Title: Marcet Boiler

Objective:

To obtain a balance relationship between temperature and pressure of saturated steam

for water at all pressure levels between atmospheric pressure and 10 bars (150
lb /2 ).

To understand the concept of relationship of pressure and temperature steam in

equilibrium with water.

To plotted the curve of saturation pressure of the steam.
To record the temperature and the pressure of the saturated steam.
To list the applications of the saturation steam in equilibrium with water.

Apparatus: Marcet Boiler set

Procedure:
1. The unit (Marcet Boiler) was connected to the power supply which provide a heating rate
of 2kW to the electrical heater.
2. The level valve was opened and the power supply then switched on.
3. The temperature was set to 180C as set point.
4. To be sure that there were no air trapped in the boiler, we need to wait for the steam output
through the level valve.
5. The level valve was then been closed and the Marcet Boiler heated again until gauge
pressure reached maximum pressure of 8 bars.
6. The electrical heater turned off to decrease the temperature set point until room
temperature were reached.
7. All temperature readings at different pressure readings of heated and cooled Marcet Boiler
were recorded in a table.

Results:
Pressure, P (bar)

Absolute

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0

Gauge

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

Calculate

Temperature, T
Increase
(C)

100.0
111.2
120.1
127.4
133.6
138.9
143.7
148.0
152.1
155.9
159.3
162.5
165.4
168.2
170.8

Decreas
e
(C)

99.7
111.3
120.2
127.9
134.1
139.5
144.3
148.6
152.6
156.2
159.6
162.7
165.6
168.4
170.8

Average

Average

T avc

T avc

(C)

(K)

99.85
111.25
120.15
127.65
133.85
139.20
144.00
148.30
152.35
156.05
159.45
162.60
165.50
168.30
170.80

372.85
384.25
393.15
400.65
406.85
412.20
417.00
421.30
425.35
429.05
432.45
435.60
438.50
441.30
443.80

Measured
Slope,

d Slope,
Tv g /

dT/dP
h fg
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05

0.28
0.21
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05

Discussion:
1. & 2. On Graph
3. Based on the graph, the relationship between the average temperature,
absolute pressure ,

T avg

against the

||

P is directly proportional while there is small deviation between the

measured slope and the calculated slope. It also shows that the experimental yield less than
the theoretical yield. This might happen due to the present of air in the boiler and the
measurements reading errors that happen during the experiment.
4. There are several sources of error of the experiment:1) Measurement reading accuracy.
2) Room temperature and pressure.
3) The stability of the material.
4) The calculations of the data obtained.
In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the
measurements reading errors.
5. Before the experiment is conducted, it is vital to remove the air from the boiler. This is
because , air might affects the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed,
the correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be
obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air , a lower water temperature will be required to
raise the pressure. Besides, the air trapped in the boiler could lead to boiler failure.
6. When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat and
move faster. As they move around so fast that they can not even hold on to each other
anymore, all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid absorbed
enough heat energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as the steam is not
allowed to exit, the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the temperature rise. The
liquid (water) undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam). Hence it is calculated and
proved from the graph, that temperature is directly proportional to the pressure.

The application of boilers in industries includes :1) Power Plant Boiler

The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in various heat
transfer sections. Volume of one unit mass of steam is thousand times that of water. When
water is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure will increase. Heating the water
from cold condition to boiling point or saturation temperature. Water boils at saturation
temperature to produce steam. Heating steam from saturation temperature to higher
temperature called superheating to increase the power plant output and efficiency.
2) Food Steamer used by Food Industries
There are two types of food steamers used by the food industry to heat food in large
quantities. The traditional design uses steam trays connected to a central boiler. Newer
technology uses individual heating systems to create the steam on each set of steam trays.
The newer technology offers significant advantages in both energy and water efficiency. The
boiler-based steamers utilize a boiler to inject (through pipes) steam into the heating
compartment containing the food trays. Steam that does not condense on the food product
escapes as a mixture of steam and hot condensate through a drain at the bottom of the set of
steam trays. Not only is water wasted in the rejected steam, but also a substantial amount of
additional water is required to condense this steam and cool the condensate water to an
acceptable temperature before it enters the sewer system
3) Fluidized Bed Reactor
The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as heavy
agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash gasifiers, so the
fuel must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly suitable. The agglomerating
gasifiers have slightly higher temperatures, and are suitable for higher rank coals. Fuel
throughput is higher than for the fixed bed, but not as high as for the entrained flow gasifier.
The conversion efficiency can be rather low due to elutriation of carbonaceous material.
Recycle or subsequent combustion of solids can be used to increase conversion. Fluidized
bed gasifiers are most useful for fuels that form highly corrosive ash that would damage the
walls of slagging gasifiers. Biomass fuels generally contain high levels of corrosive ash.

4) Steam Engines
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the
combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or
geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process
is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a
boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical
work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

Conclusion:
Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relation in between pressure and
temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. As we did in the laboratory, we started
heating water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, closing the valve
which created a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to increase as the temperature
rises. And thus studying the direct relation between pressure and temperature for water at that
point.
We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure we are
now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased. causing
the experiment to be useless.
We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we reached boiling temperature and
thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in between
pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The difference between the theoretical
values and the actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated acceptable
percentages. In this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to
be directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope
shows a small deviation between them because of certain errors.

Recommendations:
In order to get accurate data and result, we should repeat the experiment about 2 to 3 times
with hope we can get the most accurate data by getting the average reading from the
experiments. We also need to mastered the data taking techniques to avoid failure in reading
the data. Besides, before doing the experiment, we need to learn how to use the equipment to
avoid failure in completing the experiment. We also need to becareful to not doing the same
mistakes over and over again.

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