naina Devi Temple, Naina Peak, Snow View Point,
Tourist destination: Dorothys Seat, St Johns Church, Hanuman Garhi, Astronomical
Observatory, Tiffin Top and Lovers Point
Nainital, is a popular hill station at an altitude of 1,938 metres (6,358 ft) above sea level. Valley with
a pear-shaped lake, approximately two miles in circumference, and surrounded by mountains, of
10
which the highest are Naina (2,615 m (8,579 ft) on the north, Deopatha (2,438 m, 7,999 ft) on the
west, and Ayarpatha (2,278 m,7,474 ft) on the south.
3.4.1.3 RANIKHET
Location:
In Almora district of Uttarakhand.
GPS
Co-ordinates:
29 .65'North Latitude and 79 .42'East Longitude
Altitude:
1,869 m (6,132 ft)
Climate:
Summers: 30o C (max) and 8o C (min)

Winters: 7o C (max) and 3o C (min)
Area:
21.76 sq. km.
Traffic density:
High to very crowded in summers
Jhula Devi Temple, Ram Mandir, Nanda Devi Temple, Upat Kalika,
Tourist destination: Rani Jheel, Hairakhan Dham, Bhalu Dam, Mankameshwar Temple,
Chaubatia Orchard, Kumaon Regimental Centre Museum & Memorial
Ranikhet is a hill station and cantonment town in Almora district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
It is the home for, Kumaon Regiment (KRC) & Naga Regiment is maintained by the Indian Army.
11
Ranikhet is at an altitude of 1869 metres above sea level and within sight of the western peaks of
the Himalayas. As a beautiful cantonment town in the Almora district of Uttarakhand, Ranikhet is the
perfect destination for those who love to enjoy the calm and serene beauty of nature.
3.4.1.4 ALMORA
Location:
GPS
Co-ordinates:
29 37' North Latitude and 7940' East Longitude
Altitude:
1646 m (5400 ft)
Area:
11.9 sq. km.
Population:
621927 (census 2011)
Climate:
Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 12 C (minimum)

Winter: 10 C (maximum) and 0 C (minimum)
12
Traffic density:
Very high
Tourist destination:
Jageshwar Temple, Gana Nath Temple, Chaiti Temple, Katarmal

Temple, Banri Devi Temple, Ranikhet, Kausani.
Almora is located in the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India. It is a quaint
town full of life, with a prosperous cultural inheritance and history. It is believed to be the Artistic
Capital of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Almora is surrounded by dense and impenetrable pine
and fir trees.
3.4.1.5. JAGESHWAR
Location:
GPS
29 39' North Latitude and 7935' East Longitude.
Co-ordinates:
Altitude:
1,870 meters (6,140 ft)
Area:
11.9 sq. km.
Population:
4,781 (census 2001)
Climate:

Winter: 10 C (maximum) and 0 C (minimum)
Traffic density:
Medium
Jageshwar is a pilgrimage town in Almora district, Uttarakhand, dedicated to Lord Shiva, located
36 km northeast of Almora, in Kumaun region. The temple city comprises a cluster of 124 large and
small stone temples, dating 9th to 13th century AD, with many preserved by the India.It has well
preserved natural vegetation on least affected by any type of pollution on the average flow of
automobile is 10-20 per day.
3.4.1.6. PITHORAGARH
13
Location :
In Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand
GPS
Co-ordinates:
29 34 North Latitude, 80 13 East Longitude.
Altitude:
1, 635 meter (5, 396 feet)
Climate:

Winter: 22 C (maximum) and 0C (minimum)
Area:
8.856 sq. km.
Population:
485993(census 2011)
Traffic density:
High
Patal Bhubaneswar, Gangolihat, Chandak, Dewalthal, Dharchula,

Munsiyari and Kali Mandir
Pithoragarh, located at an elevation of 1, 635 m above the sea level (5, 396 feet), is a district in
Uttarakhand with its headquarters in the town of the same name. The famous hill station Pithoragarh
is in Uttarakhand, which seems to be attracting a lot of tourists these days, because the state not only
offers the tourists a chance to enjoy natural beauty but also a chance to try various adventure sports,
such as white river rafting, hang-gliding and skiing.
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3.4.1.bGARHWAL REGION
Garhwal (30 30 0 N, 78 30 0 E) is a region and administrative division of Uttaranchal, lying in
the Himalayas. It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by
Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by Himachal Pradesh. The region consists almost entirely of rugged
mountain ranges running in all directions, and separated by narrow valleys which in some cases
become deep gorges or ravines. Garhwal region are comprises of the following study sites.
3.4.1.7..MUSSOORIE
15
Location:
In Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.
GPS
Co-ordinates:
30 27' North Latitude and 78 5' East Longitude.
Altitude:
1825 m
Climate:
Summers: 30o C (max) and 15o C (min)

Winters: 10o C (max) and 0o C (min)
Area:
12 sq. km.
Population:
25,753 (census 2011)
Traffic density:
Very high
Lal Tibba, Camel's Back Point, Gun Hill, Kempty Falls, Municipal Garden,
Tourist destination: Sir George Everest House, Jwalaji Temple, Childrens Lodge, Benog
Mountain Sanctuary
Mussoorie is one of the most beautiful hill stations not only in Uttarakhand, but the whole of India.It
is located about 35 km from the state capital of Dehradun. This hill station, situated in the foothills of
the Garhwal Himalayan ranges, is also known as the Queen of the Hills.Station is over crowed in over
the year.
3.4.1.8. DHANAULTI
16
Location :
In Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
GPS
Co-ordinates:
30.27 ' North Latitude 78.15 East Longitude.
Altitude:
2250 m
Climate:
Summer temperatures in the town, range from 32C to 7.5C, while

winter temperatures remain between 7C and 1C.
Area:
64.25 sq. km.
Population:
Between 5000-10000
Traffic density:
Medium
ECO Park,Surkanda Devi Temple,trekking opportunities around

Dhanaulti - Surkanda Devi, Chandrabadni and Kunjapuri
Dhanaulti is not much popular but its really a wonderful travel destination in Uttrakhand. It is just 30
Km. away from Mussorie, which is one of the major hill station of Uttrakhand. Dhanaulti is situated
on Mussoorie-Chamba road at the height of 2250 meters.
3.4.1.9 CHAMBA
17
Location :
In Tehri gharwal district of Uttarakhand.
GPS
Co-ordinates:
30 20' North Latitude and 78 23' East Longitude.
Altitude:
1676m.
Climate:
Summer : 38C- 15C Winter: 15C-8C
Area:
4 sq. km.
Population:
6579(2001)
Traffic density:
Medium
Its
nearby
tourist
places
are Dhanaulti, Surkanda
Devi Temple, Ranichauri, New Tehri and Kanatal, midway through
Chamba-Dhanaulti road.
Chamba (1676) m. is just 60 km from Mussoorie. Chamba is yet another of those destinations which
still stands oblivious to most tourists and therefore unspoilt and fresh like a daisy with lot of pines and
deodar and good views.
3.5 APPLICATION OF G.P.S. TOOL IN MONITORING PROGRAMME WITH

SIGNIFICANCE
Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to provides pin point location, altitude, time, temperature,
date for even abundance of flora, fauna of the area identified. GPS comprises of 24 satellites, which
18
are in orbit some 12,000 miles above the earth's surface. GPS operates on the principle of
triangulation. The satellites broadcast their position on a continuous basis, and by combining the
measurements from different satellites. GPS technology provides highly accurate information,
including digital maps of surveying area and pin point the location of the particular plant species.
3.6 Field trips and collection of moss samples

Mosses were collected periodically i.e. after every four month representing one season (winters:
November to February; summers: March to June; Rains : July to October). It is because that we want
to work out on seasonal trend of atmospheric metal precipitation. The mosses were collect from walls,
roofs, or natural rocks, where nearlyno overhanging vegetation or tree canopy was present. They were
collected only from approx.1.5 m above ground level, to avoid road-splashes and areas rich with
domestic waste. Cross sectional survey and collection was made in urban, sub-urban and rural sitesi.e.
from center of the city i.e, from O km, distance upto 5 km from the city from each direction.
3.6.a Field tripofKumaon, Garhwal and Jammu region 2014-2015. Sites of

collectionsare:- (*Identification process is still in progress)
Table: List of moss available and collected during trip
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Tentative identified mosses

Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Hypnum cupressiforme
Thuidium cyambifolium
Polytrichum sp.
Trachypodopsis serrulata
Isoptergium distichaceum
Polytrichum sp.
Thuidium cyambifolium.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Plagominium sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Collected on
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
09-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
10-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
17-11-14
19
Location
Nainital
Nainital
Nainital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Chamba
Chamba
Chamba
Voucher number assigned

20141109-0080
20141109-0081
20141109-0082
20141109-0083
20141109 -0084
20141109-0085
20141109-0086
20141109-0087
20141109-0088
20141109-0089
20141109-0090
20141109-0091
20141110-0092
20141110-0093
20141110-0094
20141110-0095
20141110-0096
20141110-0097
20141110-0098
20141110-0099
20141110-0100
20141110-0101
20141110-0102
20141110-0103
20141110-0104
20141110-0105
20141117-0106
20141117-0107
20141117-0108
20141117-0109
20141117-0110
20141117-0111
20141117-0112
20141117-0113
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Rhodobryum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Arichum aculeatum
Funaria hygrometrica
Minium integun
Dicranum assamicum
Minium integnum
Isotergium Elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Hymnostomum eduntulum sp
Trachypodopsis serrulata sp
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium distichaceum
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Rhodobryum giganteum
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium Elegans
Bryum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
18-11-14
18-11-14
18-11-14
18-11-14
18-11-14
27-02-15
27-02-15
27-02-15
27-02-15
27-02-15
27-02-15
27-02-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
07-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
08-03-15
24-03-15
24-03-15
24-03-15
24-03-15
24-03-15
24-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
25-03-15
13-06-15
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Jammu
Jammu
Jammu
Jammu
Jammu
Jammu
Jammu
Nainital
Nainital
Nainital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Mussorie
Chamba
Chamba
Chamba
Chamba
Nainital
20
20141117-0114
20141117-0115
20141117-0116
20141117-0117
20141117-0118
20150227-0119
20150227-0120
20150227-0121
20150227-0122
20150227-0123
20150227-0124
20150227-0125
20150307-0126
20150307-0127
20150307-0128
20150307-0129
20150307-0130
20150307-0131
20150307-0132
20150307-0133
20150307-0134
20150307-0135
20150307-0136
20150307-0137
20150308-0138
20150308-0139
20150308-0140
20150308-0141
20150308-0142
20150308-0143
20150308-0144
20150308-0145
20150308-0146
20150308-0147
20150308-0148
20150308-0149
20150308-0150
20150308-0151
20150308-0152
20150308-0153
20150308-0154
20150308-0155
20150324-0156
20150324-0157
20150324-0158
20150324-0159
20150324-0160
20150324-0161
20150325-0162
20150325-0163
20150325-0164
20150325-0165
20150325-0166
20150325-0167
20150325-0168
20150325-0169
20150325-0170
20150613-0171
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
Minium cuspidatum
Isotergium Elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium Elegans
Polytrichum sp
Rodobryum gigentitum
Rodobryum roseum
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Rodobryum gigentitum
Dicranum
Minium Marginatum
Atrcumi sp
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
13-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
14-06-15
16-06-15
16-06-15
16-06-15
16-06-15
16-06.15
16-06.15
16-06-15
16-06-15
16-06.15
16-06-15
16-06-15
17-06-15
17-06-15
17-06-15
17-06-15
Nainital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Nanital
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Artola
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Dhanulti
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Mukteshwar
Chamba
Chamba
Chamba
Chamba
20150613-0172
20150613-0173
20150613-0174
20150613-0175
20150613-0176
20150613-0177
20150613-0178
20150613-0179
20150613-0180
20150613-0181
20150613-0182
20150613-0183
20150613-0184
20150614-0185
20150614-0186
20150614-0187
20150614-0188
20150614-0189
20150614-0190
20150614-0191
20150614-0192
20150614-0193
20150614-0194
20150614-0195
20150614-0196
20150614-0197
20150614-0198
20150614-0199
20150614-0200
20150614-0201
20150614-0202
20150614-0203
20150614-0204
20150614-0205
20150614-0206
20150614-0207
20150614-0208
20150616-0210
20150616-0211
20150616-0212
20150616-0213
20150616-0214
20150616-0215
20150616-0216
20150616-0217
20150616-0218
20150616-0219
20150616-0220
20150617-0221
20150617-0222
20150617-0223
20150617-0224
3.7 MONITORING SITES OF UTTARAKHAND:

(Average temperatures data ofGarhwal and Kumaon comprise Uttarakhand.)
21
3.7.a Average meta data of the collection sites in Kumaon regions:

Mukteshar
Nanital
Ranikhet
Almora
Artola
Jageshwar
Pithoragarh
6.2
6.5
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.2
Soil Temp.
15 o C
12.8 o C
13.4o C
9.2o C
8.7o C
13.7 o C
Ambient Temp
13 o C
11.5 o C
14 o C
11 o C
8oC
7o C
11.4 o C
7.5
8.5
9.4
7.3
7.9
9.7
1400
5500
2800
700
175
350
2800
Latitude
2947 N
2923 N
2965 N
2962 N
2937.53N
2937.54 N
Longitude
7964 E
7928 E
7942 E
7967 E
7949.75E
7949.76E
SN
Soil pH
Wind current
Light (Lux)
2934 N,
8013E
3.7.b : Meta data of the collection sites during winters of Garhwal regions:
Chamba
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
8.0
7.8
7.7
Soil Temp.
18 C
15 C
13.6 o C
Ambient Temp
12 o C
11 o C
10 o C
Wind current
8.2
7.5
7.7
Light (Lux)
5500
2800
2800
3020'N
7823'E
3027'N
07805'E
3025'N
7814'E
S.N
Soil pH
Latitude
Longitude
3.8. SCREENING OF METAL TOLERANCE POTENTIAL OF MOSS SAMPLES IN

FIELD AND LAB
Non invasive signal were used to screen the metal tolerance in mosses. Light energy that has been
absorbed by a leaf will excite electrons in chlorophyll molecules. Energy in photosystem II can be
converted in to chemical energy to drive photosynthesis (photochemistry). If photochemistry is
inefficient, excess energy can damage the leaf. Energy is emitted (known as energy quenching) in the
form of heat or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence. Therefore, by measuring of chlorophyll
fluorescence signals, the efficiency of photochemistry and non-photochemical is assessed. By
measuring chlorophyll fluorescence signals, it is possible to assess stress levels in plants.
Moss samples were validated for their metal tolerance potential to inducted them as a biomonitor.
22
PRINCIPLE: Before selecting moss for biomonitoring studies, photosynthetic efficiency analyzer
(PEA) was use to measure to validate the metal tolerance potential of the undertaken moss by
measuring chlorophyll fluorescence signal so that metal tolerant moss is identified and inducted in the
national monitoring programme.
Conceptual: About 90% light energy used for CO2 fixation (in the form of ATP and NADPH)
Calvin cycle here.
in the
About 5-15 % light energy is dissipated by a variety of non-photochemical processes

(principally as heat).
A small proportion (about 0.2 to 2 % energy- is lost in this process the fluorescent light has
a longer wavelength) is used here is re-emitted as fluorescence.
However, when the plant is not well, or diseased, or its physiology is effected during the stress, then
plants is not able to convert all energy in C fixation, and there is loss of energy in the form of Chl.
fluorescence More the Chl fluorescence more the plant health status is impaired. Therefore an
increase in chl fluorescence signal is indication of the stress in plants.
Hence, these signals, in the form of enhance chl fluorescence are used to measure the health status of
the plant during stress. The down word change in chl fluorescence or signal is indicator of stress and
in the healthy plant same is close to 0.8-0.85. Advantage of this tool is that approach is non-invasive
and we need not to sacrifice the sample.
Measurement of Chl Fluorescence:

The first step in the measurement process is to cover the sample area of the moss, with a small lite
weight leaf clips provided by the manufacturer. The clip has a small shutter plate which should be
closed over the leaf when the clip is fixed over the leaf means light is excluded and dark adaptation
takes place. After an interruption of the light period of 30 minutes, clips shutter was opened to take
the measurement after pressing the sensor button. All values (Fo,Fm, Fv) were recorded by machine
as control .
The moss beds were covered by plastic bell jar (1 sq. feet size) after spraying known concentrations of
the metal solution. The ratio of variable (Fv) to maximal fluorescence (Fm), where Fv = Fm-Fo, and
Fo stands for minimal initial fluorescence, was measured at different intervals to indirectly evaluate
the photosynthetic activity in response to the metals.
As mentioned, Fm is the maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence at the light intensity used, but Fv is
related to the maximum capacity for photochemistry of Photosystem II (Govindjee, 2004). The Fv/Fm
ratio has thus been considered as a sensitive indicator of plant photosynthetic efficiency/performance,
with its maximum value being about 0.8-0.85. It should however be stressed that this is an indirect
measure of photosynthesis efficiency; further, changes in Fo, due to several other reasons, may also
affect the photosynthesis. However, this measurement was used because it is a non-invasive, rapid and
a sensitive method.
3.9 TRANSPLANTS
23
For transplants, nylon moss bags of 6 x 8 were prepared and stuffed with 10 g of moss
samples and same were transplanted in triplicates at the height of at least 6 feet above the
nearest ground surface, cross-section wise (0.5 Km, 1 Km and 3 Km) in all the four
directions. They were free from any canopy cover and buildings. Each site was visited
primarily to check meteorological data. After an exposure of 120 days i.e. 4 months
(representing one season), moss bags were harvested and in its place fresh transplants were
made. Harvested moss bags were brought to the lab in polythene bags for further analysis.
From the results of the Chl fluorescence, widely distributed common moss species was
identified for metal monitoring program. Widely distributed species was validated for the
metal tolerance and later on inducted for the national ambient metal monitoring program
3.10 CLEANING AND DRYING OF MOSS SAMPLES:
After collection native and transplant moss samples, were sorted carefully and other plants or
plant parts such as seeds, needles and grasses were removed (Saxena and Saxena, 2000).
Brown parts were taken out and only green parts were dried to constant mass at 30-35C. The
rest of the dried material not used in analyses was stored in an environmental specimen bank
for future investigations. The sorted moss samples were washed with tap water for number of
times to remove unwanted material and final washing was done with distilled water at least 23 times.
3.11 PREPARATIONS OF HERBARIUM RECORDS
Voucher Herbarium envelopes were prepared with brown paper. Dried 10-20 bryo-specimens were
kept on filter paper. Same was placed in a voucher envelope after tentative identification. Slip
(mentioned below) containing information regarding temporary herbarium number, family, genera,
species, and place of collectionfig 3.11.The identified bryo-specimens were given herbarium numbers
and deposited to:
Bryophyte Environmental Bank was established in Botany Department, Bareilly College, Bareilly
in 1991. Mosses and liverworts collected from different sites were deposited in this. For present
study specimens collected during three years in different seasonal sampling were deposited
for record.Four sets are formed of each moss sample. Numbered assigned as 20140321BaP-T,
20140321BbP-T, 20140321BcP-T , 20140321BdP-T.
a)
Out of these two sets (b & C) will be deposited in International Herbarium of Cryptogams
Fig.3.11
3.12.
Herbarium No.
Family
Genus
Species
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude
Date
Collection by
.......
..........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
.............................................
24
ESTIMATION OF METALS:
3.12.a.MOSS ANALYSIS FOR METALS
3.12.b.Digestion of samples
The green or greenish brown part of moss (freshly collected plant material) was used for the analysis
without washing. The moss samples were cleaned to remove all soil particles, dust or other higher
plant material (Barman, 1980). After drying at 70C, 1 gm of plant material was digested with 3 ml of
concentrated HNO3 and with 1 ml of HClO4.
Digested samples were filtered (using filtering paper: Whatmanno.42) solution was diluted to 50 ml in
distilled water.
3.12.c.Calibration of the Machine and Methodology using CRM

The sample preparation and analysis included the usual quality assurance protocols, including
repeated measurements of a sample during the analysis runs, reagent blanks and use of in-house or
procured certified reference plant material (Kolthoff,et al., 1971). Same was procured from Certified
National Institute of Standard Technology-Denmark.(Reference Sample-SRM 1575 a Pine
Needle-2009)
Certified reference material are intended for use in the evaluation of analytical methods for
determination of element
3.12.d.Analysis of the samples

Metals in the acid mixture were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS, Electronic
Corporation of India Ltd). The sample preparation and analysis included the usual quality assurance
protocols, including repeated measurements of a sample during the analysis runs, reagent blanks and
an in-house certified reference plant material (Kolthoff, et al., 1971)*. The analysis was highly
reliable with variability between replicates and between measurements of the same sample generally
being <5%.
Nine different metals (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, cobalt, iron and lithium) were
analyzed by using respective hollow cathode lamps (imported) purchased from the ECIL, Hyderabad.
3.13. List of Certified Research Material

S.n
o
1
Name
i.d
Place
Plagiochasma rupestre (forst.)Steph
01073/B
Australia,2347.15S,13304.04
Hypnumcupressiforme.Hedw
9218/R
Mount Elgon Nat. P., Kenya
Leptodon smithii (Hedw). Web.&

Mohr
97145/
W approach of Mt. Elgon,Uganda

(19.6N,3430.7E)
25
Date of
collecting
5,Jun,2001
15-17.Jan.,
1992
23.sep. 1997
Racomitriumlamprocarpum (C.Mull.)
9218/EA
Neckera Bruch .&Schimp ex C.Mull
9210/H
6
7
Bryumpreussii Broth.
TortulafragilisTayl.
9215/V
9108/G
Bryoerythrophyllumcampylocarpum
(C.Mull) Crum.
DistichiumcapillaceumHedw.
9105/Y

Tanzania,NguruMountains,Morogoro
district
Tanzania,NguruMountains,Morogoro
district
W approach of Mt. Elgon,Uganda
(19.6N,3430.7E)
97145/
M
15-17.Jan.,
1992
1122.jan1992
12.jan.1992
31.jan.1991
30.jan.1991
23.sept. 1997
4.RESULTS
4.1: Collection of metrological data

Table I: GPS based data of native sample sites in the Kumaon region during summer,
rainy and winter seasons of the years (2014-2015)
Meta data
Geographic coordinates
Light
Stations/Season
s
Latitude, N
Longitude,E
Average
TempC
Soil
pH
Humidity%
(Foot
Candle)
Wind
current
Mukteshwar
Summer
2928.638
7939.198
18.5
7.9
56
1000
7.9
Winter
2929.111'
7942.200'
6.8
8.0
47
500
Rainy
2930.985'
7945.365'
8.3
7.5
79
7.9
Summer
2937.439
7949.76
23.0
7.9
58
1000
7.6
Winter
2937.504 "
7949 .532
12.9
7.8
53
500
7.52
Rainy
2937.489 "
7949 .634
17.6
7.2
82
16
8.2
Jageshwar
Artola
26
Summer
2937.023
7951.870'
21.3
7.1
48
2000
8.00
Winter
2937.603
7950.267
10.2
7.7
36
1000
8.6
Rainy
2937.515'
7950.022'
14.1
7.9
79
32
7.8
Summer
2923.211'
7928.400'
22.8
7.8
34
2000
8.5
Winter
2923.111'
7927.432'
8.5
8.1
55
1000
7.4
Rainy
2924.102'
7926.263'
10.6
8.1
75
32
7.8
Summer
2934.620'
8012.640'
26.4
7.9
40
2000
7.3
Winter
2934.525'
8012.666'
14.6
7.6
45
500
8.6
Rainy
2934.648'
8012.702'
12.0
7.9
79
16
6.8
Summer
2938'672"
7925'774"
30.12
8.2
25
1000
8.4
Winter
2938'723"
7925'784"
13.6
8.1
51
65
7.6
Raint
2938'745"
7925'814"
9.5
8.4
80
16
8.6
Summer
2935'467"
7939'796"
31.4
7.9
37
2000
8.2
Winter
2935'727"
7939'375"
18.0
8.0
42
500
8.7
Rainy
2935'959"
7939'568"
9.0
8.1
79
32
7.6
Nainital
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Artola
Table II: GPS based data of native sample sites in the Garhwal region during summer,
rainy, and winter seasons of the years 20142015.
Geographic coordinates
Stations/Season
s
Latitude, N
Longitude,E
Meta data
Average
Soil
TempC
pH
Light
Humidity%
(Foot
Wind
current
Candle)
Chamba
Summer
3020'729"
7823'560"
17.8
7.9
58
1000
7.2
Winter
3020'919"
7823'476"
6.9
8.0
42
500
8.6
Rainy
3020'911"
7823'468"
8.3
7.5
80
7.1
N3027'367
"
E07805'231
"
23.8
7.9
51
1000
8.9
Mussoorie
Summer
27
Winter
Rainy
N3027'378
"
E07805'236
"
500
7.8
16
7.00
51
2000
7.9
12.9
7.8
56
18.8
7.2
85
16.0
7.1
N3027'354
"
E07804'853
"
Summer
3025'435"
7814'805"
Winter
3025'425"
7814'795"
9.0
7.7
33
1000
8.6
Rainy
3025'829"
7814'721"
13.3
7.9
81
32
7.9
Dhanulti
Experiments on validation of tolerant mosses in field

Table 4.2 A. Effectof zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses in field of
Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Moss
Thuidium cymbifolium
polytrichym sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Control
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
10 ppm conc.
0.696
0.713
0.662
0.653
0.614
20 ppm conc.
0.654
0.672
0.612
0.597
0.559
40 ppm conc.
0.587
0.602
0.562
0.529
0.507
Table 4.2.B Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Moss
polytrichym sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Control
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
10 ppm conc.
0.706
0.692
0.669
0.602
0.627
20ppm conc.
0.654
0.649
0.634
0.537
0.556
40 ppm conc.
0.586
0.565
0.542
0.49
0.508
Table 4.2.C Effect of copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
Kumaon regions (Nanital) at different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Control .
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
10 ppm conc.
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
20 ppm conc.
0.729
0.715
0.652
0.61
0.619
40 ppm conc.
0.667
0.682
0.632
0.574
0.56
Table 4.2.DEffect of zinc the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.
S.NO
Name Of the Moss
Control
10ppm conc.
28
20ppm conc.
40 ppm conc.
1
2
3
4
5
polytrichym sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
0.719
0.712
0.676
0.616
0.634
0.672
0.686
0.604
0.556
0.569
0.603
0.626
0.576
0.489
0.517
Table 4.2 .E Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Dicranum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Control
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
10ppm conc.
0.706
0.692
0.669
0.602
0.627
20ppm conc.
0.654
0.649
0.634
0.537
0.556
40 ppm conc.
0.586
0.565
0.592
0.490
0.508
Table 4.2.F Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Dicranum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Control
0.761
0.753
0.696
0.663
0.653
10ppm conc.
0.729
0.715
0.652
0.610
0.619
20ppm conc.
0.667
0.682
0.632
0.574
00.560
40 ppm conc.
0.593
0.617
0.563
0.521
0.515
............................................................................
Table 4.2.G Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regionsGarhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Control
0.738
0.724
0.715
0.679
10ppm conc.
0.683
0.671
0.652
0.644
20ppm conc.
0.629
0.604
0.583
0.556
40 ppm conc.
0.583
0.567
0.531
0.517
0.689
0.64
0.557
0.519
Table .4.2.H Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Control
0.738
0.724
0.715
0.679
10ppm conc.
0.664
0.651
0.642
0.622
29
20ppm conc.
0.609
0.584
0.561
0.536
40 ppm conc.
0.552
0.527
0.512
0.497
Tortulla ruralis
0.689
0.636
0.542
0.51
Table 4.2.I. Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
control
0.738
0.724
0.715
0.679
10 ppm conc.
0.672
0.663
0.659
0.639
20 ppm conc.
0.617
0.597
0.576
0.542
40 ppm conc.
0.571
0.531
0.522
0.506
0.689
0.637
0.55
0.513
Table.4.2 J.Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Brachythecium sp.
Tortulla ruralis
control
0.755
0.717
0.743
0.671
0.696
10ppm conc.
0.688
0.652
0.663
0.621
0.649
20ppm conc.
0.638
0.614
0.628
0.567
0.587
40 ppm conc.
0.582
0.559
0.561
0.512
0.535
Table.4.2 K Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Brachythecium sp.
Tortulla ruralis
control
0.755
0.717
0.743
0.671
0.696
10ppm conc.
0.675
0.642
0.665
0.602
0.626
20ppm conc.
0.624
0.572
0.603
0.573
0.582
40 ppm conc.
0.573
0.523
0.553
0.507
0.521
Table.4.2.L Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
regionsGarhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
Name Of the Moss

Polytrichum sp.
Brachythecium sp.
Tortulla ruralis
control
0.755
0.717
0.743
0.671
0.696
10ppm conc.
0.697
0.637
0.657
0.614
0.627
30
20ppm conc.
0.604
0.562
0.582
0.533
0.531
40 ppm conc.
0.547
0.527
0.53
0.513
0.503
GRAPH
M
in
iu
m
cu
sp
id
at
um
40 ppm conc.
ru
ra
lis
sp
.
20ppm conc.
po
ly
tr
ic
hy
m
cy
m
Th
ui
di
um
H
yp
nu
m
cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
bi
fo
liu
m
10ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Control
0
Fig.4.2.A Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses in field of Kumaon regions
(Nainital) at different concentrations.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Control
0.4
10ppm conc.
0.3
20ppm conc.
40 ppm conc.
0.2
0.1
0
polytrichym sp.
Minium cuspidatum
Fig 4.2.B Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon regions
31
(Nainital) at different concentrations.
sp
.
20ppm conc.
40 ppm conc.
cu
sp
id
at
um
M
in
iu
m
To
rt
ul
la
po
ly
tr
ic
hy
m
Th
ui
di
um
H
yp
nu
m
cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
cy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
10ppm conc.
ru
ra
lis
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Control
0
Fig 4.2.C Effect of copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon
regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.
cu
sp
id
at
um
40 ppm conc.
M
in
iu
m
sp
ru
ra
lis
To
rt
ul
la
cy
m
Th
ui
di
um
cu
pr
es
H
yp
nu
m
20ppm conc.
po
ly
tr
ic
hy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
10ppm conc.
si
fo
rm
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Control
Fig. 4.2.D. Effect of zinc the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at
(Artula) different concentrations.
32
M
in
iu
m
cu
sp
id
at
um
40 ppm conc.
ru
ra
lis
sp
.
20ppm conc.
po
ly
tr
ic
hy
m
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
bi
fo
liu
m
10ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Control
Fig. 4.2.E. Effect of lead the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at
(Artula) different concentrations.
cu
sp
id
at
um
40 ppm conc.
M
in
iu
m
ru
ra
lis
sp
.
20ppm conc.
po
ly
tr
ic
hy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
cy
m
Th
ui
di
um
H
yp
nu
m
cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
e
10ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1Control
0
Fig. 4.2.F. Effect of copper the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from
33
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
control
0.1
10 ppm conc.
20 ppm conc.
40 ppm conc.
ru
ra
lis
To
rt
ul
la
Br
ac
hy
th
ec
iu
m
sp
.
sp
.
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
si
fo
rm
e
cu
pr
es
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
Fig. 4.2.G.:Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.
To
rt
ul
la
ru
ra
lis
40 ppm conc.
Is
op
te
rg
iu
m
di
st
ic
ha
ce
um
20 ppm conc.
Cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
H
yp
nu
m
sp
10 ppm conc.
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1control
0
Fig. 4.2.H.:Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
34
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 control
10 ppm conc.
20 ppm conc.
40 ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
ru
ra
lis
di
st
ic
ha
ce
um
Is
op
te
rg
iu
m
Cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
bi
fo
liu
m
sp
Fig. 4.2.I.:Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
ru
ra
lis
sp
40 ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
Cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
sp
20 ppm conc.
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
10 ppm conc.
Br
ac
hy
th
ec
iu
m
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 control
0
Fig. 4.2.J.:Effect of Zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.
35
ru
ra
lis
To
rt
ul
la
Br
ac
hy
th
ec
iu
m
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
40 ppm conc.
sp
sp
20 ppm conc.
Cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
bi
fo
liu
m
10 ppm conc.
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
control
Fig. 4.2.K.:Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
ru
ra
lis
sp
40 ppm conc.
To
rt
ul
la
Po
ly
tr
ic
hu
m
Cu
pr
es
si
fo
rm
sp
20 ppm conc.
H
yp
nu
m
Th
ui
di
um
cy
m
bi
fo
liu
m
10 ppm conc.
Br
ac
hy
th
ec
iu
m
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 control
Fig. 4.2.L.:Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions
4.3PASSIVE GRAPH KUMON
36
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
Concentrationg/gm
Winter
Summer
0.01
Monsoon
Annual
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
Fig.4.3.1.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in metal

cadmium(g/gm)at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015
High Values of cadmium measured during winters in mosses Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 0.016
g/gm from Nainital, 0.006 g/gm from Mukteshwar where as in moss Hypnum cupressiforme intake
of metal was the most from site Pithoragarh and Ranikhet both i.e 0.014 g/gm (table 4.3.1) and
measured least in Mukteshwar (0.005 g/gm)
Maximum cadmium concentration in summer was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas
0.020 g/gm) from Nainital, in a same moss concentration was .009 g/gm observed from the site
Mukteshwar and Artula also. In moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal cd intake was 0.018 g/gm
from the Nanital site and low from Mukteshwar (0.008 g/gm )
Cadmium concentration in rains was highest in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(0.018 g/gm) from
Nainital , in a same moss 0.007 g/gm concentration was from in Mukteshwar and Artula both
sites.While in moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal concentration was measured 0.015g/gm
from Pithoragarh and Ranikhet both and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 0.006 g/gm.
Trend of annual metal Cd load in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (0.018 g/gm) from Nainital, and
was low from Mukteshwar and Artola i.e (0.007g/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae high
value was observed as 0.015g/gm from Nainital and Ranikhet also and low from Mukterwar 0.006
g/gm.
37
50
45
40
35
30
Concentrationg/gm
Winter
Summer
25
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.2.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in chromium (g/gm)at

different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015
For metal chromium, both the mosses (Thuidium cyambifolium, Hypnum cupressiformae) exhibited
same trend (Tables.4.2) during winters. (high from Pithoragarh, low from Mukteshwer)
Nearly same trend was found during summer and rains (table 4.3.2) and high from Nainital, low
from Mukteshwer
Value of the Annual chromium concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.47 g/gm
from Pithoragarh and had minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 11.61 g/gm same trend was found in
Hypnum cupressiformae high metal intake was from Pithoragarh (42.39 g/gm) and low11.19
g/gm from Mukteshwar.
38
50
45
40
35
Concentration g/gm
Winter
30
Summer
25
Monsoon
20
Annual
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.3.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in cobalt (g/gm) at

different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Over all analysis confirmed a increasing trend for metal cobalt from Nainital of Kumaon in
comparison to the other places and lowest from Mukteswar (Table 4.3.3)
45
40
35
30
25
20
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.4. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in copper (g/gm) at different native
sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
High concentration was observed of metal Cu during winters in Thuidium cyambifolium

(41.82g/gm) from Nainital and same was measured 10.42g/gm from Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum
cupressiformae had highmetal from Nainital (37.19g/gm) and same was low in Artula (9.12
g/gm).
39
Copper Value measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas was 44.33g/gm from Nainital, and its
low was from Mukteshwar (10.27g/gm). Values measured in Hypnum cupressiformae was high
and measured as 41.16g/gm from the Nainital site and minimum from Artula (10.27 g/gm).
Copper values during rains in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.71g/gm from Nainital and ,
.low i.e 11.93g/gm from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae high metal value was
40.24g/gm from the Nainital site and minimum from Artula (9.11g/gm)
Annual concentration of copper in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.95g/gm) from, low values
from Mukteshwar (11.61g/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae value were measured high as
(39.53g/gm) from Nainital and low from Artula (9.5g/gm).
180
160
140
120
Winter
Concentration
g/gm
100
80
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
60
40
20
0
Fig.4.3.5 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in iron at different native sites in
KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Value of Fe was in winters in mossThuidium cyambifoliumwas168.05g/gm from Nainital and same

was measured 66.71g/gm from Mukteshwar while in moss Hypnum cupressiformae intake of metal
Fe from Nainital was 155.56g/gm and low in moss from Mukteshwar (60.83g/gm). Summer
value of iron was measured in Thuidium cyambifolium was 177.29 g/gm was high from Nainital,
and low from site Mukteshwar 73.89g/gm. Values observed in Hypnum cupressiformaewashigh
i.e (160.28g/gm) from the Nainital and minimum from Mukteshwar (68.12g/gm) . Values of iron
exhibited same pattern during rains and measured values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium
was179.32g/gm from Nainital was low 76.34g/gm from in Mukteshwar.
Annual concentration of iron was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (174.88g/gm) from
Nainital, and low from Mukteshwar (72.31g/gm). Moss Hypnum cupressiformae exhibited same
pattern.
40
50
45
40
35
30
Concentration
Winter g/gm Summer
25
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.6 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lead at different native sites in
Result: Winter value of lead in moss Thuidium sp was 46.75g/gm was maximum from Nainital, and
low from site Mukteshwar 7.89g/gm. Values measered in Hypnum cupressiformae was high i.e
45.18g/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar 8.12g/gm . Trend for summers
and rains was found identical to the trend of winter Thuidium cyambifolium exhibit lead values as
49.89g/gm from Nainital, and value was 8.57g/gm from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum
cupressiformae had high metal value 48.07g/gm from the Ranikhet and same was low from
Mukteshwar i.e 9.19g/gm. Trend of annual metal load for Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifolium
(48.42g/gm) from Nainital, was low from Mukteshwar i.e (8.12g/gm) and in moss Hypnum
cupressiformae high value was observed(46.96 g/gm) from Rainkhet and same was low from
Mukteshwar 8.62 g/gm.
.
41
6
5
4
Winter g/gm Summer
Concentration
3
Monsoon
Annual
2
1
0
Fig.4.3.7PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lithium at different native sites in
High value of Li was as measured in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium (4.79g/gm) from Ranikhet
and same was measured as (1.38g/gm) from Mukteshwar while in moss Hypnum
cupressiformaeintake of metal from Nainital and Pithoragarh was 4.12 g/gm and low in
Mukteshwar 1.21 g/gm. Summer value of lithium was in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas 5.29
g/gm was high from Nainital, and low from site Mukteshwar (1.63g/gm) . Values observed in
Hypnum cupressiformae washigh i.e 4.97 g/gm from the Pithoragarh site and minimum from
Mukteshwar 1.56g/gm . Lithium value in rains was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(5.26
g/gm) from Pithoragarh and same was low i.e (1.54g/gm) from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum
cupressiformaehad high metal value 4.9g/gm from the Ranikhet and same was low from
Mukteshwar i.e (1.4 g/gm) . Annual concentration of Lithium was maximum in moss Thuidium
cyambifolium (5.17g/gm) from Pithoragarh, and was low from Mukteshwar i.e (1.51g/gm) in moss
Hypnum cupressiformae. High value of Li was observed as 4.93 g/gm from Ranikhet and low from
Mukteshwar 1.39g/gm
42
50
45
40
35
30
Concentration
Winter g/gm
Summer
25
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.8 PASSIE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in nickle at different native
sites on KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Concentration of nickle was observed high duringwinters in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was
42.78g/gm from the site of Ranikhet and same was measured 28.24g/gm from Mukteshwar while
in moss Hypnum cupressiformaeintake of Ni was from Pithoragarh (40.78g/gm) and low in
Mukteshwar (27.76g/gm).
Ni obsreved duringsummer in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was46.74g/gm from Nainital , and
had low from site Mukteshwar (31.1g/gm). Values measured in Hypnum cupressiformaewashigh
and measured as 44.51g/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar
(30.06g/gm) .
Nickle during monsoon was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (44.19g/gm) from
Pithoragarh, and value was low (29.14g/gm) from Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae had
value 42.18g/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 28.83 g/gm.
Annual value of Nickel was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (44.4g/gm) from Ranikhet,
and was low from Mukteshwar i.e (29.49g/gm)and in another moss Hypnum cupressiformae high
value was 42.30g/gm from Nainital and low from Mukteshwar(28.88g/gm).
43
70
60
50
Winter
Summer
40
Monsoon
Concentration g/gm
30
Annual
20
10
0
Fig.4.3.9 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in zinc at different native
sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Values of Zn during winter in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was maximum from Ranikhet (61.75
g/gm) and minimum from Mukteshwar (17.45 g/gm).In moss Hypnum cupressiformae highest zinc
valve was registered from Pithoragarh 55.12 g/gm and lowest from Mukteshwar (14.28 g/gm) ,is
similar towinter the trend of summer and rain were registeredhigh value of Zinc was measured
duringsummer in mossThuidium cyambifolium was 68.44 g/gm from Ranikhet and same was 21.31
g/gm from Mukteshwar in moss Hypnum cupressiformae metal intake was 62.01g/gm from
Pithoragarha and low (18.64 g/gm) from Mukteshwar. During rains Zinc value was observed high
in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas (65.04 g/gm) from Pithoragarh, and its low values from
Mukteshwar was 19.12 g/gm. Value in moss Hypnum cupressiformae was high (58.37g/gm)
from Pithoragarh and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 16.30 g/gm . Annual measured value of Zinc
was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (64.77g/gm) from Ranikhet, and
low from
Mukteshwar i.e (19.29g/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae high value was observed as
58.50g/gm from Pithoragarh and low from Mukteshwar (16.40 g/gm).
44
ACTIVE GRAPH KUMAON
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Concentration
Winter
(g/mg)
0.8 Summer
Monsoon
Annual
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Fig:4.3.10 Seasonal and annual variation in Cadmium (g/gm)in Thuidium cyambifolium at different
native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
Concentration of cadmium during winter in moss Thuidium cyambifolium harvested from Bhowali
(Nanital road)was1.21g/gm, and same was measured lowest 0.45 g/gm from Edward House,
Mukteshwar which is the lowest value of chromium among all the sample (Table 4.3.11).
Maximum value of cadmium measured in Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 1.60 g/mg from Nainital bus
stand and minimum in moss was 0.54 g/mg from IVRI Campus Mukteshwar. During the rainy
season cadmium concentration was 0.97 g/mg in moss Thuidium cyambifolium collected from
Nainital bus stand and the low values (0.40g/mg) was measured in moss from Lingard House
Almora.
45
90
80
70
60
50
Winter
Concentration
(g/mg)
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
40
30
20
10
0
Fig:4.3.11. Seasonal and annual variation in Chromium (g/gm)in Thuidiumcyambifolium at

different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
Chromium values in winter was maximum in samples collected from South mall road Nainital
(59.32g/mg) and minimum in Lingard house Mukteshwar (41.36g/mg). Where as during summer
in moss Thuidium cyambifolium high metal intake was found from KUMO bus stand Ranikhet
i.e(79.6 g/mg) same metal was found low from the monitoring site (Lingard house) Mukteshwar
(66.4 g/mg). During monsoon highest Cr contamination was found in Thandi sadak, Nanital ( 66.11
g/mg) and lowest from the area Lingard house in Mukteshwar ( 49.12 g/mg)
Annual high chromium concentration was 69.15 g/mg from south mall road, Nainital, and 52.48
g/m from Lingard house Mukteshwar.
46
120
100
80
Winter
Concentration
(g/mg)
60Summer
Monsoon
Annual
40
20
Fig:4.3.12. Seasonal and annual variation in Cobalt (g/gm)in Thuidiumcyambifolium at different

native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
The maximum winter value of cobalt was 70.28 g/mg in moss samples collected from Nainital bus
stand and minimum (46.71 g/mg) from Lingard road Mukteshwar. High Co values during summer
in selected moss Thuidium cyambifolium werefound from Nainital bus stand (116.14g/mg) and low
from Mukteshwar i.e 72.12g/mg. During monsoon high metal intake was observed from KUMO bus
stand Pithoraghar (93.8g/mg) and low (55.12g/mg) from lingard road Mukteshwar.
Highest annual value of cobalt the session (2014-2015) was analysed from bus stand of Ranikhet
(91.86 g/mg) and lowest amongst all sites measured as 63.95g/mg from IVRI Road Mukteshwar.
47
70
60
50
40
Winter (g/mg) Summer
Concentration
Monsoon
Annual
30
20
10
0
Fig: 4.3.13 Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variations in Copper (g/gm) in Thuidium
cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
Maximum value of Copper during winters was 50.13 g/mg from Nainital bus stand in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium and minimum in proximity to the Edward house, Mukteshwar (34.41
g/mg). A similar trend for Copper was measured in Nainital in moss from bus stand and minimum
at Edward house Mukteshwar in summer (maximum 68.82 g/mg and minimum 45.89 g/mg),
however for rainy season trend was (maximum 666.91 g/mg and minimum 41.91 g/mg) and
annual average Copper Concentration was 62.01 g/mg and minimum (40.73 g/mg).
48
600
500
400
Winter
Concentration
(g/mg)
300Summer
Monsoon
Annual
200
100
Fig:4. 14.Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (g/gm) in Thuidium
cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015
Results:
During winters Iron concentration was higher in Nainital at bus stand (412.82 g/mg) while low
(306.02 g/mg) in IVRI campus Mukteshwar. In moss Thuidium cyambifolium Similar trend being
registered during summer, monsoon and annual (Table4.14)
During summer maximum accumulation of Ironwas found in moss samples collected from Nainital
bus stand (469.05g/mg) and minimum (338.94g/mg) in moss collected from IVRI campus. Values
of monsoon for iron concentration was 515.15g/mg in Nainital bus stand and lowest (365.7g/mg)
in IVRI campus.
49
100
90
80
70
60
Winter
concentration
(g/mg)
50 Summer
Monsoon
Annual
40
30
20
10
0
Fig: 4.15.Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in lead (g/gm) in Thuidium
cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015
Results:
High accumulation of Pb was found in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital close to bus
stand and lowest in Lingard house Mukteshwar 25.61 g/mg in every season as well as annually.
Winter values (maximum 67.03 g/mg and minimum- 25.61 g/mg). Summer values was
(maximum 93.09 g/mg and minimum- 32.59 g/mg and during rain (max- 83.46 g/mg and
minimum- 29.67 g/mg), Average Annual values are (max-82.66 g/mg and minimum- 29.29
g/mg).
50
14
12
10
8
Concentration
Winter
g/gm
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
6
4
2
0
Fig:4.3.16Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Lithium (g/gm)in Thuidium

cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
The high lithium concentration was inwinters in samples collected from Nainital bus stand (11.12
g/mg) and minimum from Edward house Mukteshwar (4.02 g/mg). Li concentration high in
summers was from Nainital bus stand (11.92 g/mg) low in IVRI campus (4.18 g/mg).On the
contrary value duringrainy season for lithium concentration was the most in Kumaon bus stand
Pithoraghar (7.35 g/mg).and had low from IVRI campus (3.29 g/mg). Annual average Li value
was high in moss collected from Nainital bus stand (10.24 g/mg) and low from IVRI campus
Mukteshwer (4.31 g/mg).
51
25
20
15
Winter
Concentration
g/gm
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
10
Fg.4.3.17Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Nickel (g/gm )in Thuidium
cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
Value of Ni during winter was 19.95 g/gm from Nainital bus standand same was low from
Mukteshwar Edward house 8.75 g/gm, High value of Ni during summer was (21.36g/gm) in
Nainital from bus stand and measured low from Mukteshwar IVRI campus .ie. 10.47 g/gm. During
rains concentration of Ni was 20.21 g/gm in moss from Nainitalbus stand and same was analysed
low from Mukteshwar Edward house.ie. 9.23 g/gm. High annual value was at moss collected from
Nainital bus stand 20.50 g/gm and low from Edward house, Mukteshwar i.e 9.60 g/gm.
52
120
100
80
concentration
Winter
(g/mg)
60Summer
Monsoon
Annual
40
20
Fig. 4.3.18Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Zinc (g/gm) in Thuidium
cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Results:
Low Zinc concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was from Nainital bus stand (92.36
g/mg) and minimum in moss samples harvested from Lingard road Mukteshwar (29.2 g/mg). High
value of zinc being registered in summer from Nainital bus stand (108.1g/mg) and low from
Lingard house Mukteshwar (35.29 g/mg). During monsoon the Zn accumulation value was
maximum in Nainital bus stand (67.76 g/mg) and minimum in LingardraodNainital (32.25 g/mg).
Annual maximum values were from Nainital bus stand (84.40 g/mg) and minimum from Ligard
house Mukteshwar (32.24 g/mg).
53
PASSIVE GARHWAL GRAPH

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Winter g/gm
concentration
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
0.01
0
0
0
Fig.4.3.19.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in admium (g/gm) from different
native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.
High concentration in metal chromium during winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was.012 g/gm from
Dhanulti and same was measured .010 g/gm from Mussoorie where as in other moss Hypnum cupressiforme
metal intake was .012 g/gm from Chamba and was low in Mussoorie and from Dhanulti also (0.10 g/gm).
Summer value of Cr measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas .014 g/gm from Dhanulti, and had low
from site Mussoorie .011g/gm. while measured in Hypnum cupressiformewashigh and measured as .
013g/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie i.e.011 g/gm. Chromium during rains was
measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (012g/gm), value was low i.e .011g/gm in
from Chamba and mussoorie. moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was .011 g/gm from Chamba and
minimum from Mussoorie and Dhanulti also .010 g/gm
Annual measured value was high in mossThuidium cyambifoliumfrom Dhanulti (012 g/gm) and value was
low i.e .010 g/gm in same from Chamba in moss Hypnum cupressiformar high metal value was .012 g/gm
from Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie and Dhanulti i.e .011 g/gm.
54
50
45
40
35
30
Winter
Summer
Concentration(g/gm)
25
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig .4.3.20. PASSIVE BOIMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in chromium (g/gm)from
different native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.
Winters high concentration of Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas40.40 g/gm from Dhanulti, and
minimum from Mussoorie 1.e 34.71 g/gm. In moss Hypnum cupressiformeCr measured as 39.32 g/gm
from site Dhanulti and low from Mussooorie i.e 32.19 g/gm, Chromium in summers was high in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium (45.92 g/gm ) from Dhanulti ,and had low i.e 36.18 g/gm from Mussoorie, in moss
Hypnum cupressiforme high metal value was 42.86 g/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (36.11
g/gm). High concentration of metal chromium during rains in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas43.19 g/gm
from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (35.39 g/gm) while in Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal from
Dhanulti (40.04 g/gm) and was low in Mussoorie(33.87 g/gm) .
Annual metal concentration of Cr was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (43.05 g/gm) from Dhanulti, and
had low (35.42 g/gm) from Mussoorie, in moss Hypnum cupressiforme
55
45
40
35
30
Winter
Concentration
g/gm
25
20
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.21.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in cobalt (g/gm) from different
Cobalt in winters was observed high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (38.41g/gm) from Dhanulti, value was
show minimum (35.89g/gm) from Mussoorie .In other Moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was
36.75 g/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (33.53 g/gm). In moss Thuidium cyambifolium High
concentration of metal cobalt in summers was 41.78 g/gm from Dhanulti and same was measured 39.24
g/gm from Mussoorie. In mosss Hypnum cupressiforme Cobalt (39.70 g/gm) from Chamba and was low
in Mussoorie (38.12 g/gm) . During rains measured value of Co in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas 42.38
g/gm from Chamba, and low from site Mussoorie i.e 41.32 g/gm. Where as in Hypnum cupressiformewas
high and measured as 40.85 g/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie (39.09 g/gm).
Annual concentration of co was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium ( 40.80g/gm) from Dhanulti, and was
low from Mussoorie i.e .38.81g/gm in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 38.70 g/gm from
Dhanulti and minimum from Mussoo rie 36.91g/gm
56
50
45
40
35
30
Winter g/gm
Concentration
25Summer
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig.4.3.22.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Copper (g/gm) from different
Copper in winters was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (43.39g/gm) from Dhanulti, value
was show low i.e 40.84g/gm from Mussoorie. In other Moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal value was
39.26 g/gm from Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie i.e 40.29 g/gm. High concentration of metal
Copper in summers in Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 49.2g/gm from Dhanulti and same was measured
46.35g/gm from Mussoorie while in moss Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal 40.83 g/gm from
Dhanulti and was low in Chamba (43.07 g/gm) . During rains measured value of Cu in moss Thuidium
cyambifolium as 47.09g/gm from Dhanulti, and low from site Mussoorie i.e 43.16 g/gm. Where as in
Hypnum cupressiformewas high and measured as 44.61 g/gm from site Dhanulti and minimum from
Chamba i.e 41.67g/gm.
Annual concentration of Co was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (46.56g/gm), and low
from Mussorie (43.45g/gm). In moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 43.90 g/gm from
Dhanulti and low from Chamba 41.33g/gm.
57
200
180
160
140
120
Winter
Concentration
g/gm
100 Summer
Monsoon
Annual
80
60
40
20
0
Fig. 4.3.23.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (g/gm) from different
Undertaken both mosses exhibited similar trend of metal uptake for all three seasons including of the yearly
data. High concentration of Fe in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was 176.12g/gm from Mussoorie and
low from Dhanulti (151.69g/gm) while in other mossHypnum cupressiformehighest intake of metal (150.67)
from Mussorie and had low 143.23 g/gm in Dhanulti. In summer measured value of iron in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium was 189.3g/gm from Murroorie, and low from Dhanulti (160.12 g/gm) and in
Hypnum cupressiformesame was measured as 162.15 g/gm from Mussoorie and low from Dhanulti i.e .
150.46g/gm. Value during rains was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium as 192.33 from Mussoorie,
and same was low i.e 163.48 g/gm from Dhanulti, highmetal value in other moss Hypnum cupressiforme
167.37g/gm from Mussoorie and low from Dhanulti 154.04 g/gm.
Annual metal value of iron was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (185.91 g /gm) from Mussoorie, and
was low from Dhanulti (158.75g/gm) where as in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was
160.06g/gm from 160.06and minimum from Dhanulti 149.24g/gm .
58
45
40
35
30
25
Concentration
Winter
g/gm Summer
20
Monsoon
Annual
15
10
5
0
Fig. 4.3.24.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lead (g/gm)from different
native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.
High measured value of Pb in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was 39.16 g/gm from Chamba and had low
from Dhanulti 36.7g/gm, while in Hypnum cupressiformeintake of metal was 37.37 g/gm from Chamba
and same was 34.12 g/gm in Dhanulti. Metal value of summer for lead was in moss Thuidium
cyambifoliumwas as43.08 g/gm from mussoorie, and from site Dhanulti 41.32 g/gm. In Hypnum
cupressiforme same was measured as 41.91 g/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Dhanulti i.e .38.27
g/gm. Nearly same trend for rains was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (40.71 ) from
Chamba ,and was low i.e 38.61 g/gm from Dhanulti. Same trend was found for the moss Hypnum
cupressiforme
Annual lead values was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 40.68 g /gm from Chamba, and
minimum from Dhanulti i.e 38.87g/gm where as in moss Hypnum cupressiformar high metal value was
39.44g/gm from Chamba and lowest from Dhanulti 36.2g/gm.
59
7
6
5
4
Concentrationg/gm
Winter
Summer
Rains
Annual
3
2
1
0
Fig.4.3.25 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lithium (g/gm) at different
Low in concentration for lithium was measured for this metal. Both mosses exhibited an identical trend for
all seasons for metal lithium . High concentration of lithiumin during winters was in moss Thuidium
cyambifolium (3.87g/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Chamb (3.52g/gm) where as in moss Hypnum
cupressiforme metal intake was 3.62g/gm from Dhanulti and same was low (3.47 g/gm) in Chamba.
Durind summer value of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 6.12g/gm from Dhanulti , and from site
Chamba was 5.28g/gm.,and in Hypnum cupressiforme same was high and measured as 5.29 g/gm from
site Dhanulti and minimum from i.e .5.17 g/gm from Mussoorie. Lithium values during rains was measured
high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (3.91 ) from Dhanulti ,and same was low i.e3.76g/gm from Chamba
in moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal concentration was 3.86 g/gm from Chamba and found low
from Mussoorie 3.82 g/gm
Annual value of lithium was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (4.63g /gm) from Dhanulti, and low
from Chamba i.e 4.18 g/gm while in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal concentration was 4.25g/gm
from Dhanulti and lowest from Chamba (4.09g/gm).
60
50
45
40
35
30
Winter
Concentrationg/gm
25Summer
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig .4.3.26.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in nickel (g/gm)from different
native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.
Nickel in winter was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (38.88g/gm ) from Mussoorie ,and
same was low (34.17g/gm) from Dhanulti in moss Hypnum cupressiforehighest metal concentration
(38.3g/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (36.86 g/gm).
Maximum concentration of Ni during summer in Thuidium cyambifolium (43.12 g/gm) from Mussoorie.and
minimum from Dhanulti (39.42g/gm) where as in Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal was 42.29g/gm
fromDhanulti and same was minimum (40.28 g/gm) in Chamba.
During monsoon analysed value of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 45.82g/gm from Mussoorie , and
had low value from site Dhanulti (41.04 g/gm),measured Ni value in Hypnum cupressiforme same was high
and measured as 44.04g/gm from site Dhanulti and low from Chamba 42.86 g/gm.
Annual concentration of Nickel was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was (42.60 g /gm) from
Mussoorie, and minimum from Dhanulti (38.21 g/gm) while in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal
value was 41.54g/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (40.6g/gm).
61
50
45
40
35
30
Winter
Concentration
g/gmSummer
25
Monsoon
Annual
20
15
10
5
0
Fig .4.3.27. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in zinc (g/gm)at different native
sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.
Value of zinc in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium (38.37g/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie
(37.18mg/gm) where as in Hypnum cupressiforme metal intake was 36.53 g/gm from Dhanulti and same
was minimum 35.16 g/gm in Mussoorie.
In value of Zn measuredin moss Thuidium cyambifolium as 45.02 g/gm from Mussoorie , and minimum
from site Chamba i.e 43.08 g/gm., and in Hypnum cupressiforme same was maximum and measured as
41.66 g/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie (40.42g/gm ).
Metal zinc was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (27.81g/gm ) from Mussoorie ,and same had low
concentration (24.56g/gm) in moss from Chamba while in moss Hypnum cupressiforme highest metal
concentration was 25.14 g/gm from Dhanulti and found low from Mussoorie (23.48 g/gm) .
Annual measured value of zinc was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium ( 35.77g /gm) from Mussoorie,
and low from Chambai (35.25 g/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformemaximum metal value was
34.32g/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (33.02g/gm).
62
ACTIVE GARHWAL GRAPH

2
1.8
1.6
Concentration g/gm
1.4
Winter
1.2
summer
Monsoon
Average
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Fig.4.3.28.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cadmium (g/gm) data from different
native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
Result: Cadmium value In winters was high in the moss Thuidium cyambifolium, harvested from Mussoorie
near kempty bus stand(1.42g/gm) and low from Chamba forest rang ( 0.24 g/gm), during summers,
rains, and annual similar metal trend of cadmium was exhibited (Table:4.28)
80
70
60
50
Concentration(g/gm)
Winter
summer40
Monsoon
Average
30
20
10
0
Fig.4.3.29.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual chromium (g/gm) data from different
native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
Result: In winter the chromium value was high in the moss from, Mussoorie Kempty bus stand(62.14g/gm)
and low from Chamba forest range (33.15 g/gm), in summers maximum value was 79.87g/gm from
mussoorie kempty bus stand and minimum from Chamba forest range (38.21 g/gm).
63
During rains from Chamba bus standhigh vaule of Cd was measured (61.24g/gm) and (26.89g/gm) from
Chamba forest range which was the lowest amongst all sites. Annual measured value was high from
Mussoorie kempty bus stand ( 67.64 g/gm) and low from Chamba forest range (32.75 g/gm).
90
80
70
Concentration(g/gm)
60
Winter
50
summer
40
Average
Monsoon
30
20
10
0
Fig4.3.30.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual Cobalt (g/gm) data from different native
sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
Result: In winters the cobalt value measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was high from Mussoorie
kempty bus stand (69.93/gm )and low from Chamba close forest range(42.13 g/gm). Cobalt value of in
summers, rain as well as annual is given in table:4.3.30.
100
90
80
70
60
Concentration
Winter
(g/gm)
summer
50
Monsoon
Average
40
30
20
10
0
Fig.4.3.31.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual Copper (g/gm) data from different native
sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in mossThuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
Result: Metal valuein moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwasmaximum duringwinters for copper concentration (
66.35 g/gm) from Chamba forest range. Minimum value of same was for33.56 g/gm. On the contrary in
summers measured value of Cu was high (90.58 g/gm) from Chamba bus stand and low from Chamba
64
forestrange(39.62g/gm) in monsoon . Annual similar copper trend is given in table:4.3.31, Rain data is
(maximum68.09 g/gm and minimum 35.47g/gm Annual high and low vaule are 75.00 g/gm and
36.21g/gm).
450
400
350
Concentration(g/gm)
300
Winter
250
summer
200
Average
Monsoon
150
100
50
0
Fig.4.3.32. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual iron (g/gm) data from different native
Result: In moss Thuidium cyambifolium highiron intake duringwinters was (390.56 g/gm) from
Mussoorie Kempty bus stand was same was low from Chamba forest range(258.24 g/gm). Similar metal
(Fe) inclination was measured during summer,rains, as well as annual is given Table:4.3.32
80
70
60
50
Concentration
Winter
(g/gm)
summer
40
Monsoon
Average
30
20
10
0
Fig.4.3. 33. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lead (g/gm) data from different native
sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in mossThuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
65
High intake of lead in moss Thuidium cyambifolium duringwinterwas 54.11 g/gm from Mussoorie
Kempty bus stand, was minimum from Chamba forest range ( 26.29 g/gm) and in summers maximum
value of Pb was from Mussoorie kempty bus stand(79.35 g/gm)and minimum from Chamba
forestrange31.42g/gm. During rainy season from Chamba bus stand was of lead was measured as
(54.03g/gm) and from Chamba forest range low value was measured 28.12 g/gm, the annual measured
value was 60.17g/gm from Mussoorie kempty bus stand and from Chamba forest range lowest values
was observed 28.79g/gm.
9
8
7
6
5
Winter
summer
Concentration
(g/gm)
4
Monsoon
Average
3
2
1
0
Fig. 4.3.34 Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lithium(g/gm) data from different native
sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk).
All three seasons (winter, summer, rain) as well as annual had similar metal trend was found high from
Mussoorie Kempty bus stand and low from Chamba forestrange.(Table no: 4.3.34).
80
70
60
50
Winter
summer
Concentration
(g/gm)
40
Monsoon
Average
30
20
10
0
Fig.4.3.35. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual nickel (g/gm) data from different native
sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
66
Measured value of nickel in moss Thuidium cyambifolium inwinters was 56.91g/gm from Mussoorie
kempty bus stand and had low from Chamba forest range i.e 31.3 g/gm, in summers high metal intake
was measured from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand(79.72 g/gm)and low metal value from Chamba
forestrange4011g/gm, during rains from Mussoorie kempty bus stand. High value of Ni was
61.81g/gmand from Chamba forest range low metal value was measured 33.28g/gm, the Annual
measured value was high from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand (66.16g/gm) and low from Chamba forest
range ( 34.89g/gm).
80
70
60
50
Winter
summer
Concentration
(g/gm)
40
Monsoon
Average
30
20
10
0
Fig. 4.3.36. Active biomointoring of metals : Seasonal and annual zinc (g/gm) data from different native
Reasult: The value of zinc in winter,was high from Chamba bus stand(47.68g/gm) and low from Chamba
forest range 30.55 g/gm, During summer Zn accumulation was maximum from Uttranchal rural bank
Dhanulti (75.84 g/gm), and minimum from Chamba forest range (control site) 33.18g/gm,
concentration of metal zinc during monsoon was registered from Mall road mussoorie 36.83g/gm, low
26.49g/gm from Chamba forest range.Annual high zinc values was from Mall road Mussoorie
53.37g/gmand low from Chamba forest range (28.00g/gm).
67
PASSIVE KUMOUN TABLES

Table.4.3.1. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING - Seasonal and annual variation in
cadmium(g/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Thuidium cyambifolium**
Polytrichum sp.
Hymnostomum eduntulum
Hypnum cupressiforme **
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
0.006
0.008
0.009
0.013
0.016
0.011
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.006
0.003
0.005
.
0.007
0.009
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.012
0.014
0.009
..
0.014
0.015
0.011
0.009
..
.
0.008
0.012
0.012
0.018
0.02
..
0.008
0.009
0.008
0.009
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.009.
0.011
0.006
.
0.007
0.007
0.009
0.006
0.008
0.015
0.017
0.011
0.007
0.016
0.018
0.013
.
0.011
0.009
0.006
0.007
0.011
0.014
0.018
0.013
0.007
0.008
0.006
0.007
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.007
0.009
0.005
0.007
0.005
..
0.008
0.005
0.007
0.013
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.015
0.016
0.011
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.006
0.009
0.010
0.01
0.018
0.012
0.007
0.007
0.0085
0.006
0.007
0.003
0.006
0.0045
0.007
0.0096
0.005
0.0065
0.0056
0.006
0.008
0.0055
0.0075
0.013
0.015
0.01
0.0075
0.015
0.016
0.011
0.009
0.01
0.0095
68
Table.4.3.2. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Chromium

(g/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
18.81
23.39
37.28
35.62
45.48
48.32
30.08
26.19
16.69
12.49
12.5
13.25
11.5
17.28
17.2
18.59
.
13.45
12.29
14.67
10.67
13.78
23.39
44.26
44.19
39.67
35.19
44.1
42.74
39.09
35.81
38.12
30.42
21.89
35.04
33.24
43.09
45.18
28.21
.23.7
15.02
11.27
11.93
12.26
10.43
16.08
15.89
17.23
13.54
12.04
..
13.12
9.49
13.08
21.89
42.78
42.69
37.89
33.82
42.6
40.39
37.21
33.92
36.56
27.19
21.36
35.18
32.69
42.59
44.30
28.91
26.26
26.19
15.2
11.19
11.61
12.41
10.96
15.97
15.60
17.52
12.66
12.12
11.03
13.00
10.08
13.43
21.36
42.47
42.39
37.61
34.505
42.36
40.42
37.37
34.86
37.34
28.80
33.23
29.21
39.21
39.42
27.75
24.31
13.89
9.82
10.42
11.74
.
14.56
13.72
16.75
11.79
10.89
9.77
11.23
..
18.81
40.38
40.3
35.28
..
40.22
38.13
35.81
..
..
.
69
Table.4.3. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Cobalt

(g/gm) different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
13.39
17.09
37.28
35.62
45.48
48.32
..
30.08
26.19
12.69
13.59
12.5
13.25
11.5
15.28
14.19
10.17
..
12.5
11.89
13.78
11.7
11.92
47.17
47.2
34.08
.
45.19
44.24
37.17
33.77
45.19
44.24
15.13
35.04
33.24
43.09
45.01
40.81
28.21
23.7
11.02
11.23
11.93
12.26
10.43
14.08
13.09
9.67
12.45
11.39
..
12.22
10.49
10.18
45.29
45.09
32.15
33.9
43.41
42.86
35.49
31.78
43.41
42.86
15.20333
35.18333
32.69
42.59333
44.25
38.225
28.915
26.26
24.945
11.2
11.85667
11.61667
12.41667
10.965
14.30667
13.16333
9.586667
11.685
11.28333
11.28
12.57667
11.095
11.05
45.75333
45.71333
32.38
33.095
43.52667
42.37667
35.85667
32.775
43.52667
42.37667
33.23
29.21
39.21
39.42
35.64
27.75
24.31
9.89
10.75
10.42
11.74
.
13.56
12.21
8.92
10.92
9.96
10.67
11.73
44.8
44.85
30.91
32.29
41.98
40.03
34.91
..
41.98
40.03
70
Table.4.3.4. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual concentrations of Copper

(g/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
25.61
26.89
27.28
32.28
41.16
44.33
..
30.18
30.91
11.19
12.15
12.5
9.15
9.75
14.08
13.41
10.27
.
11.61
10.97
12.89
10.28
12.98
26.89
38.72
35.48
32.32
28.17
36.13
43.92
34.19
.
35.13
18.42
25.09.13
25.04
31.41
40.24
42.71
38.01
28.7
10.42
11.27
11.93
8.51
8.63
13.27
12.39
9.11
11.79
11.04
..
12.02
9.52
11.32
25.09.13
36.19
32.06
30.51
26.15
34.21
42.14
33.15
26.38
33.66
16.14
26.25
26.48
31.15
39.53
42.95
36.59
29.21
29.80
10.24
11.31
11.61
8.44
9.19
13.32
12.32
9.5
11.23
10.84
10.07
12.04
9.9
12.15
26.25
35.68
32.75
29.97
27.16
34.74
41.40
33.01
25.39
34.39
17.28
27.13
29.77
37.19
41.82
35.17
28.25
9.12
10.53
10.42
7.67
.
12.61
11.18
9.12
10.67
9.89
9.17
11.21
25.61
32.13
30.72
27.1
..
33.88
38.15
31.7
24.41
..
.
71
Table.4.3.5. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (g/gm)

Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Winter
112.13
120.18
114.26
155.56
168.05
115.27
98.57
114.17
60.83
66.71
42.17
58.26
.
70.68
67.21
52.17
56.24
49.9
46.75
53.96
139.7
135.82
127.21
..
145.42
148.92
130.63
114.41
..
.
72
Summer
120.67
127.27
118.6
160.28
177.29
..
108.18
107.17
68.12
73.89
45.61
63.19
52.72
75.71
73.38
58.14
.
53.22
50.67
59.23
61.03
68.15
146.36
141.73
132.02
128.78
153.17
159.87
138.69
.
135.23
108.06
Monsoon
Annual/Average
125.3
130.11
120.16
163.17
179.32
118.19
118.1
111.45
70.7
76.34
48.44
65.33
57.29
78.34
75.15
63.78
65.52
55.86
..
64.38
64.36
73.29
151.28
145.16
137.29
132.85
159.29
164.4
143.53
126.8
138.67
113.14
119.36
125.85
117.67
159.67
174.88
116.73
103.37
116.13
109.31
66.55
72.31
45.40
62.26
55.00
74.91
71.91
58.03
60.88
52.99
48.71
59.19
62.69
70.72
145.78
140.90
132.17
130.81
152.62
157.73
137.61
120.60
136.95
110.6
Table.4.3.6 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Lead (g/gm)

Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
30.02
31.87
37.76
36.08
46.02
49.89
..
29.78
32.67
9.19
8.57
6.51
7.21
6.67
17.31
19.41
11.89
.
13.42
7.57
9.73
6.13
8.45
44.6
41.32
36.92
28.58
48.07
45.22
35.6
.
34.78
28.61
30.78
34.05
34.86
43.56
48.62
39.29
35.61
29.09
8.57
8.12
5.71
5.88
5.49
16.15
18.57
10.58
13.72
12.87
..
8.48
5.79
7.39
42.98
39.76
34.09
26.15
46.96
42.42
33.13
26.81
32.84
24.64
30.89
35.14
35.03
43.90
48.42
39
28.97
34.96
30.88
8.62
8.19
5.81
6.48
6.08
16.37
18.48
11.03
13.23
12.5
6.86
8.76
5.96
7.92
42.91
39.7
34.76
27.36
46.73
42.78
33.70
25.64
33.81
26.625
33.63
34.15
42.14
46.75
38.71
28.17
34.32
8.12
7.89
5.22
6.36
.
15.65
17.46
10.62
12.744
11.21
6.15
8.08
41.17
38.02
33.27
..
45.18
40.72
32.39
24.48
..
.
73
Table.4.3.7. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual Lithium(g/gm)values

in different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
2.61
3.04
4.1
3.81
4.59
5.29
..
2.86
3.17
1.56
1.63
0.59
1.06
0.76
2.35
2.49
1.35
..
1.37
0.75
1.43
1.12
1.35
5.69
4.97
3.94
2.51
4.96
5.12
3.86
.
3.18
2.29
2.87
3.81
3.57
4.35
5.05
3.81
2.95
2.78
1.4
1.54
0.41
0.92
0.58
2.12
2.87
1.05
1.21
1.1
..
1.18
0.97
1.12
5.26
4.55
3.58
2.09
4.53
4.9
3.59
2.76
2.67
1.83
2.84
3.9
3.54
4.35
5.01
3.72
2.72
2.81
2.97
1.39
1.51
0.48
0.94
0.67
2.08
2.29
1.02
1.05
1.03
0.6
1.13
1.045
1.235
5.17
4.54
3.66
2.3
4.51
4.93
3.64
2.55
2.92
2.06
3.79
3.25
4.12
4.71
3.64
2.58
2.68
1.21
1.38
0.46
0.86
.
1.78
1.52
0.67
0.89
0.63
0.45
0.8
4.58
4.12
3.47
..
4.06
4.79
3.47
2.35
..
.
74
Table.4.3.8.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual Nickle (g/gm)different

native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
22.41
25.13
37.07
32.62
44.19
46.74
..
34.51
37.14
30.06
31.1
15.39
28.24
25.15
33.06
31.92
23.38
.
26.7
16.06
25.08
22.69
26.24
46.23
44.36
39.26
34.67
44.51
46.26
41.71
.
34.41
28.18
24.26
34.16
31.29
41.36
42.6
49.33
30.92
35.22
28.83
29.14
13.64
26.17
23.31
31.78
30.19
21.89
27.25
25.49
..
23.75
20.38
24.18
44.19
42.13
37.47
32.12
42.18
44.16
39.3
27.82
32.29
26.32
23.93
34.22
31.20
41.07
43.17
42.49
30.96
28.57
36.18
28.88
29.49
13.74
26.35
24.23
31.88
30.08
21.70
26.52
25.11
15.28
23.71
21.53
25.21
44.19
42.42
37.42
33.39
42.30
44.4
39.82
27.37
33.35
27.25
31.45
29.71
37.67
40.18
35.65
27.41
26.23
27.76
28.24
12.19
24.66
.
30.82
28.15
19.84
25.79
23.16
14.51
22.32
42.16
40.78
35.53
..
40.23
42.78
38.47
26.93
..
.
75
Table.4.3.9. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Zinc (g/gm)

from different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Artula
Pithoragarh
Ranikhet
Mosses
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Polytrichum sp.
Isotergium elegans
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Minium cuspidatum
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
41.87
45.12
43.24
39.31
56.45
58.59
..
35.15
39.48
18.64
21.31
13.29
15.42
14.85
22.94
18.92
15.53
.
15.27
11.52
15.53
14.26
15.37
67.52
62.01
47.26
36.46
55.16
68.44
44.86
..
32.88
29.36
40.64
33.56
35.08
49.92
45.51
39.9
29.18
30.78
16.3
19.12
9.72
13.16
11.06
20.54
16.71
12.69
18.08
13.64
..
13.62
11.14
13.67
62.49
58.37
54.14
32.41
52.82
65.04
35.6
32.36
27.11
26.08
42.54
37.89
36.02
50.32
51.28
42.81
32.61
30.72
35.13
16.40
19.29
11.05
13.77
12.95
20.87
17.05
13.8
17.13
13.51
10.33.
13.48
12.7
14.52
63.67
58.5
44.32
34.43
52.33
64.77
39.89
31.13
29.99
27.72
36.89
33.67
44.61
49.76
45.72
30.08
32.27
14.28
17.45
10.14
12.74
.
19.13
15.52
13.18
16.19
11.63
9.15
11.29
..
60.09
55.12
41.38
..
49.01
61.75
39.22
29.9
76
II Year
ACTIVE MONITORING: KUMOUN
Table 4.310. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Cadmium (g/gm) values (average)
in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during
2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Nainital
Stations
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
road
Nainital road
Almora
Almora road
VPKAS
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Bus stand
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Temple
Eco park
Ranikhet
Golf course
Sadar bazaar
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
1.13
0.08
0.81
0.08
0.78
0.04
0.82
1.6
0.09
1.14
0.08
1.31
0.10
1.21
0.97
0.09
0.69
0.09
0.68
0.08
0.73
1.23
0.09
0.88
0.09
0.92
0.08
0.92
0.05
0.53
0.04
0.45
0.03
0.6
0.04
0.98
0.06
0.83
0.09
0.78
0.03
0.54
0.03
1.3
0.06
0.4
0.07
0.41
0.06
0.45
0.03
0.7
0.06
0.58
0.07
0.54
0.05
0.53
0.03
0.99
0.06
1.21
0.05
0.9
0.07
0.59
0.05
0.66
0.05
0.71
0.08
0.65
0.06
0.72
0.06
0.7
0.06
1.46
0.03
1.23
0.08
0.91
0.03
0.93
0.05
1.13
0.07
0.95
0.07
0.97
0.05
0.93
0.05
0.76
0.06
0.61
0.06
0.43
0.04
0.61
0.06
0.53
0.03
0.58
0.07
0.65
0.3
0.61
0.06
1.14
0.04
0.91
0.07
0.64
0.03
0.73
0.06
0.79
0.07
0.72
0.07
0.78
0.5
0.74
0.06
0.62
0.06
0.9
0.04
1.09
0.08
0.05
0.84
0.06
1.27
0.05
1.51
0.04
0.09
0.57
0.06
0.83
0.07
0.92
0.13
0.07
0.67
0.06
1
0.05
1.17
0.06
77
Annual
Pithoragarh
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
0.87
0.04
1.12
0.1
0.9
0.05
0.71
0.04
0.57
0.05
1.29
0.05
1.39
0.05
1.28
0.03
1.12
0.04
0.94
0.05
1.15
0.07
0.96
0.04
0.75
0.07
0.93
0.13
0.78
0.08
0.52
0.07
0.42
0.03
0.97
0.05
1.14
0.07
0.98
0.07
0.78
0.06
0.64
0.04
0.62
0.05
0.91
0.06
Table 4.3.11 . Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Chromium(g/gm) values

(average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in
Kumaon during
2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Stations
Nainital
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
road
Nainital road
Almora
Almora road
VPKAS
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Bus stand
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
46.12
3.14
58.15
3.07
54.02
3.04
59.32
73.04
6.02
79.05
6.27
85.18
6.29
85.08
62.26
4.17
64.34
2.8
66.11
3.7
63.06
60.47
4.44
67.18
4.04
68.43
4.34
69.15
2.03
41.36
3.17
43.68
4.01
42.11
2.29
53.08
5.5
66.97
2.12
69.79
4.68
69.6
5.12
78.12
5.31
49.12
4.16
50.17
5.16
51.15
2.89
56.07
4.28
52.48
3.15
54.54
4.61
54.28
3.43
62.42
3.4
50.56
2.15
53.08
5.24
48.19
4.12
49.05
3.29
50.82
2.03
52.79
2.16
51.06
2.08
43.85
5.11
75.91
3.27
83.14
4.81
76
3.05
72.09
4.1
76.49
3.18
76.09
3.93
69.12
2.63
72.1
4.05
61.39
3.11
64.04
2.74
58.11
4.23
56.24
3.01
59.92
4.89
62.87
3.19
56.12
4.12
52.57
4.18
62.62
2.84
66.75
4.26
60.76
3.8
59.12
3.46
62.41
3.36
63.91
3.09
58.76
2.94
56.17
78
Annual
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Temple
Eco park
SD
Mean
Golf course
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
SD
2.16
45.58
3.15
46.84
2.02
41.26
2.17
46.14
2.56
52.39
2.07
52.15
2.12
42.17
3.19
45.5
3.11
51.89
3.18
4.28
72.19
4.62
71.42
4.2
72.74
4.92
75.37
5.13
79.6
5.41
77.61
4.89
74.18
5.57
75.31
4.47
77.7
5.5
4.06
51.9
5.64
51.32
3.42
53.06
3.22
58.89
2.18
61.26
4.95
59.84
2.47
56.14
2.61
51.68
3.2
60.89
4.34
3.5
56.55
4.47
56.52
3.21
55.68
3.43
60.13
3.29
64.41
4.14
63.2
3.16
57.49
3.79
57.49
3.59
63.49
4.34
Table 4.3.12 Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Cobalt (g/gm) values (average) in
moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during
2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Stations
Nainital
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
road
Nainital road
Almora
Almora road
VPKAS
Main market
Bus Stand
Bus stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
70.28
3.28
52.87
3.22
57.83
3.17
55.63
116.14
6.08
92.08
4.27
92.89
5.38
95.75
87.51
3.15
74.34
4.14
75.56
4.12
73.12
91.31
4.17
73.09
3.87
75.42
4.22
74.83
4.06
46.71
4.34
50.03
4.19
51.34
2.38
62.79
3.82
72.12
5.12
76.04
6.32
79.84
5.72
93.5
5.13
55.12
2.26
57.84
6.2
60.69
4.89
87.85
4.33
57.98
3.90
61.30
5.57
63.95
4.33
81.38
3.18
61.37
4.02
60.42
3.08
59.18
3.75
59.88
3.79
63.18
5.11
59.78
4.21
9.07
95.82
7.84
91.36
7.86
104.58
5.24
103.72
5.82
108.7
6.51
104.61
5.62
7.92
82.68
6.62
80.16
5.14
84.67
6.37
85.35
7.66
87.83
8.21
87.43
6.06
6.72
79.95
6.16
77.31
5.36
82.81
5.12
82.98
5.75
86.57
6.61
83.94
5.29
79
Annual
Artula
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Temple
Eco park
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Golf course
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
51.98
4.39
54.16
88.91
7.13
96.22
72.03
5.88
83.13
53.64
5.8
77.83
3.06
56.88
3.15
61.42
5.79
59.12
4.18
55.89
6.96
65.84
4.53
66.87
4.63
51.84
4.9
53.24
3.98
4.52
91.46
7.71
98.16
3.14
104.78
7.1
97.32
7.83
108.24
8.75
113.15
5.16
93.72
5.39
97.79
6.18
6.12
81.88
5.13
87.87
5.5
87.1
5.12
84.13
4.98
91.52
6.2
93.24
5.72
84.79
7.81
87.89
8.02
4.56
76.74
5.33
82.48
4.81
83.66
5.46
79.11
6.59
88.53
6.49
91.08
5.17
76.78
6.03
79.64
6.06
69.07
5.26
103.16
8.1
93.8
6.13
88.67
6.49
Table 4.3.13 . Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Copper (g/gm) values (average) in
moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 20142015.
Sampling
sites
Stations
Nainital
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
road
Nainital road
Almora
Almora road
VPKAS
Main market
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Summer
Monsoon
Annual
50.31
3.16
44.61
3.12
43.81
1.27
47.64
68.82
5.81
62.74
5.02
60.13
4.2
54.96
66.91
4.4
62.43
3.62
57.81
3.45
51.79
62.01
4.45
56.59
3.92
53.91
2.97
51.46
2.19
37.13
2.02
34.41
2.73
37.54
2.3
47.52
3.06
48.04
4.7
45.89
4.38
52.78
4.26
60.92
4.86
43.21
5.42
41.91
5.82
47.42
5.08
58.09
3.37
42.79
4.04
40.73
4.31
45.91
3.88
55.51
3.13
43.9
2.18
42.81
3.9
43.64
2.26
40.83
3.27
4.81
58.89
1.83
52.53
5.17
58.77
3.8
56.79
5.02
2.11
52.96
3.58
51.03
3.76
53.63
3.78
55.15
3.29
3.35
51.91
2.53
48.79
4.27
52.01
3.28
50.92
3.86
80
Bus Stand
Artula
Bus stand
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Temple
Eco park
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Golf course
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
43.12
3.71
46.11
1.23
44.41
3.14
40.5
58.1
4.13
55.32
3.12
59.7
3.78
50.21
53.67
3.52
52.5
2.71
57.72
3.02
47.9
51.63
3.78
51.31
2.35
53.94
3.31
46.20
1.41
43.34
3.58
45.83
3.08
42.87
3.7
46.16
2.52
46.84
2.02
48.12
3.01
44.97
2.17
46.89
2.48
3.59
52.72
4.06
62.9
4.11
58.51
3.47
52.97
3.72
59.11
3.68
55.83
4.78
59.04
2.26
60.51
5.11
2.12
50.75
2.57
57.59
3.3
49.39
4.13
42.79
3.03
51.09
3.82
50.03
5.11
47.91
3.02
54.9
4.15
2.37
48.93
3.40
55.44
3.49
50.25
3.76
47.30
3.09
52.34
3.17
51.32
4.3
50.64
2.48
54.1
3.91
50.12
3.21
63.67
5.36
57.79
3.98
57.19
4.18
Table 4.3.14. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annualIron (g/gm) values (average) in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Stations
Nainital
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
road
Nainital road
Almora
Almora road
VPKAS
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
412.82
11.12
350.12
11.13
389.9
10.32
334.9
469.05
11.64
385.07
11.84
421.59
12.08
382.87
515.15
12.26
415.02
14.4
446.45
9.24
413.25
465.67
11.67
383.40
12.45
419.31
10.54
377.00
13.19
316.12
11.39
326.02
14
306.52
12.18
378.05
11.92
339.31
16.09
356.64
11.12
338.94
13.22
423.97
14.05
378.79
17.3
385.15
10.2
365.7
11.36
478.62
13.05
344.74
14.92
355.93
11.77
337.05
12.25
426.88
11.39
341.93
12.38
348.82
15.07
365.62
11.89
15.07
389.12
11.03
402.08
13.79
413.04
11.85
9.45
410.79
13.02
422.77
15.18
436.26
12.18
11.97
380.61
12.143
391.22
14.68
404.97
11.97
81
Annual
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Bus stand
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Temple
Eco park
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Golf course
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
340.46
15.07
360.91
11.07
345.58
12.03
342.02
14.09
355.09
395.76
13.23
424.78
14.13
397.15
14.79
388.1
12.1
397.11
418.06
11.9
452.62
16.36
418.08
17.4
407.11
15.08
414.07
384.76
13.4
412.77
13.85
386.93
14.74
379.07
13.75
388.75
12.61
340.07
13.02
365.71
14.48
377.91
13.09
350.11
11.29
380.92
11.29
369.78
11.31
352.07
14.01
346.06
10.91
369.14
11.12
11.08
382.76
14.12
412.1
11.26
424.87
12.17
386.15
12.04
435.82
15.04
413.13
10.68
393.97
15.71
387.72
14.04
409.95
16.02
17.15
402.89
15.02
442.69
13.02
367.83
13.19
404.2
14.18
467.57
14.09
453.08
12.12
415.72
13.06
407.88
16.02
434.12
14.81
13.61
375.24
14.05
406.83
12.92
390.20
12.81
380.15
12.50
428.10
13.47
411.99
11.37
387.25
14.26
380.55
13.65
404.40
13.98
Table 4.3.15. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual lead (g/gm) values (average) in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.
Sampling
sites
Stations
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
67.03
3.31
63.97
4.13
62.82
4.56
65.89
93.09
6.27
84.06
6.42
83.07
7.48
83.47
83.46
4.12
72.11
4.71
74.9
5.62
72.58
81.19
4.56
73.38
5.08
73.59
5.88
73.98
5.19
5.05
4.13
25.61
3.87
30.12
2.18
31.32
2.68
60.8
32.59
5.47
35.5
5.09
36.53
2.08
72.42
29.67
4.23
33.6
3.57
33.81
3.27
56.91
4.79
29.29
4.52
33.07
3.61
33.88
2.67
63.37
road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
2.17
4.62
3.18
Nainital road
Almora road
Mean
SD
Mean
60.07
3.05
55.76
69.89
6.47
65.83
48.54
3.92
38.27
Nainital
Bus stand
Mall road
Thandi sadak
South mall
road
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Lingard house
Edward house
Bhowali
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar
82
Annual
3.32
59.5
4.48
53.28
Almora
VPKAS
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Bus stand
Jageshwer
Mall Road
Opposite
Temple
Eco park
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Golf course
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi
chowk
KMOU bus
stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Almora road
Kumon bus
stand
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
2.98
35.4
4.13
53.96
3.88
53.67
5.6
63.56
4.56
44.16
4.88
55.59
5.87
Mean
42.19
3.61
63.12
4.39
56.9
5.36
56.95
4.16
60.34
5.37
67.84
5.07
60.39
5.75
59.06
5.34
66.12
5.99
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
2.83
39.93
5.81
70.75
5.07
68.62
6.82
55.5
6.71
61.47
6.77
69.69
3.28
38.47
3.66
44.06
3.61
49.49
3.78
52.48
5.96
57.7
4.51
46.21
3.03
37.93
4.53
56.25
4.18
57.26
5.4
57.18
5.74
4.09
3.38
47.72
6.23
75.79
9.22
78.62
6.28
74.09
6.07
80.68
6.13
79.13
6.53
70.52
4.13
72.46
6.37
72.29
6.39
43.29
6.84
54.23
3.71
51.49
4.22
48.41
5.24
53.9
3.57
59.62
3.29
57.47
4.02
53.59
3.38
56.78
6.71
4.44
44.4
5.56
64.38
5.77
62.33
5.28
59.81
5.15
64.97
5.02
68.86
4.96
62.79
4.63
61.70
5.03
65.03
6.36
54.44
5.38
57.16
Table 4.3.16. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual lithium (g/gm) values (average) in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during
2014-2015.
Sampling sites
Stations
Bus stand
Nainital
Mall road
SD
Mean
Thandi sadak
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
South mall road

Lingard house
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Mean
SD
Mean
Edward house
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
Annual/Average
11.12
0.51
12.92
0.7
6.7
0.39
10.24
0.53
7.52
0.11
9.37
0.36
4.58
0.62
7.15
0.36
6.81
0.23
6.91
0.57
3.94
8.57
0.47
8.42
0.28
6.92
5.3
0.39
5.22
0.31
4.15
6.89
0.36
6.85
0.38
5.00
0.38
4.02
0.49
5.48
0.5
8.73
0.41
0.6
5.51
0.29
4.18
0.48
11.21
0.68
0.85
3.7
0.58
3.29
0.52
5.49
0.32
0.61
4.41
0.45
4.31
0.5
8.47
0.47
83
Bhowali
Nainital road
Almora road
VPKAS
Almora
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Jageshwer
Ranikhet
Bus stand
Mall Road
Opposite Temple
SD
Mean
SD
Eco park
Mean
Golf course
Mean
SD
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi chowk
KMOU bus stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Pithoragarh
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Almora road
Kumon bus stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
8.06
0.57
7.85
0.68
6.53
0.51
6.14
0.76
9.28
0.71
9.83
0.42
9.97
0.69
9.46
0.28
5.81
0.67
9.92
0.51
12.5
0.38
12.18
0.75
5.61
0.71
4.7
0.39
3.02
0.59
5.42
0.39
6.72
0.47
4.94
0.18
7.88
0.65
7.33
0.45
5.12
0.59
7.16
0.55
9.5
0.52
8.98
0.45
8.29
0.28
7.91
10.42
0.79
10.11
5.35
0.58
4.71
8.02
0.55
7.57
0.81
5.43
0.49
7.3
0.34
7.97
0.47
10.96
0.58
3.52
0.52
5.57
0.57
5.64
0.49
7.94
0.28
9.86
0.52
8.39
0.47
10.18
0.28
10.41
0.3
9.7
0.58
8.79
0.2
0.49
12.52
0.6
11.91
0.58
12.34
0.48
12.17
0.78
11.5
0.29
10.57
0.41
0.39
4.54
0.31
5.08
0.69
6.21
0.73
5.8
0.68
4.36
0.3
6.18
0.39
0.38
8.97
0.47
8.46
0.58
9.57
0.49
9.46
0.58
8.52
0.39
8.51
0.33
10.02
0.59
12.58
0.32
7.35
0.39
9.98
0.43
Table 4.3.17. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual nickel (g/gm) values (average) in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during
2014-2015
Sampling sites
Stations
Bus stand
Nainital
Mall road
SD
Mean
Thandi sadak
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
South mall road

Lingard house
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Mean
SD
Mean
Edward house
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
Annual/Average
19.95
2.48
21.36
4.2
20.21
2.87
20.50
3.18
17.73
3.57
19.38
2.63
18.7
3.2
18.60
3.13
15.7
2.78
15.76
5.33
9.43
17.3
2.5
17.28
2.28
11.1
16.64
4.12
16.52
5.71
10.69
16.54
3.13
16.52
4.44
10.40
2.3
8.75
3.02
9.54
3.18
15.35
2.26
5.26
10.83
3.62
10.47
4.18
18.46
3.05
205
9.23
3.83
9.71
2.08
16.71
2.32
70.85
9.60
3.49
9.90
3.146
16.84
2.54
84
Bhowali
Nainital road
Almora road
VPKAS
Almora
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Jageshwer
Ranikhet
Bus stand
Mall Road
Opposite Temple
SD
Mean
SD
Eco park
Mean
Golf course
Mean
SD
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi chowk
KMOU bus stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Pithoraghar
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Almora road
Kumon bus stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
16.42
2.35
15.48
3.06
13.67
2.15
15.43
3.13
17.84
2.7
18.8
2.16
18.89
4.4
17.7
4.14
16.96
4.06
18.29
3.39
19.98
3.03
20.73
4.08
16.61
2.17
16.18
3.34
14.86
4.15
16.55
3.39
18.44
4.16
19.2
3.62
17.30
2.97
16.45
3.51
15.16
3.45
16.75
3.30
18.75
3.29
19.57
3.28
16.32
3.19
12.62
18.62
4.43
15.04
17.2
5.07
13.37
17.38
4.23
13.67
3.82
11.55
2.17
17.1
3.48
13.91
3.36
18.19
2.4
12.28
3.14
17.4
3.23
12.58
2.89
17.56
3.42
15.84
3.95
16.56
3.92
18.38
3.14
19.35
2.2
16.64
2.09
15.88
2.58
2.9
18.16
4.39
18.38
4.17
20.56
4.93
20.74
3.09
18.21
3.62
17.21
4.74
4.37
17.31
4.2
17.03
3.19
19.94
4.31
19.67
4.17
17.36
2.14
16.32
2.1
3.56
17.10
4.18
17.32
3.76
19.62
4.12
19.92
3.15
17.40
2.61
16.47
3.14
18.3
2.9
20.38
4.23
19.46
3.25
19.38
3.46
Table .4.3.18 Active Biomaping: Seasonal and average variation in zinc (g/gm) at different native sites in
Kumaon during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)
Sampling sites
Stations
Bus stand
Nainital
Mall road
SD
Mean
Thandi sadak
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
South mall road

Lingard house
Mukteshwar
(Control)
Mean
SD
Mean
Edward house
IVRI campus
Mukteshwar road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
Annual/Average
92.36
3.92
108.1
6.54
67.76
4.73
89.40
5.06
77.18
4.22
97.07
5.82
58.89
3.67
77.71
4.57
76.13
4.94
80.12
2.84
29.2
98.19
7.69
91.12
7.04
35.29
48.38
3.97
66.04
5.43
32.25
74.23
5.53
79.09
5.10
32.24
6.49
32.24
2.17
30.21
2.53
67.29
3.04
3.06
38.58
2.36
35.27
4.6
93.92
4.1
4.25
36.88
2.26
33.81
2.97
47.08
3.24
4.6
35.9
2.263
33.09
3.36
69.43
3.46
85
Bhowali
Nainital road
Almora road
VPKAS
Almora
Main market
Bus Stand
Artula
Jageshwer
Ranikhet
Bus stand
Mall Road
Opposite Temple
SD
Mean
SD
Eco park
Mean
Golf course
Mean
SD
Sadar bazaar
Gandhi chowk
KMOU bus stand
Bus Stand
Main market
Main market
Pithoragarh
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Almora road
Kumon bus stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
54.93
2.45
57.58
4.02
43.24
3.07
50.48
2.86
68.09
3.89
59.71
2.43
88.78
3.28
85.9
5.25
49.79
5.32
81.56
5.73
97.35
6.16
85.4
6.52
43.98
1.26
49.89
3.9
36.81
2.28
46.67
2.47
51.51
2.32
47.76
3.82
62.56
2.33
64.45
4.39
43.28
3.55
59.57
3.68
72.31
4.12
64.29
4.25
46.33
2.42
47.36
67.89
5.92
55.95
42.78
3.51
45.2
52.33
3.95
49.50
3.72
40.5
2.73
50.49
4.32
51.82
4.42
64.37
2.12
38.71
3.87
44.37
3.38
43.67
3.67
53.07
2.3
49.11
2.42
45.98
3.23
50.38
2.12
69.41
3.62
44.57
2.73
49.12
3.34
53.38
2.36
4.92
67.43
5.96
61.69
6.44
83.29
5.23
88.08
4.38
72.89
3.42
73.08
4.14
88.52
4.76
3.31
43.62
2.23
48.52
3.82
37.51
3.33
50.78
2.36
44.84
3.87
45.21
2.32
50.42
2.43
3.51
53.38
3.53
52.06
4.49
57.06
3.56
69.42
3.45
54.1
3.34
55.80
3.26
64.10
3.18
86
PASSIVE MONITORING:GARHWAL
Table .4.3.19. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in Cadmium(g/gm)at

different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Hypnum cupressiforme**
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
0.01
0.01
0.009
0.006
0.008
..
0.012
0.01
0.009
0.007
0.005
0.011
0.012
0.008
.
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.008
0.01
0.005
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.009
0.007
0.013
0.013
0.01
0.009
0.011
0.01
0.01
0.006
0.009
0.004
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.007
....
0.011
0.011
...
0.007
0.011
0.010
0.01
0.006
0.009
0.004
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.010
0.012
0.009
0.008
87
Table .4.3.20. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in chromium (g/gm)at
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
34.71
32.19
29.07
21.52
27.14
40.04
39.32
30.71
27.42
23.8
39.09
37.31
32.7
.
36.18
35.11
32.24
24.78
32.74
26.87
45.92
42.86
34.25
31.08
27.31
42.48
40.7
35.23
27.41
35.39
33.87
21.61
23.63
30.29
25.32
43.19
40.04
32.86
30.51
..
40.37
38.96
25.16
35.42
33.72
27.64
23.31
30.05
26.09
43.05
40.74
32.60
29.67
25.55
40.64
38.99
33.96
26.28
Table .4.3.21. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in cobalt (g/gm)at
different native sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015).
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
35.89
33.53
24.15
20.12
27.19
38.41
36.75
30.11
27.17
21.63
37.52
34.41
30.27
.
39.24
38.12
27.37
23.22
31.43
26.64
41.78
39.27
33.28
30.32
25.78
41.16
39.7
34.92
30.81
41.32
39.09
29.07
23.87
30.18
25.89
42.21
40.09
34.69
31.57
..
42.38
40.85
31.18
38.81
36.91
26.86
22.40
29.60
26.26
40.8
38.70
32.69
29.68
23.70
40.35
38.32
32.59
30.99
88
Table .4.3.22.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in copper (g/gm)at

Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Annual/Average
40.84
40.29
32.11
22.37
25.74
43.39
40.83
32.37
30.14
22.48
41.69
39.26
31.12
.
46.35
45.19
37.83
26.26
31.57
27.21
49.2
46.28
36.5
34.68
33.83
46.08
43.07
34.32
29.6
43.16
42.89
35.42
24.12
29.35
24.73
47.09
44.61
34.46
33.18
..
44.88
41.67
27.18
43.45
42.79
35.12
24.25
28.88
25.97
46.56
43.90
34.44
32.66
28.15
44.21
41.33
32.72
28.39
Table .4.3.23. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in iron (g/gm)at
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
176.12
150.67
131.19
100.52
107.26
151.69
143.23
134.7
117.12
93.08
152.09
147.37
132.28
.
89
Summer
189.3
162.15
145.01
123.65
120.47
96.67
160.12
150.46
140.25
123.86
107.21
160.78
152.91
135.03
108.4
Monsoon
192.33
167.37
148.08
129.13
129.05
102.12
163.48
154.04
142.06
128.15
..
164.71
155.66
112.62
Annual/Average
185.91
160.06
141.42
117.76
118.92
99.395
158.75
149.24
139.00
123.04
100.14
159.06
151.98
133.65
110.51
Table .4.3.24.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in lead (g/gm)at

Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
37.12
35.16
31.09
26.12
30.76
36.7
34.12
30.3
27.12
23.18
39.16
37.37
32.18
.
Summer
43.08
40.27
37.51
30.02
35.45
26.07
41.32
38.27
36.51
31.86
27.26
42.18
41.91
35.63
28.17
Monsoon
40.16
38.76
35.38
28.63
32.15
23.42
38.61
36.21
32.76
28.15
..
40.71
39.06
25.12
Annual/Average
40.12
38.06
34.66
28.25
32.78
24.745
38.87
36.2
33.19
29.04
25.22
40.68
39.44
33.90
26.64
Table .4.3.25.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in lithium (g/gm)at

Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp.
Winter
3.72
3.56
2.69
2.42
3.06
3.87
3.62
3.43
3.12
2.18
3.52
3.47
3.18
.
90
Summer
6.02
5.17
3.63
3.7
4.75
2.67
6.12
5.29
5.11
4.06
2.56
5.28
4.96
4.63
2.17
Monsoon
3.89
3.82
3.08
2.68
3.25
2.12
3.91
3.84
3.68
3.67
..
3.76
3.86
2.32
Annual/Average
4.54
4.18
3.13
2.93
3.68
2.39
4.63
4.25
4.15
3.61
2.37
4.18
4.09
3.90
2.24
Table .4.3.26.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in nickel (g/gm)at

different native sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015).
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp
Winter
38.88
36.86
32.19
22.12
28.36
34.17
38.3
31.43
28.15
22.48
34.52
37.47
32.08
.
Summer
43.12
41.32
38.43
27.62
33.05
23.17
39.42
42.29
35.11
33.26
26.16
40.28
41.56
36.13
27.47
Monsoon
45.82
43.62
40.28
29.8
35.15
24.52
41.04
44.04
36.01
34.58
..
41.76
42.86
29.43
Annual/Average
42.60
40.6
36.96
26.51
32.18
23.84
38.21
41.54
34.18
31.99
24.32
38.85
40.63
34.10
28.45
Table .4.3.27. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in zinc (g/gm)at
Sampling sites
Mussoorie
Dhanulti
Chamba
Mosses
Polytrichum sp
Isotergium elegans
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Tortulla ruralis
Polytrichum sp.
Bryum sp
Winter
37.18
35.16
33.52
23.72
27.16
38.37
36.53
32.53
26.26
23.18
37.92
35.27
30.38
.
91
Summer
45.02
40.42
39.13
29.12
35.18
23.17
44.82
41.29
39.46
31.04
28.37
43.08
41.66
37.92
39.17
Monsoon
25.12
23.48
20.32
18.41
20.27
24.52
26.04
25.14
21.61
18.58
..
24.76
23.86
17.03
Annual/Average
35.77
33.02
30.99
23.75
27.53
23.84
36.41
34.32
31.2
25.29
25.77
35.25
33.59
34.15
28.1
ACTIVE GARHWAL TABLES

Table 4.3.28 Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cadmium (g/gm) data from
different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015in moss
Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.)
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
0.24
0.24
0.59
0.26
0.71
0.34
1
0.34
1.42
0.42
0.68
0.38
1.23
0.29
1
0.34
1.28
0.3
0.6
1.16
0.35
1.08
0.49
1.42
0.27
1.83
0.72
1.13
0.7
1.36
0.35
1.33
0.76
1.57
0.2
0.36
0.5
0.43
0.52
0.29
0.63
0.52
0.75
0.66
0.46
0.26
0.61
0.19
0.51
0.51
0.65
Annual
2014-2015
0.24
0.4
0.75
0.34
0.77
0.37
1.01
0.37
1.33
0.6
0.75
0.44
1.06
0.27
0.94
0.53
1.16
0.68
0.33
0.18
0.75
0.3
0.52
0.2
1.1
0.18
0.3
0.08
0.54
0.38
0.38
0.15
0.79
0.25
1.11
0.32
0.31
1.48
0.57
0.39
0.75
0.38
0.31
1.11
0.42
Table 4.3.29 Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual chromium (g/gm) data from
different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
LBS academy
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
Winter
Summer
Rain
33.15
3.16
51.08
4.13
53.76
2.82
60.05
4.12
62.14
3.29
55.17
38.21
4.06
62.76
4.32
71.54
3.76
78.12
4.37
79.87
3.78
67.4
26.89
2.67
50.1
3.56
58.11
4.23
61.24
2.16
60.92
4.31
51.56
92
Annual
2014-2015
32.75
3.29
54.64
4.00
61.136
3.60
66.47
3.55
67.64
3.79
58.04
Mussoorie
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
4.19
56.9
4.36
55.87
3.46
54.12
4.26
70.69
4.72
69.24
4.17
75.56
3.89
53.97
3.78
52.8
2.78
56.48
4.11
60.52
4.28
59.30
3.47
62.05
4.37
38.1
4.24
51.56
4.7
56.23
3.84
73.16
2.65
36.16
2.74
54.12
3.90
43.49
3.60
59.61
4.92
58.78
3.6
6.47
78.89
4.23
4.24
58.62
4.87
5.21
65.43
4.23
Table 4.3.30. Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cobalt (g/gm)data from
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
42.13
3.32
55.89
4.16
58.11
2.71
63.38
4.81
69.93
4.15
55.62
5.12
61.25
4.32
54.06
3.46
59.36
54.34
4.26
71.97
4.24
73.89
4.89
80.21
5.42
86.23
5.32
69.48
46.09
75.83
5.53
67.68
5.59
76.72
50.52
3.64
58.59
3.06
62.92
4.25
66.52
4.19
73.13
4.43
61.56
3.15
64.47
5.16
61.78
4.04
67.97
Annual
2014-2015
48.99
3.74
62.15
3.82
64.97
3.95
70.03
4.80
76.43
4.63
62.22
18.12
67.18
5.00
61.17
4.36
68.01
3.25
42.89
2.43
48.8
4.38
62.79
4.29
71.26
3.68
53.64
3.82
62.1
3.77
53.10
3.51
60.72
3.16
64.92
4.08
3.08
81.81
5.76
2.17
71.78
4.2
2.80
72.83
4.68
93
Summer
Rain
Table 4.3.31. Active Biomonioring of metals : Seasonal and annual copper (g/gm)data from
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Summer
Rains
33.56
3.15
57.12
3.51
61.8
3.24
66.35
4.97
64.86
4.56
58.86
3.14
61.72
3.31
63.45
4.84
65.87
39.62
4.38
73.67
4.16
83.21
4.73
90.58
5.23
84.18
4.68
80.75
4.19
83.24
5.46
84.96
5.78
86.91
35.47
2.59
59.15
3.91
63.79
2.17
68.09
4.36
66.48
4.59
60.48
3.08
61.48
2.43
63.41
4.53
66.69
Annual
2014-2015
36.21
3.37
63.31
3.86
69.6
3.38
75.00
4.85
71.84
4.61
66.69
3.47
68.81
3.73
70.60
5.05
73.15
3.39
57.38
3.85
61.18
5.16
70.3
4.92
73.45
4.25
59.21
4.04
56.05
4.26
62.29
4.27
63.56
3.71
63.95
4.07
4.11
80.14
4.26
4.92
59.31
4.678
4.24
67.8
4.33
Table 4.3.32.Active Bio-monitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual iron (g/gm) data from
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
LBS academy
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
258.24
4.27
283.49
4.06
298.87
5.71
360.14
5.91
390.56
7.35
312.63
5.12
94
Summer
290.36
5.03
316.37
7.92
347.5
6.44
419.09
7.56
430.12
8.2
380.09
8.9
Rain
278.27
6.43
292.78
5.32
323.49
6.56
387.61
7.89
411.82
8.37
349.92
7.6
Annual
2014-2015
272.09
5.24
295.88
5.7
321.03
6.23
386.72
7.12
408.86
7.97
345.86
7.20
Mussoorie
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
341.27
6.34
291.11
6.18
320.7
371.16
7.56
343.12
6.29
388.13
355.68
8.05
327.39
8.16
356.72
354.29
7.316
319.15
6.876
353.60
5.73
284.08
7.18
329.82
7.21
330.51
6.76
399.12
5.29
311.42
5.54
371.11
6.07
306.73
6.49
365
5.26
365.89
6.25
5.19
406.97
8.31
6.94
383.6
7.75
5.79
384.18
7.43
Table 4.3.33. Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lead (g/gm)data from different
native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
26.29
2.21
40.25
2.18
41.94
4.32
50.9
2.12
54.11
2.29
44.51
2.19
48.33
4.27
47.87
2.49
46.79
31.98
3.16
55.89
3.31
64.42
5.13
71.26
4.29
79.35
5.49
70.56
4.37
75.87
6.89
73.92
5.86
71.94
28.12
2.11
41.78
2.48
32.79
3.34
54.03
2.61
47.06
6.21
47.1
3.46
51.07
4.08
46.15
2.52
50.97
Annual
2013-2014
28.79
2.49
45.97
2.65
46.38
4.26
58.73
3.00
60.17
4.66
54.05
3.34
58.42
5.08
55.98
3.62
56.56
3.06
40.73
2.89
44.31
4.8
56.32
3.57
70.49
3.12
42.89
4.33
50.46
3.66
46.64
3.59
55.08
2.18
47.62
2.9
4.34
73.34
4.68
3.72
52.58
3.87
3.41
57.84
3.81
95
Summer
Rain
Table 4.3.34.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lithium (g/gm)data from
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoori
e
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
Annual
2014-2015
3.74
0.32
4.59
0.59
4.98
1.27
5.4
0.32
5.93
0.82
4.34
0.54
5.75
0.24
4.8
0.57
5.52
0.45
4.23
0.38
5.24
0.43
5.39
0.42
5.09
0.4
6.25
0.35
6.95
1.24
7.86
0.7
8.39
0.51
6.17
0.61
7.39
0.4
6.63
0.92
7.81
0.73
6.19
0.59
7.21
0.55
7.49
0.59
3.69
0.53
6
0.43
6.2
0.87
6.78
0.43
7.97
0.39
5.85
0.49
5.74
0.68
5.45
0.37
6.6
0.81
5.29
0.75
6.26
1.14
6.37
0.72
4.17
0.41
5.61
0.45
6.04
1.12
6.68
0.48
7.43
0.57
5.45
0.54
6.29
0.44
5.62
0.62
6.64
0.66
5.23
0.57
6.23
0.70
6.41
0.57
Table 4.3.35.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual nickel (g/gm)data from
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Winter
Summer
Rain
31.3
3.12
40.28
2.36
35.54
2.2
48.65
3.28
56.95
2.34
40.11
4.03
57.36
4.19
55.67
3.67
73.1
4.45
79.72
3.07
33.28
2.54
48.98
3.32
50.89
4.57
56.96
4.15
61.81
4.64
96
Annual
2014-2015
34.89
3.23
48.87
3.29
47.36
3.48
59.57
3.96
66.16
3.35
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
45.62
3.45
48.81
4.12
43.53
3.04
44.15
72.78
4.89
75.68
5.45
66.1
4.29
65.48
58.88
5.13
58.47
3.31
53.97
4.14
53.86
59.09
4.49
60.98
4.29
54.53
3.82
54.49
2.32
41.49
3.14
44.67
4.17
62.28
3.09
67.96
5.26
51.24
4.29
52.42
3.91
51.67
3.50
55.01
2.45
46.92
3.06
5.15
74.39
4.34
4.82
54.65
2.78
4.14
58.65
3.39
Table 4.3.36.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual zinc (g/gm)data from different
native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss
Sampling
sites
Stations
Forest range
Office of food Insp
Chamba
Ayush hospital
Bus stand
Kempty bus stand
Mussoorie
LBS academy
Mall road
Company bagh
Uttranchal rural
bank
Dhanulti
Eco park
Surkanda devi
temple
Mussoorie road
Winter
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
30.65
2.34
38.1
2.18
41.86
3.68
47.68
3.19
43.38
2.66
39.5
3.18
45.52
2.81
44.87
3.25
46.45
33.87
4.78
60.21
5.4
64.29
4.43
73.76
4.02
72.75
4.27
64.89
4.46
77.78
5.66
73.89
4.18
75.84
26.49
2.89
29.98
3.07
32.91
2.39
35.69
2.31
31.06
2.39
31.32
2.19
36.83
2.1
34.8
2.09
33.49
Annual
2014-2015
30.33
3.33
42.76
3.55
46.35
3.5
52.3
3.17
49.06
3.10
45.23
3.27
53.37
3.52
51.18
3.17
51.92
3.72
38.5
2.3
31.85
4.89
49.07
3.17
68.97
2.9
28.87
2.96
30.9
3.83
38.81
2.81
43.90
2.34
43.54
2.17
4.05
70.93
4.25
3.92
32.29
3.79
3.43
48.92
3.40
97
Summer
Rain
4.4 Season wise metal comparison of atmospheric Metalsof

Kumoun area (2015 with 2014)
4.4.1 Cadmium
4.4.1.1 Nainital:(sites included are : Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak and South mall
road)
Winter: Cd concentration from Nainitalmonitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi
sadak and South Mall Road) were in 2014 as 1.06, 0.73,0.72, and 0.79 g/mg and same measured
as 1.13, 0.81, 0.78, and 0.82 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Nainital
was 0.82g/mg and 0.88g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Cd is calculated as 6.77 over
to 2014.
Summer: Cd value measured from undertaken stations of Nainital mentioned as above were 1.44 ,
1.34, 1.11, 1.12 g/mg in 2014 and same wasmeasured 1.6, 1.14, 1.31, and 1.21 g/mg in 2015.
Mean values of Cd of above stations during summer of 2014 from Nainital was 1.25 g/mg and
same was 1.31 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 4.74.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital of mentioned
sampling stations (Bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were 0.89, 0.62, .97,
and 0.56 g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.97, 0.69, 0.68, and 0.73 g/mg in 2015. Average monsoon
value of Cd in 2014 from Nainital was 0.76 g/mg and same was 0.76g/mg in 2015 exhibited an
increase of 0.9% in monsoon.
4.4.1.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Mukteshwar
campus)
Winter: Cd concentration in 2014 and 2015 in moss undertaken Thuidium cyambifolium from
Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Mukeshwar campus) were
0.58, 0.42 and 0.56 g/mg and 0.53, 0.45 and 0.60 g/mg respectively.
Average winter values for Cd of these stations in 2014 was 0.52g/mg and 0.526g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased in winter Cd is 1.26.
Summer: Values for Cd of 2014 of above stations were 0.86, 0.75 and 0.51 g/mg and same were
0.83, 0.73 and 0.54 g/mg in summer of 2015.
Average total Cd intake during summer of station undertaken from Mukteshwar in 2014 was 0.70
g/mg and same was 0.71 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is 1.39.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifolium
(Lingard house, Edward
house, and IVRI campus) were 0.43, 0.38, and 0.47g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.4, 0.41 and 0.45
g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 0.422 g/mg and same were 0.426
g/mg in 2015, Metal Cd has been found reduce to 1.5% in monsoon.
98
4.4.1.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter: The load of Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Bhowali
(Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 1.03, 0.96, and 0.86
g/mg and same were 0.98, 1.21, and 0.90 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014
from Bhowali was 0.95 g/mg and same was 1.05 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased during
winter for Cd was calculated as 7.7.
Summer: Cd values measured from Bhowali from above sampling stations were measured in 2014
as 1.42, 1.36 and 1.24 g/mg and same were 1.3, 1.46 and 1.23g/mg in 2015.
Annual Cd intake in 2014 summer from Bhowali was 1.34 g/mg and same was 1.33 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage decrease in 2015 compare to 2014 was as 0.75.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora
road) were 0.65, 0.73, and 0.57 g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.7, 0.76 and 0.61 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Cd in 2014 from Bhowali was 0.65 g/mg and same was 0.69 g/mg in 2015. Cd
concentration of atmosphere has increased to 5.79% in monsoon.
4.4.1.4 Almora: (sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus Stand)
Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Alomrain moss Thuidium
cyambifolium(VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.50, 0.62 and
0.68 g/mg and same were 0.59, 0.66, and 0.71 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in
2014 from Almora was 0.60 g/mg and same was 0.65 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter
Cd is 8.16
Summer: Cd value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were
calculated in 2014 as 0.87, 0.89 and 1.09 g/mg and same was 0.91, 0.93 and 1..13g/mg in 2015.
Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 0.95 g/mg and same was 0.99 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage Increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 4.04.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)
were 0.38, 0.58, and 0.44 g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.43, 0.61 and 0.53 g/mg in 2015. Total
average Cd in 2014 from Almora was 0.86 g/mg and same was 0.82 g/mg in 2015. An increased
of 7.6% was obsedved in 2015.
4.4.1.5 Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and Mall road)
Winter: The load of Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula
bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 0.85, and 0.70 g/mg and same were 0.65 and
0.72g/mg in 2015. An average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Artula was 0.77 g/mg and same
was 0.68 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Cd is 2.3.
Summer: Cd values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014
as 1.05, and 0.92 g/mg and same was 0.95 and 0.97g/mg in 2015.
Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 0.98g/mg and same were 0.96g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.6.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 0.68 and
0.62 g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.58, and 0.65 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
99
Artula was 0.65 g/mg and same was 0.61 g/mg in 2015.Metal Cd value reduced to 5.6% in
monsoon.
4.4.1.6 Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were
calculated in 2014 as 0.78, and 0.69 g/mg and same were 0.70 and 0.62 g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Jageshwer were 0.73 g/mg and same was 0.66 g/mg in
2015.Percentage decrease in Cd value was calculated as 1.1 in winter.
Summer: Cd values measured from Jageshwer in undertaken Thuidium cyambifolium(opposite
temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 0.96 and 0.87g/mg and same were 0.93 and
0.84g/mg in 2015.
Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 0.91g/mg and same were 0.88 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage drop off in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 3.38.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 0.63 and
0.61 g/mg in 2014 and same were 0.61, and 0.57g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
Jageshwer was 0.62 g/mg and same was 0.59 g/mg in 2015, Cd exhibited downward trend of 5.0%
in monsoon.
4.4.1.7
Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.95,1.01, 0.84 and 0.97 g/mg and same
were 0.90, 1.09, 0.87 and 1.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from
Ranikhet was 0.94 g/mg and same was 0.95 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cd is
calculated as 5.27.
Summer: Cd values from Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)
were calculated in 2014 as 1.35, 1.44, 1.31 and 1.24 g/mg and same were 1.27, 1.51, 1.29 and
1.39g/mg in 2015.
Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 1.33g/mg and same were 1.36 g/mg in 2015.
Cadmium percentage improved in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.19%.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom (Golf course, Sadar bazaar,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 0.87, 0.88, 072 and 0.89 g/mg in 2014 and same were
083,0.92, 0.75 and 0.93g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Ranikhet was 0.84 g/mg
and same was 0.85 g/mg in 2015. Metal Cd has increased to 2.04 % during monsoon.
100
4.4.1.8 Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Pithoragarh(Bus Stand, Main market, Almora
Road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.85,0.66, 0.46 and 0.92 g/mg and same
were 0.90, 0.71,0.57 and 0.96 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from
Pithoragarh was 0.72g/mg and same was 0.78 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Cd is
7.96.
Summer: Cd values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market,
Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 1.21, 1.09, 1.14 and 1.25 g/mg and
same were 1.28,1.12, 0.94 and 1.15g/mg in 2015.
Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarhwas 1.17g/mg and same were 1.12 g/mg in 2015.
Cadmium percentage drop off in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.45%.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
KMOU bus stand) were 0.72, 0.48,038 and 0.58 g/mg in 2014 and same were 078,0.52, 0.42 and
0.62g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 0.54 g/mg and same was 0.58
g/mg in 2015 percentage increase was 7.6% in monsoon.
4.4.2 Chromium
4.4.2.1 Nainital: (sites are Nainital bus stand, mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South mall road )
Winter:- Cr concentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, mall road, Thandi
sadak ,and South mall road) was measured in 2014 as 44.62, 56.61, 56.28, and 59.61 g/mg and
same were 46.12, 58.15, 54.02, and 59.32 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Nainital was 54.28g/mg and same was 54.40g/mg
in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cr is as .22.
Summer :- Cr value measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and
south mall road) was calculated in 2014 as 72.34 ,81.25, 84.68, 83.11 g/mg and same were 73.04,
79.05, 85.18, and 85.08 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 80.34 g/mg and same was 80.58 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.3
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital bus stand, Mall road,
Thandi sadak, and South mall road) were as 61.72, 63.88, 65.65, and 62.29 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 62.26, 64.34, 66.11, and 63.06 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Nainital was
63.38 g/mg and same was 63.94 g/mg in 2015. Cr is increased 0.87% in monsoon.
4.4.2.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)
Winter:- Cr concentration
in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Mukteshwar monitoring

sites(Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 40.72, 42.8 and
43.61 g/mg and same were 41.36, 43.68 and 42.11 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 42.37g/mg and same was
42.38g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cris calculated as 0.015.
101
Summer: Cr value measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)
were in 2014 as 68.11, 70.98 and 68.52g/mg and same were 66.97. 69.79 and 69.6 g/mg during
2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 69.20 g/mg and same was 68.78 g/mg in
2015. Percentage decrease in 2015 compare to 2014 is0.6.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
Campus) were 48.82, 52.77, and 50.75g/mg in 2014 and same were 49.12, 50.17 and 51.15 g/mg
in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 50.78 g/mg and same was 50.14 g/mg
in 2015, Cr has reduce to1.26% in monsoon.
4.4.2.3 Bhowali:(sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter :- The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road and
Almora road) were in 2014 as 52.4, 49.99, and 52.98g/mg and same were 53.08, 50.56, and 53.08
g/mg in 2015. Total average Winter values of Cr in 2014 from Bhowali was 51.79 g/mg and same
was 52.24 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cr value as 0.86.
Summer : During Summer the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road
and Almora road) were as 79.32, 78.10, and 81.91 g/mg in 2014 and same was 78.12,75.91 and
83.14 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Bhowali was 79.77 g/mg and same was
79.05 g/mg in 2015, Cr is decline to 0.91% .
Monsoon :Cr value measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were
in 2014 as 54.67, 60.14, and 66.4 g/mg and same were 56.07, 61.39, and 64.04 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 60.4 g/mg and same was 60.5 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.15.
4.4.2.4 Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus stand )
Winter :- The load of Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumof Alomra monitoring sites (VPKAS,Main
market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014 as 47.1, 48.83 and 49.72 g/mg and same were 48.19,
49.05 and 50.82 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Almora was 48.55
g/mg and same was 49.35 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr is calculated as
1.62.
Summer :- Cr value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in
2014 as 74.24, 71.62 and 75.9g/mg and same were 76, 72.09 and 76.49g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 73.92g/mg and same was 74.86 g/mg in 2015.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)
were 57.46, 56.14, and 59.32 g/mg in 2014 and same were 58.11, 56.24 and 59.92 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Cr in 2014 from Almora was 57.64 g/mg and same was 58.09 g/mg in 2015, Cr
was improved to 0.77 % in monsoon.
102
Winter :The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were
calculated in 2014 as 52.4 and 49.56 g/mg and same were 52.79 and 50.06 g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Artula was 50.98 g/mg and same was 51.42 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr iscalculated as 0.86.
Summer: Cr values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as
75.56 and 68.42 g/mg and same were 76.09 and 69.12 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 71.99g/mg and same was 72.60 g/mgin 2015.
Percentage Increase in 2015 over 2014 is calculated as 0.84.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were 62.67 and 55.62 g/mg in 2014 and same was measured as 62.87 and 56.12 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Cr in 2014 from Artula was 59.15g/mg and same was 59.49 g/mg in 2015, Cr value
increased to 0.58% in monsoon.
4.4.2.6. Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter:The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) was
measured in 2014 as 44.55 and 45.16 g/mg and same was 43.85 and 45.58g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Jageshwer was 44.85 g/mg and same was 44.71 g/mg in
2015.Percentage decrease for Cr is calculated as -0.31.
Summer: Cr values measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Jageshwer (opposite temple and
Eco-park) was calculated in 2014 as 71.29 and 71.89 g/mg and same was 72.1 and 72.19g/mg in
2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 71.59g/mg and same was 72.14 g/mg in 2015.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) was 52.15and
51.62 g/mg in 2014 and same was measured as 52.57 and 51.9 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in
2014 from Jageshwer was 51.88 g/mg and same was 52.23 g/mg in 2015, Cr is level as 0.67% in
monsoon.
4.4.2.7.Ranikhet:(sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter: The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar , Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 47.55,39.55, 45.67 and 50.16 g/mg and
same were 46.84, 41.26, 46.14 and 52.39 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Cr in 2014
from Ranikhet was 54.73 g/mg and same was 46.65 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter
for Cr is2.14.
103
Summer:Cr values from Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand) measured in 2014 as 70.29, 72.81, 76.78 and 78.78 g/mg and same were 71.42, 72.74, 75.37
and 79.6 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 74.50g/mg and same were 74.78 g/mg in 2015.
Cadmium percentage has an increasing trend in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 0.36%.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Golf course , Sadar bazaar ,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) was 50.15, 52.44, 58.73and 60.88 g/mg in 2014 and same
was 51.32, 53.06, 58.89 and 61.26g/mg in 2015. Average Cr value in 2014 from Ranikhet was 55.5
g/mg and same was 56.13 g/mg in 2015, Cr value has increased to 1.03% in monsoon.
4.4.2.8. Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus Stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :-The accumulation of Cr from the monitoring sites of Pithoragh (Bus stand, Main market,
Almora road and KMOU bus stand) was calculated in 2014 as 51.45, 41.51, 44.74 and 51.11 g/mg
and same was 52.15, 42.17, 45.5 and 51.89g/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Cr in 2014
from Pithoragarh was 47.20g/mg and same was as 47.92 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in
winter for Cr is 1.51.
Summer: Cr value analysed in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main
market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 76.26, 73.38, 75.1 and 78.55
g/mg and same were 77.61, 74.18, 75.31 and 77.7g/mg in 2015.
Total Cr intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 75.82g/mg and same was analysed as 76.2
g/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage impoved in 2015 over 2014 is calculated as 0.49%.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
KMOU bus stand) was 59.14, 55.74, 51.23 and 60.1 g/mg in 2014 and same was 59.84, 56.14,
51.68 and 60.89 g/mg in 2015. Average Cr in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 56.55g/mg and same
was 57.13 g/mg in 2015, Cr is increased to 1.02% in monsoon.
4.4.3 Cobalt
4.4.3.1 Nanital : (sites included are Nainital bus Stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South Mall
road )
Winter:Coconcentration in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom monitoring sites (Nainital bus Stand,

Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South Mall road) was measured in 2014 as 69.8, 52.43,57.28 and
55.15g/mg and same was 70.28, 52.87, 57.83 and 55.63g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter value of Co in 2014 from nainital was 58.66g/mg and same was 59.15g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in winter Co is calculated as 0.82
Summer: Covalue measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South
Mall Road) was Calculated in 2014 as115.63, 91.69, 92.65 and 95.31 g/mg and same was 116.14,
92.08, 92.89 and 95.75g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 98.82 g/mg and same was 99.21g/mg in
2015.Percentage Co increased in 2015 over 2014 as 0.39.
104
Monsoon:During monsoon the Co in moss samples (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,
and South Mall road) was 86.71, 73.92, 75.04 and 72.95 g/mg in 2014 and same was 87.51, 74.34,
75.56 and 73.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Nainital was 77.15g/mg and same
was 77.63g/mg in 2015, Co value increased 0.61% during monsoon.
4.4.3.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included
are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)
Winter:Coconcentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard House, Edward House, and
IVRI Campus) were measured in 2014 as 45.09, 50.86and 51.21g/mg and same were 46.71, 50.03,
51.34 g/mg in 2015 .
Total average Winter values of Coin 2014 from Mukteshwar was 49.05g/mg and same was
49.36g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Co is calculated as 0.62.
Summer:In moss Thuidium cyambifoliumCovalue was measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard
House, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) in 2014 as 72.92, 77.74and 79.72 g/mg and same was
72.12, 86.04, and 89.84 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 76.79 g/mg and same was 82.66 g/mg in
2015. Percentage change in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.04.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Co in moss sample (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
Campus) was 56.62, 58.44, and 60.95 g/mg in 2014 and same was 55.12, 57.84 and 60.69 g/mg
in 2015. Average Coin 2014 from Mukteshwar was 58g/mg and same was 57.88 g/mg in 2015. A
reverse change in Co value was 0.20 % in monsoon.
4.4.3.3 Bhowali:(sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter :- The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road and
Almora road) was in 2014 as 62.5, 60.84 and 59.32g/mg and same was 62.79, 61.37 and 60.42
g/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Coin 2014 from Bhowali was 60.88 g/mg and same
was 60.42 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cowas calculated as 1.04.
Summer :- During summer the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road
and Almora road) was 92.5, 95.25 and 92.6g/mg in 2014 and same analyzed as 96.5, 99.82 and
91.36 g/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Bhowali was 93.45 g/mg and same was
95.89 g/mg in 2015. Co in moss samples of two periods is increased to 0.11% .
Monsoon :Covalue measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) was
measured in 2014 as 88.05, 82.39 and 79.42g/mg and same measured as 87.85, 82.68 and 80.16
g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 83.2 g/mg and same was 83.5 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.33.
4.4.3.4 Almora:(sites included are VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand)
105
Winter : The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Alomra (VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus
Stand) was calculated in 2014 as 59.83, 60.5 and 62.78g/mg and same was 59.18, 59.88, and 63.18
g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Coin 2014 from Almora was 61.03 g/mg and same
was 60.74 g/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease in winter Co valueis calculated as -0.47.
Summer : Covalue measuredin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Almora (VIPKAS,Main market
and Almora Bus stand) was Calculated in 2014 as 104.26, 103.37 and 109.1g/mg and same was
104.58, 103.72 and 108.72 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Almora was 105.57 g/mg and same was 105.66 g/mg in
2015. Percentage increased in 2015 against 2014 was 0.08.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Coin moss samples (VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus stand)
was 84.45, 85.95, and 87.36 g/mg in 2014 and same was 84.67, 85.35 and 87.83 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Coin 2014 from Almora was 85.91g/mg and same was 85.95 g/mg in 2015. An
increase in Co value in 2015 over 2014 was 0.03%.
4.4.3.5 Artula: (sites included are Artula Bus stand and Mall road)
Winter :The load of Co in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Artula (Artula Bus stand and Mall
road) were analyzed in 2014 as 60.6 and 52.56g/mg and same were 59.78 and 51.98 g/mg in
2015. Total average Winter values of Coin 2014 from Artula was 56.58 g/mg and same was 55.88
g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter value of Co is 1.25.
Summer: Co value measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) was Calculated in 2014 as
105.1 and 88.42 g/mg and same was 104.61and 68.91 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Artula was 96.76 g/mg and same was 86.76 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.08.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Co in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) was 87.82 and
74.62 g/mg in 2014 and same was 87.43 and 72.03 g/mg in 2015. Total average Coin 2014 from
Artula was 81.22g/mg and same was 79.73 g/mg in 2015. Co value has decreased as1.84% in
monsoon.

Winter :- The value of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park)
were measured in 2014 as 54.73 and 57.28 g/mg and same were 54.16 and 56.88 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Coin 2014 from Jageshwer was 56.0 g/mg and same was 55.52
g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Co was -0.95.
Summer :- Covalues measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were measured in
2014 as 93.82 and 91.89g/mg and same was 96.22 and 91.46 g/mg in 2015.
Co intake in 2014 summer measured fromJageshwerin moss samples was 92.85 g/mg and same were
93.84 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase for Co in 2015 compare to 2014 was 1.04.
106
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(opposite temple and Eco-park)
were 83.53 and 82.32 g/mg in 2014 and same were 83.13 and 81.88g/mg in 2015. Total average
Coin 2014 from Jageshwer was 82.92g/mg and same was 82.50 g/mg in 2015. Co value has
decreasing trend (0.50%) during monsoon.
4.4.3.7 Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter:The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 60.6, 58.62, 55.67 and 65.21g/mg and
same were 61.42, 59.12, 55.89 and 65.84 g/mg in 2015. Average winter value of Coin 2014 from
Ranikhet was 60.02 g/mg and same was 60.56 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in winter for Co
is 0.26 %.
Summer: Covalues in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar Bazaar ,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) in 2014 was 97.23, 104.41, 96.75 and 107.81 g/mg and same
measured as 110.96, 104.78, 97.32 and 118.24 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 101.55 g/mg while same were 107.82 g/mg in
2015. Cadmium percentage gained in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 0.56%.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss samples (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and
KMOU bus stand) weas 87.09, 87.41, 83.93 and 90.72 g/mg in 2014 and same was 87.87, 87.1,
84.13 and 91.52 g/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Ranikhet was 87.28 g/mg and same
was measured as 87.65g/mg in 2015, Co is increased to 0.41% in monsoon.
stand)
Winter :- The value of metal Cofrom the monitoring sites of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market,
Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were analyzed in 2014 as 66.23, 51.36, 54.74 and 67.38 g/mg
and same were 66.87, 51.84, 53.24 and 69.07 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Coin
2014 from Pithoragarh was 59.92 g/mg and same was 60.25 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased
in Co valueis calculated as 0.54.
Summer: Co values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
were calculated in 2014 as 112.84, 93.38, 97.17 and 102.84 g/mg and same were 113.15, 93.92,
97.79 and 119.61 g/mg in 2015.
Total Co intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarh was 101.55 g/mg and same was 106.11 g/mg in
2015. Cadmium Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 and was calculated as 0.39%.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus Stand, main market,
Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 92.8, 85.24, 87.13 and 93.28 g/mg in 2014 and same were
93.24, 84.79, 87.89 and 93.8 g/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Pithoragarh was
89.61g/mg and same was 89.93 g/mg in 2015. Co value increased to 0.35% in monsoon.
4.4.4. Copper
107
4.4.4.1 Nanital:(sites included are bus Stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
Winter: During winter the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital Bus stand, Mall Road,
Thandi sadak,and South Mall Road) were 49.62, 44.64, 43.46 and 47.24g/mg in 2014 and same
were 50.31, 44.61, 43.81 and 47.64 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Nainital was
46.24g/mg and same was 46.59g/mg in 2015, Cu is increased 0.75% in winter.
Summer: Cu values measured from Nainital (Nainital Bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and
South Mall Road) were calculated in 2014 as 68.34, 62.12, 59.82 and 54.72 g/mg and same were
68.82, 62.74, 60.13 and 54.96g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 61.25 g/mg and same was 61.66g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is as 0.66.
Monsoon : Cu concentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi
sadak ,and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 66.72, 62.09, 57.47 and 51.46 g/mg and
same were 66.91 , 62.43 , 57.81 and 51.79 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from nainital was 59.43 g/mg and same was 59.73 g/mg
in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for metal Cu is calculated as 0.5.
4.4.4.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)
Winter:- Cu concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and
IVRI Campus) were measured in 2014 as 37.42, 34.32 and 37.62 g/mg and same were 37.13, 34.41
and 37.54 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter value of Cu in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 36.45g/mg and same was 36.36
g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter value for metal Cu calculated as 0.25.
Summer :- Cu values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliummeasured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house,
Edward house, and IVRI Campus) were calculated in 2014 as 48.18, 45.81 and 52.82 g/mg and
values were 48.04, 45.89 and 52.78 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 48.93 g/mg and same was 48.90 g/mg in
2015. Cu percentage has reduce in 2015 compare to 2014 as 0.06.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus) was 43.32, 41.85 and 47.46g/mg in 2014 and same was 43.21, 41.91 and 47.42 g/mg in
2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 44.21 g/mg and same was 44.18 g/mg in
201.A decrease of 0.06 % during monsoon was observed in 2015 over 2014.
4.4.4.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter :- The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and
Almora road) were calculated as 2014 47.12, 43.56, and 42.32g/mg and same were 47.52,43.9 and
42.81 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cuin 2014 from Bhowali was 44.33 g/mg
and same was 44.74 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cu value calculated as 0.91.
Summer :- During Summer the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road
and almora road) were 60.64, 58.42 and 52.38 g/mg in 2014 and same were 60.92, 58.89 and 52.53
g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Bhowali was 57.14 g/mg and same was 57.44
g/mg in 2015. An increasing trend of Cu was 0.11% .
108
Monsoon :-Cu values measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital Road and Almora Road)
were in 2014 as 57.82, 52.62 and 50.73 g/mg and same were 58.09, 52.96 and 51.03 g/mg in
2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 53.72 g/mg and same were 54.02 g/mg in
2015. Percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.56.
4.4.4.4.Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand)

Winter :- The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus
Stand) were calculated in 2014 as 43.52, 40.46 and 42.92 8g/mg and same were 43.64, 40.83 and
43.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average Winter values of Cu in 2014 from Almora was 42.30 g/mg and
same was 42.53 g/mg in 2015.Copper percentage increased in winter as (0.78).
Summer :- Cu value in moss Thuidium cyambifoliummeasured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market
and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 58.47, 56.38 and 57.82 g/mg and same were
58.77, 56.79 and 58.1 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 57.55 g/mg and same was 57.88 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased in 2015 for Cu to 2014 is calculated as 0.57
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand)
was 53.21, 54.65 and 53.23 g/mg in 2014 and same were 53.63, 55.15 and 53.67 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Cu in 2014 from Almora was 53.69 g/mg and same was 54.15 g/mg in
2015.Exibiting an increasetrend of Cu 0.83 % during monsoon.
4.4.4.5.Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and Mall road)
Winter :The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were
analysed in moss 2014 as 46.42 and 44.35 g/mg and same were 46.11 and 44.41 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Artula was 45.38 g/mg and same was 45.26 g/mg
in 2015. A decreasing trend of metal Cu was in 2015 respect to 2014 during winter was 0.27%.
Summer: Cu values measured from Artula(Artula Bus stand and Mall Road) were calculated in 2014
as 55.73 and 59.81 g/mg and same were 55.32 and 59.7 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 57.77g/mg and same were 57.51 g/mg in 2015.
Decline in percentage, in 2015 Cu value has exhibited a decreasing trend 0.45%.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were 52.72 and 57.65 g/mg in 2014 and same were 52.5 and 57.72 g/mg in 2015. Total average
Cu in 2014 from Artula was 55.18 g/mg and same was 55.11 g/mg in 2015. A drop of copper
value in 2015 was 0.13% in monsoon.
4.4.4.6.Jageshwer:(sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter :The metal Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Jageshwer (opposite temple and Ecopark) were calculated in 2014 as 42.63 and 43.28 g/mg and same were 40.5 and 43.34 g/mg in
2015. Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Jageshwer was 42.95 g/mg and same was
41.92 g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter for Cu was 2.46.
109
Summer : Cu values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 50.14
and 52.8 g/mg and same were 50.21 and 52.72 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 51.47 g/mg and same were 51.46 g/mg in
2015. Percentage decrease of Cu value in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.3.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 48.01
and 50.67 g/mg in 2014 and same were 47.9 and 50.75 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014
from Jageshwer was 49.34 g/mg and same was 49.32 g/mg in 2015. Atmospheric Cu value was low
0.03% in monsoon.
4.4.4.7 Ranikhet:(sites included are Golf Course , Sadar Bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :- The load of Cu in moss from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf Course , Sadar Bazaar ,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand ) were calculated in 2014 as 45.62, 42.60, 45.56 and 46.5 g/mg
and same were 45.83, 42.87, 46.16 and 46.84 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cu in
2014 from Ranikhet was 45.07 g/mg and same was 45.42 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in
winter for Cuwas calculated as 0.77.
Summer-: Cu values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet Golf course, Sadar bazaar,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand were calculated in 2014 as 62.61, 58.16, 52.53 and 58.74 g/mg
and same were 62.9, 58.51, 52.97 and 59.11 g/mg in 2015.
Cu intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 58.01 g/mg and same was 58.37 g/mg in 2015.
Copper percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 and is calculated as 0.62%.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu valuein moss samples from Golf course, sadar bazaar, Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand were 57.34, 49.08, 42.49 and 50.59 g/mg in 2014 and same were
57.59, 49.39, 42.79 and 51.09 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Ranikhet was 49.87
g/mg and same was 50.21 g/mg in 2015. Cu is increased to 0.97% in monsoon.
4.4.4.8.Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Pithoragh in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus
stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 47.7, 44.59,
46.56 and 49.82 g/mg and same were 48.12, 44.97, 46.89 and 50.12g/mg in 2015. Total average
winter values of Cu in 2014 from Pithoragh was 47.17 g/mg and same was 47.52 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in winter Cu is calculated as 0.52.
Summer:Cu values of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
were in 2014 as 55.41, 58.74, 6014 and 63.18 g/mg and same were 55.83, 59.04, 60.51and 63.67
g/mg in 2015.
Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarh was 59.36 g/mg and same were 59.76 g/mg in
2015. Cu percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.66%.
Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora Road and
KMOU bus stand) were 49.79, 47.62, 54.66 and 57.45 g/mg in 2014 and same were 50.03, 47.91,
110
54.9 and 57.79 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 52.38 g/mg and
same was 52.65 g/mg in 2015, Cu is increased to 0.5% in monsoon.
4.4.5 Iron
4.4.5.1. Nainital: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
Winter: During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital bus stand, Mall road,
Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were 408.02,346.32, 387,29 and 334.26g/mg in 2014 and same
were 412.82, 350.12, 389.9 and 334.9g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Nainital was
368.97 g/mg and same was 371.93 g/mg in 2015, Fe is 0.79% in winter.
Summer : Fe values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and
South mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 467.64, 382.47, 420.57 and 382.31 g/mg and same
were 469.05, 385.07, 421.59 and 382.87 g/mg in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 413.24 g/mg and same was 414.64 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 over to 2014 is calculated as 0.33.
Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus Stand, Mall road, Thandi
sadak, and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 513.51, 413.82, 445.04 and 412.95 g/mg
and same were 515.15, 415,02, 446.45 and 413.25 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Fein 2014 from Nainital were 446.33 g/mg and same was 447.46
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased for Fe is calculated as 0.25 in monsoon.
4.4.5.2. Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)
Winter :Fe concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and
IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 318.92, 326.28, and 306.21 g/mg and same were 316.12,
326.02 and 306.52 g/mg in 2015
Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 317.13g/mg and same was
316.22g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease forFe is calculated as 0.28 in winter.
Summer : Fe values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard House,
Edward House, and IVRI Campus) were calculated in 2014 as 341.43, 356.14 and 338.72 g/mg
and same were 339.31, 356.64 and 338.94 g/mg in 2015.
Summer intake for metal Fe by moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar was 345.43 g/mg
and same was 344.96 g/mg in 2015. Percentage change in 2015 forFe compare to 2014 is as 0.13.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Fe in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus) was 378.57, 384.85 and 365.95 g/mg in 2014 and same was 378.79, 385.15 and 365.7
g/mg in 2015.Total average Fe in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 376.45 g/mg and same was
376.54 g/mg in 2015. Gain in Fe% was 0.02% during monsoon.
4.4.5.3. Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter : The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Bhowali
(Mukteswer Road,Nanital Road and Almora Road) were calculated in 2014 377.5, 341.65 and 348.32
g/mg and same were 378.05, 341.93 and 348.82 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe
during 2014 from Bowali was 355.82 g/mg and same was 356.26 g/mg in 2015.Percentage
increased in winter forFe is calculated as 0.21.
111
Summer : During summer the valueFe in moss samples (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora
road) were 423.55, 388.42 and 402.78 g/mg in 2014 and same were 423.97, 389.12 and 402.08
g/mg in 2015. Average Fevalue in 2014 from Bhowali was 404.91 g/mg and same was 405.05
g/mg in 2015. Change in Fe was 0.034% .
Monsoon : Fe values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were
calculated in 2014 as 478.05, 410.62 and 422.49 g/mg and same were 478.62, 410.79 and 422.77
g/mg in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 437.05 g/mg and same was 437.39 g/mg in
2015. Percentage increased in 2015 over to 2014 is as 0.07.
4.4.5.4. Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)
Winter : The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus
stand) were calculated in 2014 as 365.14, 340.2 and 360.56 g/mg and same were 365.62, 340.46
and 360.91 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Almora was 355.3 g/mg
and same was 355.66 g/mg in 2015.Iron percentage increased in winter is calculated as 0.10.
Summer: Fe value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were
calculated in 2014 as 412.82, 395.12 and 424.34 g/mg and same were 413.04, 395.76 and 424.78
g/mg in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 410.76 g/mg and same measured as 411.19
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 Fe compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.10.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (VPKAS,Main market and
Almora bus stand) were 435.93, 417.72 and 452.17g/mg in 2014 and same were 436.26, 418.06 and
452.62 g/mg in 2015. Total average value ofFein 2014 from Almora was 435.27 g/mg and same
was 435.64 g/mg in 2015. Change in Fe is to 0.06 % in monsoon over 2014.
4.4.5.5. Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and mall road)
Winter :The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were
calculated in 2014 as 345.13, 314.65 g/mg and same were 345.58, 342.02 g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Artula was 343.39 g/mg and same was 343.8 g/mg in
2015. Change in Iron percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 during winter is calculated as 0.11.
Summer : Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall
road) were calculated in 2014 as 397.58 and 388.42 g/mg and same were 397.15 and 388.1 g/mg
in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 393 g/mg and same were 392.62 g/mg in 2015.
Decline in Percentage in 2015 Fe compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.09.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Fe in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 419.28
and 407.62 g/mg in 2014 and same were 418.08 and 407.11 g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in
2014 from Artula was 413.45 g/mg and same was 412.59 g/mg in 2015, Fewas change in to
0.2% in 2015 monsoon.
112
4.4.5.6. Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter : The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer
(opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 354.73 and 340.28 g/mg and same were
355.09 and 340.07 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Jageshwer was
347.50 g/mg and same was 347.58 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase ofFe is calculated as 0.02 in
winter.
Summer : Fe values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as
396.82 and 381.89 g/mg and same were 397.11 and 382.76 g/mg in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 389.35 g/mg and same were 389.93 g/mg in
2015. Change in percentage of Fe in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.14.
Monsoon : During monsoon Fe in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 413.53 and
402.32 g/mg in 2014 and same were 414.07 and 402.89 g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014
from Jageshwer was 407.92 g/mg and same was 408.48 g/mg in 2015. Change inFe was 0.13%
during monsoon.
4.4.5.7. Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :- The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 365.14, 377.62 and 349.67 and 380.6 g/mg and same
were 365.71, 377.91350.11 and 380.92 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014
from Ranikhet was 368.25 g/mg and same was 368.66 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in
winter for Fe was calculate as 0.11.
Summer-: Fe values from Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand) were calculated in 2014 as 411.82, 424.41, 386.75 and 434.23 g/mg and same was 412.1,
424.87, 386.15 and 435.82 g/mg in 2015.
Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 414.30 g/mg and same were 414.73 g/mg in
2015. Iron percentage dchang in 2015 compare to 2014 was as 0.10%.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Fein moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Golf course , Sadar bazaar ,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 442.3, 367.41, 403.93 and 467.09 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 442.69, 367.83, 404.2 and 467.57 g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Ranikhet
was 420.18 g/mg and same was 420.57 g/mg in 2015, and % change was 0.92% in monsoon.
4.4.5.8. Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :- The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Pithoraghar (Bus Stand,
Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 369.23, 351.36, 345.64 and
368.87 g/mg and same were 369.78, 352.07, 346.06 and 369.14 g/mg in 2015. Total average
winter values of Fe in 2014 from Pithoragh was 358.77 g/mg and same was 359.26 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased for Fe was measured as 0.13.
113
Summer-:Fe values of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
were in 2014 as 412.84, 393.38, 387.35 and 409.45 g/mg and same were 413.13, 393.97, 387.72
and 409.95g/mg in 2015.
Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarhwas 400.75 g/mg and same were 401.19g/mg in
2015. Change for Fein 2015 over to to 2014 is 0.10%.
Monsoon :- Value of the Fe in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand) were 452.8, 415.24, 407.23 and 433.82 g/mg in 2014 and same were 453.08, 415.72, 407.88
and 434.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 427.27 g/mg and same
was 427.7 g/mg in 2015. Fe increased to 0.1% in monsoon.
4.4.6 Lead
4.4.6.1 Nainital: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
Winter: During Winter Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital Bus Stand, Mall Road,
Thandi sadak,and South Mall Road) were 66.87, 63.81, 62.59 and 65.61 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 67.03, 63.97, 62.82 and 65.89 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Nainital was
64.72 g/mg and same was 64.92 g/mg in 2015, Pb is increased (+ 0.31%)in winter.
Summer : Pb values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and
South mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 92.82, 83.94, 82.85 and 83.11 g/mg and same were
97.49, 84.06, 83.07 and 83.47 g/mg in 2015.
Pb intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 85.68 g/mg
2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.28.
and same was 87.02 g/mg
in
Monsoon :Pbconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi
sadak ,and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 83.46, 71.92, 74.66and 72.29 g/mg and
same were measured as 83.46, 72.11, 74.9 and 72.58 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Pb in 2014 from Nainital was 75.58 g/mg and same was 75.76
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increaseduring monsoon in Pb is 0.23.
4.4.6.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)
Winter :Pbvalue in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard
house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 25.35, 30.62 and 31.23 g/mg
Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 29.06 g/mg and same was
29.01g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Pb is calculated as 0.17.
Summer : Pb values measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus) in 2014 as 39.9, 35.72and 36.86 and 338.72 g/mg and same were 32.59, 35.5 and
36.53g/mg in 2015.
Pb intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 35.16 g/mg and same was 34.87 g/mg in 2015.
During summer percentage reduce in 2015 Pb compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.82.
Monsoon :Pbmeasuredin moss samples (Lingard house, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) were
29.73, 33.81 and 33.75g/mg in 2014 and same were 29.67, 33.6 and 33.81g/mg in 2015. Total
average Pb in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 32.43 g/mg and same was 32.36 g/mg in 2015, Pb
was drop down to 0.21 % in monsoon.
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4.4.6.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
Winter : The load of Pb from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and
Almora road) were measured in 2014 60.64, 59.94 and 55.34 g/mg and same were 60.8, 60.07 and
55.76 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Bowali was 58.64 g/mg and
same was 58.87 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Pbwas 0.4.
Summer : SummerPbvalue in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and
Almora road) were 72.12, 69.61 and 65.53 g/mg in 2014 and same were 72.42, 69.89 and 65.83
g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Bhowali was 69.08 g/mg and same was 69.38
g/mg in 2015. Pb value is increased to 0.48% .
Monsoon : Pb values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were
in 2014 as 56.7, 48.35 and 38.09 g/mg and same were 56.91, 48.54 and 38.27 g/mg in
2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 47.71 g/mg and same was 47.90 g/mg in
2015. Percentage change in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as +0.4.
4.4.6.4 Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)
Winter :The load of Pb from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus
stand) were in 2014 as 35.81, 54.17 and 53.61 g/mg and same were 35.4, 53.96 and 53.67 g/mg in
2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Almora was 47.86 g/mg and same was 47.67
g/mg in 2015. Lead percentage decreased in winter is calculated as 0.39.
Summer:Pb value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014
as 40.17, 70.86 and 68.56 g/mg and same were 39.93, 70.75 and 68.62 g/mg in 2015.
Total Pb intake in summer 2014 from Almora was 59.86 g/mg and same were 59.76 g/mg in
2015. Percentage decrease in 2015 Pb in compare to 2014 was 0.16.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb value in moss s Thuidium cyambifolium from VPKAS,Main
market and Almora bus stand was 38.68, 44.28 and 49.4 g/mg in 2014 and same was 38.47, 44.06
and 49.49 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Almora was 44.12 g/mg and same was
44.00 g/mg in 2015, Down trend in the percentage of Pd during 2015 monsoon was 0.25.
Winter : Atmospheric load of Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of
Artula (Artula Bus stant and Mall Road) were calculated in 2014 as 63.78 and 44.35 g/mg and
same were 63.56 and 44.16v g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Artula
was 54.06 g/mg and same was 53.86 g/mg in 2015. Reduction in Lead percentage in 2015 respect
to 2014 in winter is 0.38.
Summer : Pbvalues measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014
as 55.73 and 61.65 g/mg and same were 55.5and 61.47 g/mg in 2015.
Total Pb intake in summer 2014 from Artul was 58.69 g/mg and same were 58.48 g/mg in 2015.
Decline in percentage in 2015 Pb compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.35.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 52.72 and
57.81 g/mg in 2014 and same were 52.48 and 57.7 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb value in
115
2014 from Artula was 55.26 g/mg and same was 55.09 g/mg in 2015.Pbvalue decreased to 0.31
% in 2015 monsoon.

Winter : AtmosphericPbfrom the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were
calculated in 2014 as 55.76 and 42.42 g/mg and same were 55.59 and 42.19 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Jageshwer was 49.09 g/mg and same was 48.89
g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter for Pb is calculated as 0.41.
Summmer : Pb values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple
and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 69.8 and 47.89 g/mg and same were 69.69 and 47.72 g/mg in
2015.
Total Pb intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 389.35 g/mg and same wa 389.93 g/mg in
2015. A decrease in percentage of Pb in 2015 over to 2014 is0.24.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Pbin moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 46.32 and
43.41 g/mg in 2014 and same was 46.21 and 43.29 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from
Jageshwer was 44.86 g/mg and same was 44.75 g/mg in 2015, change inPbwas 0.25% in
monsoon.
stand)
Winter : AtmosphericPb from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 62.85, 56.64, 56.7 and 60.16 g/mg and
same were 63.12, 56.9, 56.95 and 60.34 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014
from Ranikhet was 59.08 g/mg and same was 59.32 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter
Pb was 0.4.
Summer : Pb values from Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand) were in 2014 as 75.55, 78.34, 73.85 and 80.47 g/mg and same were 75.79, 78.62, 74.09 and
80.68 g/mg in 2015.
Pb intake in moss Thuidium cyambifolium during 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 77.05 g/mg and
same were 77.29 g/mg in 2015. Lead percentage improved in 2015compare to 2014 and was0.31.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Golf course, Sadar bazaar,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 54.03, 51.02, 48.23 and 53.76 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 54.23, 51.49, 48.41 and 53.9 g/mg in 2015. Average Pb in 2014 from Ranikhet was 51.76
g/mg and same increased 52.00 g/mg in 2015, An increasing treand of 0.47% was observed in
monsoon.
stand)
Winter : The value of Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Pithoraghar (Bus stand,
Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 67.56, 60.24, 58.87 and
65.92 g/mg and same were 67.84, 6039, 59.06 and 66.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter
116
values of Pb in 2014 from Pithoragh was 63.14 g/mg and same was 63.35 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased in winter Pb was 0.32.
Summer :Pb values from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
were calculated in 2014 as 78.92, 70.37, 72.3 and 72.08 g/mg and same were 79.13, 70.52, 72.46
and 72.29 g/mg in 2015.
Total Pb intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragh was 73.41 g/mg and same were 73.6 g/mg in
2015. Pb percentage impoved in 2015 compare to 2014 was0.24.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
53.59 and 56.78 g/mg in 2015. Total Pb in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 56.61 g/mg and same was
56.86 g/mg in 2015. An increase inPbpercentage was 0.44 in monsoon.
4.4.7 Lithium
Winter: During winter the Li loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus stand, Main market, Almora
road and KMOU bus stand) were 10.82, 7.34, 6.69 and 6.71 g/mg in 2014 and same were 11.12,
7.52, 6.81 and 6.91g/mg in 2015. Average Li in 2014 from Nainital was 7.89 g/mg and same was
8.09 g/mg in 2015, Li is increased 2.47% in winter.
Summer : Li values measured from Nainital (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand) were in 2014 as 12.78, 9.24, 8.37 and 8.25 g/mg and same were 12.92, 9.37, 8.57 and 8.42
g/mg in 2015.Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 9.66 g/mg and same was 9.82
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.62.
Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road
and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 6.52, 4.42, 5.04 and 5.15 g/mg and same were
6.7, 4.58, 5.3 and 5.22 g/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Li in 2014 from Nainital
was 5.28 g/mg and same was 5.45 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased for Li is calculated as 3.07
in monsoon.
4.4.7.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)
Winter: Metal was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumLi concentration from Mukteshwar
monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 4.1,
3.92 and 5.41 g/mg and same was 3.94, 4.02 and 5.48 g/mg in 2015 .
Average winter values of Li in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 4.47 g/mg and same was 4.48 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increase inLi wascalculated as 0.07.
Summer: Li values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house,
Edward house, and IVRI campus) werein 2014 as 6.86, 5.42 and 4.12 g/mg and same were 6.92,
5.51 and 4.18 g/mg in 2015.Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 5.46 g/mg
and same was 5.53 g/mg in 2015. Percentage incresedin 2015 Liover to 2014 is calculated as 1.26.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus) were 4.07, 3.76 and 3.23 g/mg in 2014 and same were 4.15, 3.7 and 3.29 g/mg in
2015.Li in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 3.68 g/mg and same was 3.71 g/mg in 2015, Li is
magnified to 0.71 % in monsoon.
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Winter : Li from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
were calculated in 2014 8.27, 7.89 and 7.69 g/mg and same were 8.73, 8.06 and 7.85 g/mg in
2015. Winter values of Li in 2014 from Bhowali was 7.95 g/mg and same was 8.21 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in winter for Li is calculated 3.2.
Summer : During Summer the Liin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road
and Almora road) were 6.32, 5.98 and 9.13g/mg in 2014 and same were 6.53, 6.14 and 9.28 g/mg
in 2015. Average Li in 2014 from Bhowali was 7.14 g/mg and same was 7.31 g/mg in 2015, Li is
improved to 2.36% .
Monsoon : MetalLi measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were
calculated in 2014 as 5.23, 5.42 and 4.58 g/mg and same were 5.49, 5.61 and 4.7 g/mg in
2015.
Intake of Li in 2014 monsoonr from Bhowali was 5.07 g/mg and same was 5.26 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage of Li increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 3.6.
Winter : The load of Li from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus
stand) were calculated in 2014 as 6.32, 5.98 and 9.13 g/mg and same were 6.53, 6.14 and 9.28
g/mg in 2015. Winter values of Li in 2014 from Almora was 7.14 g/mg and same was 7.31g/mg
in 2015. Lithium percentage increased in winter as 2.36.
Summer:MetalLi value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were
calculated in 2014 as 5.64, 9.71 and 12.38 g/mg and same were 5.81, 9.92 and 12.5 g/mg in
2015.
Annual Li intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 9.24 g/mg and same was 9.41 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage incresead in 2015 for Li over to 2014 is 1.77.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Li in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (VPKAS,Main market and
Almora bus stand) were 3.87, 5.22 and 6.5 g/mg in 2014 and same were 3.02, 5.42 and 6.72 g/mg
in 2015. Decreasing trend ofLi in 2014 from Almora was 5.19 g/mg and same was 5.05 g/mg in
2015, Annual Percentage of Pd during 2015 monsoon was-2.83.
4.4.7.5 Artula: (sites included are artula bus stand and Mall road)
Winter : The load of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Artula (artula bus stand
and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 9.7 and 8.13 g/mg and same were 9.83 and 8.29 g/mg
in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 from Artula was 8.91 g/mg and same was 9.06
g/mg in 2015.Increase in Lithium percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 in winter was 1.6.
Summer : Li values measured from Artula(artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014
as 12.09 and 10.29 g/mg and same were 12.18 and 10.42 g/mg in 2015.
Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Artul was 11.19 g/mg and same was 11.3 g/mg in 2015.
Decline in percentage in 2015 Li compare to 2014 was 0.97.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (artula bus stand and Mall road) was 4.76 and
5.24 g/mg in 2014 and same was 4.94 and 5.35 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from
118
Artula was 5.00 g/mg and same was 5.14 g/mg in 2015, Li is decline to 2.81 % in 2015
monsoon.

Winter :Atmospheric load of Li from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Ecopark) were measured in 2014 as 7.73 and 5.28 g/mg and same were 7.91 and 5.43 g/mg in
2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 from Jageshwer was 6.50 g/mg and same was 6.67
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase during winter forLi is 2.47.
Summer : Li values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in
2014 as 9.82 and 7.89 g/mg and same were 10.11 and 7.97 g/mg in 2015.
Total Li intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 8.85 g/mg and same were 9.04 g/mg in 2015.
An increasing percentage of Li in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 2.04.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Liin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (opposite temple and Eco-park)
were 4.53 and 3.32 g/mg in 2014 and same were 4.71 and 3.52 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in
2014 from Jageshwer was 3.92 g/mg and same was 4.11 g/mg in 2015, Li increased to 4.61% in in
2015 monsoon over 2014.
4.4.7.7 Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter : The load of Li from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 7.14, 9.62, 8.27 and 10.06 g/mg and same
were 7.3, 9.86, 8.39 and 10.18 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014
fromRanikhetwas 8.77 g/mg and same was 8.93 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Li
was calculated as 1.79.
Summer: Li values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Ranikhet(Golf Golf course, Sadar bazaar,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 10.82, 12.41, 11.75 and 12.23
g/mg and same were 10.96, 12.52, 11.91 and 12.34 g/mg in 2015.
Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 11.80 g/mg and same were 11.93 g/mg in
2015. Lithium percentage gained in 2015 over to 2014 is calculated as 1.08
Monsoon : During monsoon the Liin moss samples (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and
KMOU bus stand) were 5.3, 4.41, 4.93 and 6.09 g/mg in 2014 and same were 5.57, 4.54, 5.08 and
6.21 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Ranikhet was 5.18 g/mg and same was 5.35
g/mg in 2015. An increasingLi is indicated as 0.47% in monsoon.
stand)
Winter : The load of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of
Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as
10.23, 9.36, 8.64 and 10.87 g/mg and same were 10.41, 9.7, 8.79 and 10.02 g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Li in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 9.77 g/mg and same was 9.73 g/mg in
2015.Percentage decrease in winter is calculated as 0.46 for Li.
119
Summer:Li values from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
and 12.58 g/mg in 2015.
Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragh was 11.55 g/mg and same were 11.70 g/mg in
2015. Li percentage increasedin 2015 compare to 2014 is1.32.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
KMOU bus stand) were 5.67, 4.24, 6.03 and 7.22 g/mg in 2014 and same were 5.8, 4.36, 6.18 and
7.35 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 5.79 g/mg and same was 5.92
g/mg in 2015, Li value increased to 2.23% in monsoon.
4.4.8 Nickel
Winter:During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Bus stand, Main market, Almora
road and KMOU bus stand) were 19.75, 17.61, 15.58 and 15.61 g/mg in 2014 and same were
19.95, 17.73, 15.7 and 15.76 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Nainital was 17.13
g/mg and same was 17.28 g/mg in 2015, Ni value increased 0.85% during winter.
Summer : Ni values measured from Nainital (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand) were calculated in 2014 as 21.24, 19.25, 17.18 and 17.15 g/mg and same were 21.36, 19.38,
17.3 and 17.28 g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 18.70 g/mg and same was 18.83 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.66.
Monsoon :Niconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road
and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 20.1, 18.58, 16.52 and 16.39 g/mg and same were
20.21, 18.7, 16.64 and 16.52 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Ni in 2014 from Nainital was 17.89 g/mg and same was 18.01
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon forNi is calculated as 0.66.
Winter: Ni concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar monitoring sites
(Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 9.5, 8.8 and 9.61 g/mg
Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 9.3 g/mg and same was 9.24
g/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Ni is as 0.68.
Summer :Ni values measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)
were in 2014 as 11.14, 10.89 and 10.52 g/mg and same were 11.1, 10.83 and 10.47 g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 10.85 g/mg and same was 10.8 g/mg in
2015. Percentage reduction in 2015 forNi compare to 2014 was 0.46.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus)were 10.77, 9.29 and 9.75 g/mg in 2014 and same were 10.69, 9.23 and 9.71 g/mg in
2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 9.93 g/mg and same was 9.87 g/mg in
2015. An exhibiting a decreasing trend of Ni was 0.6% in monsoon.
120
Winter : The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and
Almora road)were calculated in 2014 as 15.16, 16.3 and 15.34 g/mg and same were
15.35, 16.42 and 15.48 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Bhowali was
15.6 g/mg and same was 15.75 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase forNi is calculated 0.95.
Summer : During Summer the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road
and Almora road) were 18.46, 18.74 and 17.53 g/mg in 2014 and same were 18.46, 18.89 and 17.7
g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Bhowali was 18.24 g/mg and same was 18.35
g/mg in 2015, Nivalue incresed to 0.56 % .
Monsoon : Ni values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
were calculated in 2014 as 16.71, 16.49 and 16.09 g/mg and same were 16.71, 16.61 and 16.18
g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 16.43 g/mg and same was 16.5 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage of Ni increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.42.
Winter : The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus
stand) was calculated in 2014 as 13.5, 15.29 and 17.71 g/mg and same were 13.67,
15.43 and 17.84 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Almora was 15.5
g/mg and same were 15.64 g/mg in 2015. Ni Percentage increase in winter was calculated as 0.93.
Summer: Ni value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were
calculated in 2014 as 16.82, 18.17 and 19.83 g/mg and same were 16.96, 18.29 and 19.98 g/mg
in 2015.
Ni intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 18.27 g/mg and same was 18.41 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased for Ni in 2015 over to 2014 wascalculated as 0.74.
Monsoon: During monsoon the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom VPKAS,Main market and
Almora bus stand) were 14.71, 16.41 and 18.31 g/mg in 2014 and same were14.86, 16.55 and 18.44
g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Almora was 16.48 g/mg and same increased to 16.61
g/mg in 2015, percentage increase of Ni during 2015 monsoon is 0.82.
Winter : During winter the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were 18.87 and 16.38 g/mg in 2014 and same were 18.8 and 16.32 g/mg in 2015. Average value
ofNiin 2014 from Artula was 17.62 g/mg and same was 17.56 g/mg in 2015. Niwas 0.37 % in
2015 winter over to 2014.
Summer : Ni values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and
Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 20.17 and 18.59 g/mg and values were 20.73 and 18.62
g/mg in 2015.
Ni intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 19.65 g/mg and same were 19.67 g/mg in 2015. Drop
in Ni percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.05.
Monsoon :The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were calculated in 2014 as 19.23 and 17.24 g/mg and same were 19.2 and 17.2 g/mg
121
in 2015. Average monsoon values of Ni in 2014 from Artula was 18.23 g/mg and same was 18.2
g/mg in 2015. Chnage in Ni percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 in monsoon is calculated as 0.19.
4.4.8.6 Jageshwer : (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter : The load of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer
(opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 12.52 and 11.6 g/mg and same were
12.5 and 11.55 g/mg in 2015. Winter values of Ni in 2014 from Jageshwer was12.02 g/mg and
same was 12.02 g/mg in 2015.Percentage fall in winter for Ni is calculated as 0.29.
Summer : Ni values measured from Jageshwer(opposite temple and Eco-park) were
calculated in 2014 as 14.95 and 13.97 g/mg and same were 15.04 and 13.91 g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 14.46 g/mg and same were 14.47 g/mg in
2015. Change in percentage of Ni in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.10.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Nickel in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park)
were 13.41 and 12.25 g/mg in 2014 and same were 13.37 and 12.28 g/mg in 2015.Ni in 2014
from Jageshwer was 12.83 g/mg and same was 12.82 g/mg in 2015.Ni is decrease to 0.03 %
during monsoon.
stand)
Winter: The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi
chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 16.94, 15.7, 16.43 and
18.08 g/mg and same were 17.1, 15.84, 16.56 and 18.38 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter
values of Ni in 2014 fromRanikhetwas 16.78 g/mg and same was 16.97 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage increased in winter for Ni is calculated as 1.07.
Summer: Ni values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar,
Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 18.05, 18.03, 18.25 and 20.26
g/mg and same were 18.19, 18.16, 18.38 and 20.56 g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 11.80 g/mg and same were 18.64 g/mg in
2015. Ni percentage improved in 2015 Ni compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.92.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and
17.03 and 19.94 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Ranikhet was 17.78 g/mg and same
was 17.92 g/mg in 2015, Ni is increased to 0.78% in monsoon.
4.4.8.8 Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter : The load of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Pithoraghar
(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as
19.23, 16.51, 15.74 and 18.14 g/mg and same were 19.35, 16.64, 15.88 and 18.3 g/mg in
122
2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 17.40 g/mg and same was
17.54 g/mg in 2015.Percentage decreased in winter Ni is calculated as 0.78.
Summer:Ni values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)
and 20.38 g/mg in 2015.
Total Ni intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 19.01 g/mg and same were 19.13g/mg in
2015. Ni percentage incresedin 2015 compare to 2014 is 0.5.
Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
16.32 and 19.46 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 18.1 g/mg and
same was 18.20 g/mg in 2015, Ni is increased to 0.56 % in monsoon.
4.4.9 Zinc
4.4.9.1Nainital:(Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) ( table.4.3.18)
Winter: During winter the Zn loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital bus stand, Mall
road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road were 90.9, 75.78, 73.5 and 78.5 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 92.36, 77.18, 76.13 and 80.12 g/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Nainital was
79.67 g/mg and same was 81.44 g/mg in 2015. Znincreased 2.18% in winter.
Summer :Zn values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and
South mall road) were in 2014 as 106.5, 95.64, 96.72 and 89.5 g/mg and same were 108.1, 97.07,
98.19 and 91.12 g/mg in 2015.
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 97.09 g/mg and same was 98.62 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is 1.55.
Monsoon :Znconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi
sadak, and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 66.85, 57.22, 46.79 and 63.82 g/mg and
same were 67.76, 58.89, 48.38 and 66.04 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Zn in 2014 from Nainital was 58.67 g/mg and same was 60.26
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in Monsoon for Zn is 2.65.
Winter: Zn concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and
IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 29.13, 32.19 and 30.16 g/mg and same were 29.2, 32.24
and 30.21 g/mg in 2015.
Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 30.49 g/mg and same was 30.55
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Zn is calculated as 0.18.
Summer:Zn valuesin moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house,
Edward house, and IVRI campus) was calculated in 2014 as 35.23, 38.5 and35.23g/mg and same
was 35.29, 38.58 and 35.27 g/mg in 2015 from above places.
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 36.32 g/mg and same was 36.38 g/mg in
2015. Percentage change in Zn 2015 compare to 2014 isas 0.16.
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Monsoon : During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI
campus) were 32.16, 36.81 and 33.73 g/mg in 2014 and same were 32.25, 36.88 and 33.81 g/mg in
2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 34.23 g/mg and same was 34.31 g/mg in
2015, Zn is increades to 0.23% during monsoon in moss samples.
Winter :- The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and
Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 65.34, 54.17 and 57.05 g/mg and same
were 67.29, 54.93 and 57.58 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Bhowali
was 58.85 g/mg and same was 59.93 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Zn is
calculated 1.8 in moss samples analysed.
Summer :- During summer the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road
and Almora road) were 92.42, 88.32 and 85.40 g/mg in 2014 and same were 93.92, 88.78 and 85.9
g/mg in 2015. Average Zn in 2014 from Bhowali was 88.72 g/mg and same was 89.53 g/mg in
2015, Zinc concentration in moss increased to 0.9 % .
Monsoon :-Zn values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)
was calculated in 2014 as 45.42, 43.52 and 49.53 g/mg and same were measured 47.08, 43.98 and
49.89 g/mg in 2015 in moss.
Total Zn intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 46.15 g/mg and same was 46.98 g/mg in
2015. Percentage of Zn increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.75.
Winter :-The load of Zn in mossThuidium cyambifoliumfrom the mointoring sites of Alomra
(VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) was calculated in 2014 as 42.82, 50.12
and 67.82 g/mg and same were 43.24, 50.48 and 68.09 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter
values of Zn in 2014 from Almora was 53.58 g/mg and same was 53.93 g/mg in 2015. Zn
percentage increase in winter is calculated as 0.64.
Summer:- Zn value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) was in
2014 as 49.32, 81.24 and 97.23 g/mg and were 49.79, 81.56 and 97.35 g/mg in 2015.
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 75.93 g/mg and same was 76.23 g/mg in 2015.
Percentage change in 2015 for Zncompare to 2014 is was calculated as 0.39.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)
were 36.34, 46.32 and 51.23g/mg in 2014 and same were 36.81, 46.67 and 51.51g/mg in 2015.
Total average Zn in 2014 from Almora was 44.63 g/mg and same was 44.99 g/mg in 2015.An
increment in the percentage of Zn during 2015 monsoon is 0.81.
Winter : During winter the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were 59.63 and 46.26 g/mg in 2014 and same were 59.71 and 46.33 g/mg in 2015. Total average
Zn in 2014 from Artula was 52.94 g/mg and same was 53.02 g/mg in 2015, Znvalue is
increased 0.14 % during 2015 winter.
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Summer : Zn values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were Calculated in
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 76.57 g/mg and same were 76.64 g/mg in 2015.
An increasing trend in Zn percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.09.
Monsoon :-The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road)
were in 2014 as 47.67 and 42.72 g/mg and same were 47.76 and 42.78 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Zn in 2014 from Artula were 45.19 g/mg and same was 45.27
g/mg in 2015. Magnefication in Zn percentage in 2015 in respect to 2014during monsoon is
calculated as 0.16.
4.4.9.6 Jageshwer : (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter :- The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite tempel and Ecopark) was calculated in 2014 as 47.28 and 40.43 g/mg and same were 47.36 and
40.5 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Jageshwer was 43.85 g/mg
and same was 43.93 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Zn is 0.17.
Summer :- Zn values measured from Jageshwer(opposite temple and Eco-park) were in
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 53.80 g/mg and same were 53.88 g/mg in
2015. An increasedin percentage of Zn in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.14.
Monsoon -:During monsoon the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (opposite temple and
Eco-park) were 45.12 and 38.63 g/mg in 2014 and same were 41.87 and 41.95 g/mg in 2015.
Total average Zn in 2014 from Jageshwer was 12.83 g/mg and same was 12.82 g/mg in 2015,
Znincreased to 0.19 % in monsoon.
stand)
Winter -:In the mossThuidium cyambifolium load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Ranikhet
(Golf course, Sadar Bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were
calculated in 2014 as 49.42, 47.42, 45.03 and 49.23 g/mg and same were 50.49,
49.11, 45.98 and 50.38 g/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014
fromRanikhetwas 47.77g/mg and same was 48.99 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter
Zn is calculated as 2.07.
Summer-: Zn values from Ranikhetfor Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus
stand were calculated in 2014 as 63.28 66.26, 60.43 and 82.24 g/mg and same were 64.37, 67.43,
61.69 and 83.29 g/mg in 2015.
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 68.05 g/mg and same were 69.19g/mg in
2015. Zn percentage increaded in 2015in compare to 2014 and is calculated as 1.65.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and
125
48.52 and 37.51g/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Ranikhet was 42.41 g/mg and same
was 43.50 g/mg in 2015, Znvalue increased to 2.51% in monsoon.
4.4.9.8 Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus
stand)
Winter :- Zn value from the mointoring sites of Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market,
Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 68.42, 43.43,
48.42 and 52.56 g/mg and same were 69.41, 44.57, 49.12 and 53.38g/mg in 2015. Total
average winter values of Zn in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 53.20g/mg and same was 54.12 g/mg
in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for metal Zn is as 1.68.
Summer-:Zn values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and
KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 86.82, 71.74, 72.59 and 87.82 g/mg and same were 88.08,
72.89, 73.08 and 88.52g/mg in 2015.
Total Zn intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 79.74 g/mg and same were 80.64 g/mg in
2015. Zn percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.11.
Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus stand, Main market,
Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 49.57, 43.63, 44.54 and 49.28 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 50.78, 44.84, 45.21 and 50.42 g/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from
Pithoragarh was 46.75 g/mg and same was 47.81 g/mg in 2015.Zn value increasedto 2.21 % in
monsoon.
4.5.Season wise metal comparison of atmospheric Metalsof

Gharwal area (2015 with 2014).
4.5.1. Cadmium
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4.5.1.1Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter:- During winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (range ,Office of
food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 0.22, 0.56, 0.68 and 0.96 g/mg in 2014 and same were
0.24, 0.59, 0.71 and 1.00 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 0.60g/mg
and same was 0.63 g/mg in 2015. An increasein Cd was 6.56% in Winter.
Summer :- Cd values measured from the undertaken sites of Chamba from mentioned as above
were calculated in 2014 as 0.26, 1.12, 1.02 and 1.39 g/mg and same were 0.3, 1.16, 1.08 and 1.42
g/mg in 2015.
Mean valueof Cdintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 0.94 g/mg and same was 0.99 g/mg
in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 4.29.
Monsoon :-.Cd concentration from Chamba monitoring sites ( Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 0.2, 0.48, 0.49 and 0.61 g/mg and same were 0.2, 0.5, 0.52
and 0.63 g/mg in 2015
Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Chamba was 0.44 g/mg and same was 0.46
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in Monsoon Cd iscalculated as 3.78.
4.5.1.2. Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company
bagh)
Winter:- During Winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus
stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were 1.37, 0.64, 1.19 and 0.96 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 1.42, 0.68, 1.23 and 1.00 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was
1.04 g/mg and same was 1.08 g/mg in 2015.Cd was increased 3.92% in winter.
Summer :-Cd values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and
Company bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 1.78, .09, 1.32 and 1.28 g/mg and same were 1.83, 1.13,
1.36 and 1.33 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cdintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 1.36 g/mg and same was 1.41 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 3.18.
Monsoon :-.Cdconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall
road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 0.72, 0.43, 0.58 and 0.49 g/mg and same were
0.75, 0.46, 0.61 and 0.51 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Mussooriewas 0.55 g/mg and same was 0.58
g/mg in 2015.Gain in Cdvalue is calculated as 4.72 in monsoon.
4.5.1.3.Dhanulti: (sites included are
Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park , Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road)
Winter:During winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural
bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie Road) were 1.24, 0.36, 0.71, 1.05 g/mg in 2014
and same were 1.28, 0.33, 0.75, 1.11 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Dhanulti was
0.84 g/mg and same was 0.86 g/mg in 2015, Cdlevel is improved 3.17% in winter.
127
Summer:Cd values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and
Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 1.51, 0.55, 1.04 and 1.42 g/mg and same were 1.57,
0.52, 1.1 and 1.48 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cdintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 1.13 g/mg and same was 1.16 g/mg in
2015.Gain in percentage of Cd in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 3.21.
Monsoon :.Cdconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 0.65, 0.32, 0.50 and 0.72 g/mg and
same were 0.65, 0.30, 0.54, and 0.75 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Dhanultiwas 0.54 g/mg and same was 0.56
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon forCd is as 2.23.
4.5.2. Chromium
4.5.2.1Chamba:(sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter: During winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range
,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 31.56, 49.72, 52.69 and 58.84 g/mg in
2014 and same were 33.15, 51.08, 53.76 and 60.05 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
Chamba was 48.2 g/mg and same was 49.51 g/mg in 2015. An increase in Cris 2.64 % in winter.
Summer:Cr values measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 36.3, 61.13, 70.41 and 76.25 g/mg and same were 38.21,
62.76,71.54 and 78.12 g/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 61.02
g/mg and same was 62.65 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated
as 2.60
Monsoon :Crconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp,
Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 26.2, 48.92, 57.22 and 60.13 g/mg and
same were 26.89, 50.1, 58.11 and 61.24g/mg in 2015 .
Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014 from Chamba was 48.11 g/mg and same was 49.08
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for Cr is calculated as 1.97.
4.5.2.2 Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company
Bagh)
Winter: During winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus
stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were 60.78, 53.87, 55.7 and 54.39 g/mg in 2014
and same were 62.14, 55.17, 56.9 and 55.87 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
Mussoorie was 56.18 g/mg and same was 57.52 g/mg in 2015, Cr is increased 2.32 % in winter.
Summer : Cr values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and
Company Bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 78.23, 65.32, 69.29 and 67.49 g/mg and same were
79.87, 67.4, 70.69 and 69.24 g/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas
70.08 g/mg and same was 71.8 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was
calculated as 2.39.
Monsoon :Crconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall
Road,and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 59.7, 50.35, 53.39 and 51.72 g/mg and same
were 60.92, 51.56, 53.97 and 52.8 g/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014 from
128
Mussooriewas 53.79 g/mg and same was 54.81 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon
data of Cr was calculated as 1.86.
4.5.2.3.Dhanulti:(sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road)
Winter:- During Winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural
bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 52.88, 37.6, 50.39 and 56.81g/mg in
2014 and same were 54.12, 38.1, 51.56 and 58.78 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
Dhanulti was 49.42 g/mg and same was 50.64 g/mg in 2015, Crlevel increased 2.40 % in winter.
Summer : Cr values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 73.41, 55.64, 71.76 and 77.24 g/mg and same were
75.56, 56.23, 73.16 and 78.89 g/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas
69.51 g/mg and same was 70.96 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in Cr in 2015 compare to
2014 calculated as 2.03.
Monsoon :Cr concentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 55.32, 35.89, 53.62 and 57.48 g/mg and
same were 56.48, 36.16, 54.12 and 58.62 g/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014
from Dhanultiwas 50.57 g/mg and same was 51.34 g/mg in 2015. Percentage gain in monsoon Cr
was calculated as 1.49.
4.5.3 Cobalt
4.5.3.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp , Ayush Hospital and Bus
stand)
Winter:During winter the Co loadin moss samples from Chamba (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp,
Ayush Hospital,and Bus stand) were 42.54, 55.24, 57.82 and 62.74 g/mg in 2014 and same were
42.13, 55.89, 58.11 and 63.38 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was
54.58g/mg and same was 54.87 g/mg in 2015. Change in Co was 0.53 % in winter.
Summer:Co values measured from Chamba (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp, Ayush Hospital,and
Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 54.71, 71.65, 73.1 and 79.19 g/mg and same were 54.34,
71.97, 73.89 and 80.21 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 69.66 g/mg and same was 70.1 g/mg in
2015.Percentage change in 2015 over to 2014 was 0.62.
Monsoon:Co concentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp , Ayush
Hospital,and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 50.92, 58.25, 62.73 and 65.75 g/mg and same
were 50.52, 58.59, 62.92 and 66.52 g/mg in 2015
Total average monsoon values of Coin 2014 from Chamba was 59.41 g/mg and same was 59.63
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in monsoon data of Co was calculated as 0.37
129
4.5.3.2 Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company
Bagh)
Winter:During Winter the Co loadin moss samples from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy,
Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were 68.44, 55.62, 59.9 and 52.86 g/mg in 2014 and same were
69.93, 55.62, 61.25 and 54.06 g/mg in 2015. An average Cd value in 2014 from Mussoorie was
59.2 g/mg and same was 60.21 g/mg in 2015, Co increased 1.67 % in Winter.
Summer:Co value from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh)
were in 2014 as 85.01, 68.35, 74.62 and 66.28 g/mg and same were 86.23, 69.48, 75.83 and 67.68
g/mg in 2015.
Total Cointake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 73.56 g/mg and same was 74.8 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 1.65.
Monsoon :.Co concentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall
were 73.13, 61.56, 64.47 and 61.78 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Coin 2014 from Mussooriewas 64.35 g/mg and same was 65.23
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon for Co was calculated as 1.35
4.5.3.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal Rural Bank, Eco Park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie Road)
Winter:- During winter the Co loadin moss samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal Rural Bank, Eco Park,
Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie Road) were 58.28, 42.56, 47.71 and 64.07 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 59.36, 42.89, 48.8 and 64.92 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Dhanulti was
53.15 g/mg and same was 53.99 g/mg in 2015. Gain in metalColevel was 1.55 % in Winter.
Summer:Co values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and
Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 75.61, 62.31, 70.04 and 80.71 g/mg and same were
76.72, 62.79, 71.26 and 81.81 g/mg in 2015.
Total metalCointake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 72.16 g/mg and same was 73.14 g/mg in
2015. Percentage of Coincrease in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 1.33.
Monsoon:Coconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
same were 67.97, 53.64, 62.1 and 71.78 g/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Co in 2014
from Dhanultiwas 63.06 g/mg and same was 63.87 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in Co
during monsoon was calculated as 1.26.
4.5.4. Copper
4.5.4.1.Chamba: (sites included are Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter :During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Chamba (Forest range,Office of food Insp ,
Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 32.61, 55.93, 60.63 and 65.28 g/mg in 2014 and same were
33.56, 57.12, 61.8 and 66.35 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was
53.61 g/mg and same was 54.7 g/mg in 2015, Cu is amplified 2.00 % in winter.
130
Summer:Cu values measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus
stand) were calculated in 2014 as 38.38, 73.52, 82.03 and 88.98 g/mg and same were 39.62, 73.67,
83.21 and 90.58 g/mg in 2015.Total Cuintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 70.71 g/mg and
same was 71.77 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.46 .
Monsoon:.Cu concentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp , Ayush
hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 34.76, 58.27, 62.67 and 67.22g/mg and same
were 35.47, 59.15, 63.79 and 68.09 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Cuin 2014 from Chamba was 55.73 g/mg and same was 56.62
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in Cuduring monsoon is as 1.58.
4.5.4.2Mussoorie: (sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road,andCompany bagh)
Winter:During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy,
Mall Road, and Company bagh) were 63.77, 57.68, 60.65 and 62.34 g/mg in 2014 and same were
64.86, 58.86, 61.72 and 63.45 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 61.11
g/mg and same was 62.22 g/mg in 2015, Cu is increased in moss as 1.78 % during winter.
Summer:Cu values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road, and
Company bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 83.05,78.95, 81.86 and 83.85 g/mg and same were
84.18, 80.75, 83.24 and 84.96 g/mg in 2015.Total Cuintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas
81.92 g/mg and same was 83.28 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is
calculated as 1.62.
Monsoon :Cu concentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall
Road, and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 65.41, 59.44, 60.97 and 62.33 g/mg and same
were 66.48, 60.48, 61.48 and 63.41 g/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Cuin 2014 from
Mussooriewas 62.03 g/mg and same was 62.96 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon for
Cu iscalculated as 1.46.
4.5.4.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple, and
Mussoorie road)
Winter:- During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark,
Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 64.76, 56.24, 60.29 and 63.07 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 65.87, 57.38, 61.18 and 63.95 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Dhanulti
was 61.09 g/mg and same was 62.09 g/mg in 2015. Gain in Cu level is1.61 % in winter.
Summer:- Cu values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple,
and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 85.73, 68.89, 72.57 and 79.1 g/mg and same
were3.45 and 86.91, 70.3, 73.45 and 80.14 g/mg in 2015.
Total Cuintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 76.57 g/mg and same was 77.7 g/mg in
2015.Percentage of Cu isincrease in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 1.45.
Monsoon:-Cuconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda
devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 85.73, 68.89, 72.57 and 79.1g/mg and
same were 86.91, 70.3, 73.45 and 80.14 g/mg in 2015.Average monsoon value of Cu in 2014 from
Dhanultiwas 76.57 g/mg and same was 77.7 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon Cu
iscalculated as 4.51.
131
4.5.5 Iron
4.5.5.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter:During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range, Office
of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 254.6, 281.63, 296.5 and 357.49 g/mg in 2014 and
same were 258.24, 283.49, 298.87 and 360.14 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from
Chamba was 297.55 g/mg and same was 300.18 g/mg in 2015, Fe is increased 0.87 % during
winter.
Summmer : Fevalues measured from Chamba (Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 286.58, 312.2, 344.97 and 416.45 g/mg and same were
290.36, 316.37, 347.5 and 419.09g/mg in 2015.
Total Feintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 340.05 g/mg and same was 343.33 g/mg in
2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.95
Monsoon:Feconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range, Office of food Insp , Ayush
hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 275.09, 293.81, 321.64 and 386.23 g/mg and
same were 278.27, 292.78, 323.49 and 387.61 g/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Fein
2014 from Chamba was 319.19 g/mg and same was 320.53 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in
monsoon for Fe is calculated as 0.41.
4.5.5.2 Mussoorie: (sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company
bagh)
Winter:During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand,
LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were 388.44, 310.62, 339.04 and 289.16 g/mg in 2014
Mussoorie was 331.81 g/mg and same was 333.89 g/mg in 2015. Fe is increased 0.062 % in
winter.
Summer:Fevalues measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company
bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 427.45, 378.63, 368.96 and 342.01 g/mg and same were 430.12,
380.09, 371.16 and 343.12 g/mg in 2015.Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas
379.26 g/mg and same was 381.12 g/mg in 2015. Summer percentage increased in 2015 compare
to 2014 is calculated as 0.48 during two periods of summer.
Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall
road, and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 410.71, 348.35, 354.87 and 326.28 g/mg and
same were 411.82, 349.92, 355.68 and 327.39 g/mg in 2015
Total average monsoon values of Fein 2014 from Mussooriewas 360.05 g/mg and same was 361.2
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in Monsoon forFe is calculated as 0.31.
4.5.5.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and
Mussoorie road)
Winter: During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural
bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were
318.28, 282.56, 327.71 and 364.07

g/mg in 2014 and same were 320.7, 284.08, 329.82 and 365.89 g/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in
2014 from Dhanulti was 323.15 g/mg and same was 325.12 g/mg in 2015, Fe level was 0.60%
in winter.
132
Summmer : Fe values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,
were 388.13, 330.51, 399.12 and 406.97 g/mg in 2015 during.
Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 379.56 g/mg and same was 381.8 g/mg in
2015.Percentage gain of Fe in 2015 compare to 2014 iscalculated as 0.42.
Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 355.61, 309.31, 370.04 and 382.71 g/mg
and same were 356.72, 311.42, 371.11 and 383.6 g/mg in 2015. An average monsoon value of Fe
in 2014 from Dhanulti was 354.41g/mg and same was 355.71g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in
Feduring monsoon is calculated as 0.36.
4.5.6 Lead
4.5.6.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter:During winter the Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range ,Office
of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were25.61, 39.36, 41.03 and 50.2 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 26.29, 40.25, 41.94 and 50.9 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Chamba was 39.05
g/mg and same was 39.84 g/mg in 2015. An increase in Pb was 1.99 % during winter.
Summer: Pbvalues measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of fod Insp , Ayush hospital and Bus
stand) were in 2014 as 31.42, 55.47 63.53 and 70.79 g/mg and same were 31.98, 55.89, 64.42 and
71.26g/mg in 2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 summer from hambawas 55.3 g/mg and same was
55.88 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.04 .
Monsoon :.Pbconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush
hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 27.78, 41.38, 32.16 and 53.16 g/mg and same
were 28.12, 41.78 ,32.79 and 54.03g/mg in 2015.Average monsoon values of Pbin 2014 from
Chamba was 38.62 g/mg and same was 39.18 g/mg in 2015.Percentage Increase in monsoon Pb
is as 1.42.
Bagh)
Winter:- During winter metal Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus
stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company Bagh) were analysed as 53.32, 43.62,47.24 and
46.91g/mg in 2014 and same were 54.11, 44.51, 48.33 and 47.87g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb
in 2014 from Mussoorie was 47.77 g/mg and same was 48.7 g/mg in 2015.Pb is increased 1.91
% in winter in comparison to 2014.
Summer :- Pb values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and
Company Bagh) were in 2014 as 78.46, 69.45, 74.76 and 72.73 g/mg and same were 79.35, 70.56,
75.87 and 73.92 g/mg in 2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 73.85 g/mg and
same was 74.92 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.43.
Monsoon :-.Pbconcentration from Mussoorie at monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy,
Mall road, and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 46.27, 46.34, 50.18 and 45.28 g/mg and
same were 47.06, 47.1, 51.07 and 46.15 g/mg in 2015. Monsoon average values of Pbin 2014 from
Mussooriewere47.01 g/mg and same was 47.84 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased inPb is
calculated as 1.72 during monsoon.
133
Mussoorie road)
Winter:- During winter the Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural
bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 45.7, 39.64, 43.29 and 46.57 g/mg
in 2014 and same were 46.79, 40.73, 44.31 and 47.62 g/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from
Dhanulti was 43.8 g/mg and same was 44.86 g/mg in 2015.Pb level is increased 4.25 % in
winter of 2015.
Summmer :- Pb values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,
were 71.94, 56.32, 70.49 and 73.34 g/mg in 2015.
Total Pbintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 66.92g/mg and same was 68.02 g/mg
2015.Gain in Pbin 2015 over to 2014 calculated as 1.62%.
in
Monsoon :-.Pbconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
same were 50.97, 42.89, 50.46 and 52.58 g/mg in 2015. Average monsoon values of Pb in 2014
from Dhanultiwas 48.29 g/mg and same was 49.22 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon
for Pb is as 1.88.
4.5.7. Lithium
4.5.7.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)
Winter: During winter the Li loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range,Office
of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 3.63,4.47, 4.85 and 5.27g/mg in 2014 and
same were 3.74, 459, 4.98 and 5.4 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Chamba was
4.55 g/mg and same was 4.67 g/mg in 2015, Li has increased 2.61 % in winter 2015.
Summmer : Livalues measured from Chamba (Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were in 2014 as 4.92, 6.12, 6.83 and 7.75 g/mg and same were 5.09, 6.25, 6.95 and 7.89
g/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in moss during 2014 summer from Chambawas 6.6 g/mg and same
was 6.53 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 2.02 during
summer.
Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp , Ayush
hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 3.57, 5.89, 6.08 and 6.69 g/mg and same were
3.69, 6.00, 6.2 and 6.78 g/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Liin 2014 from
Chambawas 5.55 g/mg and same was 5.66 g/mg in 2015.Percentage change in monsoon Li is
calculated as 1.94.
bagh)
Winter:Li load during winterin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS
academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were and 5.81, 4.22, 5.63 and 4.67 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 5.93, 4.34 , 5.75 and 4.8 g/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 5.08
g/mg and same was 5.2 g/mg in 2015.Livalue is increased 2.35 % .
134
Summer: Li values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and
Company bagh) were in 2014 as 8.27, 6.06, 7.27 and 6.48 g/mg and same were 8.39, 6.17, 7.39 and
6.63 g/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 7.01 g/mg and same was
7.14 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.81.
Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall
road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 7.89, 5.72, 5.63 and 5.32 g/mg and same were
7.97, 5.85, 5.74 and 5.45 g/mg in 2015.Monsoon average values of Liin 2014 from Mussooriewas
6.16 g/mg and same was 6.25 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon Li is calculated as
1.79 .
Mussoorie road)
Winter:Value of lithium during witer in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal
rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 5.38, 4.11, 5.12 and 5.28
g/mg in 2014 and same were 5.52, 4.23, 5.24 and 5.39 g/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014
from Dhanulti was 4.97 g/mg and same was 5.09 g/mg in 2015. Lilevel has changed 2.40 % in
comparision to previous year .
Summer : Li values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and
Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 7.68, 6.07, 7.09 and 7.36 g/mg and same were 7.81,
6.19, 7.21 and 7.49 g/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 7.05 g/mg
and same was 7.17 g/mg in 2015.Percentage of Li is increased in 2015 compare to 2014
andcalculated as 1.74.
Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
Total average monsoon values of Li in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 6.03 g/mg and same was 6.13 g/mg
in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon forLi is as 1.63.
4.5.8. Nickel
Winter: During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range , Office
of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 30.45, 39.44, 35.6 and 47.73g/mg in 2014
and same were 31.3, 40.28, 35.54 and 48.65 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Chamba
was 38.3 g/mg and same was 38.94 g/mg in 2015. An increase in Ni is amplified 1.63 % in winter.
Summer : Nivalues measured from Chamba (Forest range , Office of food Insp , Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 38.91, 56.4, 54.74 and 72.13 g/mg and same were 40.11,
57.36, 55.67 and 73.1 g/mg in 2015.
Total Niintake in moss during 2014 summer from Chambawas 55.54 g/mg and same was 56.56
g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.79.
Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range , Office of food Insp, Ayush
were 33.28, 48.98, 50.89 and 56.96 g/mg in 2015
135
Total average monsoon values of Niin 2014 from Chamba was 46.76 g/mg and same was 47.52
g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in Niwas 1.59 during monsoon of 2015.
bagh)
Winter:Ni value during winterin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand,
LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were 56.03,44.69, 47.9 and 42.6 g/mg in 2014 and same
were 56.95, 45.62, 48.81 and 43.53 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Mussoorie was
47.8 g/mg and same was 48.72 g/mg in 2015, Ni is increased 1.89 % in winter.
Summer : Ni values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and
Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 78.85, 71.89, 74.72 and 65.19 g/mg and same were
79.72, 72.78, 75.68 and 66.1 g/mg in 2015.Total Niintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas
72.66 g/mg and same was 73.57 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is
calculated as 1.23.
Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall
were 61.81, 58.88,58.47 and 53.97 g/mg in 2015.Average monsoon values of Niin 2014 from
Mussooriewas 57.4 g/mg and same was 58.28 g/mg in 2015. Percentage increased during
monsoon inmetal Ni is calculated as 1.50.
4.5.8.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road)
Winter: During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural
bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 43.18, 40.56, 43.71 and 46.05 g/mg
in 2014 and same were 44.15, 41.49, 44.67 and 46.92 g/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from
Dhanulti was 43.37 g/mg and same was 44.3g/mg in 2015.Exhibited an increasing trend of Ni
level is 2.10 %.
Summer : Ni values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road) were analysed in 2014 as 54.51, 61.31, 67.04 and 73.42 g/mg and same were
65.48, 62.28, 67.96 and 74.39 g/mg in 2015.
Total Niintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 66.57 g/mg and same was 67.52 g/mg in
2015.Percentage change of Ni in 2015 compare to 2014 iscalculated as 1.41.
Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
Average valuesof Ni during rains in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 52.11 g/mg and same was 53.04 g/mg
in 2015. Percentage increased in monsoon forNi is calculated as 1.74.
4.5.8. Zinc
Winter:- Value of metal zincin moss Thuidium cyambifolium during winter from Chamba (Forest
range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 29.86, 37.63, 40.03 and 46.8 g/mg in
136
2014 and same were 30.65, 38.1, 41.86 and 47.68 g/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from
Chamba was 38.58 g/mg and same was 39.57 g/mg in 2015, Znaccumulation has increased
2.50 %.
Summer :- Znvalues measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp , Ayush hospital and
Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 33.18, 59.49, 63.53 and 72.89 g/mg and same were 33.87,
60.21, 64.29 and 73.76 g/mg in 2015.Total Znintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 57.27
g/mg and same was 58.03 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.30.
Monsoon:-.Znconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush
were 26.49, 29.98, 32.91 and 35.69 g/mg in 2015
Total average values of Zn during rain in 2014 from Chamba were 30.53 g/mg and same was
31.26 g/mg in 2015. Percentage change in monsoon for Zn is calculated as 1.59.
bagh)
Winter:- During winter the Zn loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus
stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were 42.57, 38.68, 44.66 and 44.09 g/mg in 2014
Mussoorie was 42.5 g/mg and same was 43.31 g/mg in 2015, Znaccumulation in moss has
increased to1.88 % during winter 2015.
Summer:- Zn values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and
Company Bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 71.84, 68.95, 76.85 and 72.97 g/mg and same were
72.75, 64.89, 77.78 and 73.89 g/mg in 2015.
Total Znintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 71.4 g/mg and same was 72.32 g/mg in
2015.Percentage gain in 2015 compare to 2014 for metal zinc is calculated as 1.27.
Monsoon:-.Znconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall
road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 30.36, 30.44, 35.97 and 33.88 g/mg and same
were 31.06, 31.32, 36.83 and 34.8 g/mg in 2015.
Total average monsoon values of Znin 2014 from Mussooriewas 32.66 g/mg and same was 33.5
g/mg in 2015. Percentage of Zn increased in 2015 with respect to 2014 monsoon is 2.50.
4.5.9.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road)
Winter: Zincvaluein moss Thuidium cyambifolium samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco
park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 45.56, 37.64, 31.02 and 42.67 g/mg in 2014
and same were 46.45, 38.5, 31.85 and 43.54 g/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from
Dhanulti was 39.22 g/mg and same was 40.08 g/mg in 2015, Zn level is increased to 2.15%
during winter.
Summer:Zn values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and
Mussoorie road) were in 2014 as 74.98, 48.29, 68.05 and 70.1 g/mg and same were 75.84, 49.07,
68.97 and 70.93 g/mg in 2015.Total Znintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 65.35 g/mg and
same was 66.2 g/mg in 2015.Percentage of Zn is increased in 2015 over to 2014 as 1.28.
137
Monsoon:Znconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda
same were 33.49, 28.87, 30.9 and 32.29 g/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Zn in
2014 from Dhanultiwas 30.53 g/mg and same was 31.38 g/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in
metal Zn is calculated as 2.73.
4.6 Taxonomic Plates
138
40 x. 20mm40x 0.40mm
40x.25mm
40x 0.37mm
40x.85 mm
A
Plate 4.6.1. Isoptergium distichaceum.Mitt(A) Leaf (B) Whole plant (C)Leaf apex (D) Basal cell
(E)Edge of the leaf (F)Mid- leaf cell
Key Points about Isoptergium distichaceum. Mitt

1. Monoicous.
2.Yellow-green, silky plants of variable size forming low tufts.
3. Main stem creeping, prostrate, not much branched.
139
4. Leaves distichous, spreading (shrunk butstill spreading when dry), elliptic- lanceolate,
concave, apex narrowapiculate,marginal dentateat, upturned at one side of the base margin.
5.Costa absentLeaf cell elongated rhomboid with cell tips showing papillose development in
lower leaf, with rectangular guadrate cells along extreme base.
140
40x0.40mm
40x0.35mm
10x4.5mm
10x2mm
40x0.50mm
Plate-4.6.2:.Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia (Ren. & Card.)(A) Whole plant (B) Leaf (C) Apical cells (D)Mid
Leaf cells (E) Basal Cells
141
Key Points about Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia (Ren. & Card.)

1. Soft, large,glossy,yellow plants in lax tufts.
2. Main stem long,trailing, Branches pinnate, erect to procumbent, slender,of unegual heights.
3. Leaves lax, terete squarrose, ovate-lanceolate 1.28mm apx.
4.Long and wide, decurrent at bas, margin dentate to a little abobe base, apex narrow
acuminate, twisted half turn.Coasta coveringabout 2/3 of lamina length.
5. Leaf cells showing irregular primordial utricle, liner irregularly rhomboid, marginal dentate
row in lamina wider, basal cells shorter,inflatered at the middle of each lamina half.
6. Sporophyte unknown
142
4Ox 1.3mm
40x 0.46 mm
B
40x0.38
C
10X6.5 cm
A
Plate 4.6.3-Thuidium cyambifolium Doz and Molk (A) Whole Plant (B) Leaf (C) Mid leaf cells
(D) Basal Cells
143
Key Points about Thuidium cyambifolium Doz and Molk

1. Diocous. Large, yellow-green to deep green (may be brownish when old) plants forming dense
mats.
2. Main stem creeping, arched or ascending, may central strand. Giving off regular or irregularly bi-or
tripinnate branched. Paraphyllia dense on stem, Branched lanceolate to filiform.
3.Stem leaves erectopatent, ovate-lanceolate triangular.ending in along arista formed by the excurrent
costa, plicate.up to 3mm. Long( with the arista) and 1mm. Wide
4. Branchleaves erectopatent (erect when dry), Concave, ovate-lanceolate with acute apex, up tp 0.5
mm. Long on secondary stems and 0.3mm long on ultimate branches,margins irregularly crenulated
5. Costa ending below apex.
6. Leaf cells more or less rhomboid with single papillae on both sides of lumen, at extreme base, cells
elongated, smooth and at the region of attachment there are some broad lax cells.
7. Sporophytes on the main stems.
.......................................
144
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SCREENING OF THE ELEVATED C02 TOLERANT MOSSES, THEIR

POTENTIALS IN THE C BALANCE, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL ATMOPSHERIC

1.2 Advantages of bryophytes for biomonitoring.

1.3 Distribution of mosses

2.1. MONITORING OF METALS:

2.2 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING:

2.3 ACTIVE BIOMONITORING:

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 SURVEY OF SITES: ( Garhwal, Uttranchal, Himanchal)

3.2 STUDY AREA :

Located in the northern part of India

28 43' North Latitude and 77o 34' East Longitude.

51,125 sq. km.

10116752 (Census 2011)

Average summer temperatures vary between 30 o C to 18 o C and winter

High to Medium and low at some places.

Tourist destination: Kumaon-Almora, Ranikhet, Nanital, Pithoragarh,Chamoli, champawat,

3.4. MONITORING SITES OF UTTRAKHAND

Uttarakhand state lies at 28 53 24 N to 31 27 50 N latitude and 77 34 27 E to 81 02 22 E

3.4.1 SELECTION OF SITES

PLAN FOR MONITORING (PASSIVE AND ACTIVE) SITES

Sampling details wise:

3.4.A. KUMAON REGION

In Nanital district of Uttarakhand

29.47' North Latitude 79.64' East Longitude.

2286 meters (7500ft)

Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 14 C (minimum) Winter: 14C (maximum)

8.856 sq. km.

Mukteshwar Temple , IVRI Campus Mukteshwar

29. 23' North Latitude and 79. 27' East Longitude

1,938 meters (6,358 ft)

Summer: 28 C (maximum), 10 C (minimum)

Very high(1 min= 4-5 Vehicles)

In Almora district of Uttarakhand.

29 .65'North Latitude and 79 .42'East Longitude

1,869 m (6,132 ft)

Summers: 30o C (max) and 8o C (min)

21.76 sq. km.

High to very crowded in summers

In Almora district of Uttarakhand.

29 37' North Latitude and 7940' East Longitude

1646 m (5400 ft)

11.9 sq. km.

621927 (census 2011)

Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 12 C (minimum)

Jageshwar Temple, Gana Nath Temple, Chaiti Temple, Katarmal

In Almora district of Uttarakhand.

29 39' North Latitude and 7935' East Longitude.

1,870 meters (6,140 ft)

11.9 sq. km.

4,781 (census 2001)

Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 12 C (minimum)

In Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand

29 34 North Latitude, 80 13 East Longitude.

1, 635 meter (5, 396 feet)

Summer: 30 C (maximum) and 14 C (minimum)

8.856 sq. km.

Patal Bhubaneswar, Gangolihat, Chandak, Dewalthal, Dharchula,

In Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.

30 27' North Latitude and 78 5' East Longitude.

Summers: 30o C (max) and 15o C (min)

25,753 (census 2011)

In Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.