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P.Ravi babu*
ravi.dsm@gmail.com
C.P.Rakesh**
rakesh_102002@yahoo.com
G.Srikanth***
srikanth02_g@yahoo.com
M.Naveen kumar
naveen0724@gmail.com
D.Prabhuvardhan reddy
prabhu4123@yahoo.com
I. Introduction
II. Assumptions
1.
2.
V (1 ) (1 ) V ( 2 ) ( 2 )
.......( 3 . 1 )
R (1 ) + jX (1 )
P ( 2 ) jQ ( 2 ) = V * ( 2 ) I (1 )
.......( 3 . 2 )
1/ 2
2
Substation
V (1)
V (2)
V (3)
(1)
I (1)
(2)
I (2)
NB
PL (2) +jQL(2)
PL (3) +jQL(3)
PL (NB) +jQL(NB)
(1)
(1)
I (1)
(2)
2 |V (2)|
R (1) +jX(1)
978-1-4244-4859-3/09/$25.00 2009
P (2 ) =
Q (2 ) =
PL
(i) +
QL
(i) +
NB
i= 2
LP
(i)
i= 2
NB
i= 2
NB
LQ
(i)
....(
3 .5 )
i= 2
R (1 ) * [ P 2 ( 2 ) + Q
| V ( 2 ) |2
LQ ( 1 ) =
X (1 ) * [ P 2 ( 2 ) + Q
| V ( 2 ) |2
( 2 )]
( 2 )]
.....(
3 .6 )
NB 1
j = i +1
j = i +1
NB
NB 1
j = i +1
j = i +1
Q (i + 1) =
for i = 1, 2 ,...., NB 2
QL ( j ) + LQ ( j )
for i = 1, 2 ,...., NB 2
.....(3.8)
R ( i ) * [ P 2 (i + 1) + Q 2 (i + 1)]
| V (i + 1) |2
LQ (i ) =
X (i ) * [ P 2 (i + 1) + Q 2 (i + 1)]
| V (i + 1) |2
....( 3 .9 )
P ( i + 1) =
PL ( j )
i = 1 , 2 ,...., NB 1
for
j = i +1
Q ( i + 1) =
NB
QL ( j )
j = i +1
for
i = 1 , 2 ,...., NB 1
Read
S/S voltage magnitude
|V (1)|
line parameters and
load data
IS
i = NB
Yes
?
Initialize
LP (i) =0.0
LQ (i) =0.0
for i=1, 2 NB-1
Compute
LP (i) & LQ (i) for
i=1, 2 NB-1
by using eqn.9
No
Compute
DP (i) = LP (i) PLOSS (i)
DQ (i) =LQ (i) QLOSS (i)
IS
i = NB
V. Application
To check the validity of the proposed method, the
algorithm was implemented. Several tests were
carried out to verify its accuracy and convergence
behaviour. Two sample radial lines, a 12-Bus
1
(A)
No
P (i+1) = PL (NB)
Q (i+1) =QL (NB)
Is
Max (|DP (i)|)
& (|DQ (i)|)<
?
No
Write voltage
magnitude feeder
looses etc
IT= IT +1
Solve eqn. 4
For |V (i+1)|
12
24
25
Stop
26
27 28 29 30 31 32
22
0
18
19
To (A)
To (D)
11
Yes
i=1
i= i+1
10
Yes
23
Compute
P (i+1) and Q (i+1)
by using eqn. 7
IT=1
Set
PLOSS (i) =LP (i)
QLOSS (i) =LQ (i)
For i= 1, 2 NB-1
....( 3 . 10 )
20
21
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17
VII. Results
7.1 Results of 12-Bus System
The solution of the load flow has been
given in Table 5.3. It took three iterations to
converge by the proposed method. The coupled
NR method also takes three iterations to
converge but the FDLF method fails to converge.
However, the proposed method is 1.6 times
faster than the coupled NR method and the
memory requirement is only 27% of the coupled
NR method.
VOLTAGE
MAGNITUDE
NODE
NO
NO OF
ITERATIONS
(Novel
Approach)
1.00000
0.99433
0.98903
0.98057
0.96982
0.96653
0.96374
0.95530
0.94727
0.94446
0.94356
0.94335
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
VOLTAGE
MAGNITUDE
(P.U)
NODE
NO.
VOLTAGE
MAGNITUDE
(P.U)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1.00000
0.99701
0.98288
0.96764
0.94946
0.94594
0.93228
0.92595
0.92010
0.91923
0.91772
0.91155
0.90927
0.90786
0.90650
0.90448
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
0.90391
0.99648
0.99290
0.99220
0.99156
0.97929
0.97262
0.96930
0.94753
0.94497
0.93353
0.92531
0.92175
0.91759
0.91668
0.94446
Total
real
power
loss =
20.71
kW
Total
reactive
power
loss =
8.04
kVAr
POWER
LOSSES
NO OF
ITERATIONS
(Novel
Approach)
POWER LOSSES
P LOSS
(kW)
Q LOSS
(kVAr)
210.986
143.127
33-Bus System
No of
Iterations
PLOSS
(kW)
No of
Iterations
PLOSS
(kW)
Proposed Method
20.714
210.986
20.714
13
20.714
19
210.986
20.714
Diverges
210.986
VIII. Conclusion
In this study, a novel load flow technique, named
forward sweeping method, has been proposed
for solving radial distribution networks. It
completely exploits the radial feature of the
distribution network. A unique lateral, node and
branch numbering scheme has been suggested
which helps to obtain the load flow solution of
the radial distribution network. The forward
sweeping
method
always
guarantees
convergence of any type of practical radial
distribution network with a realistic R/X ratio.
Computationally, the proposed method is
extremely efficient, as compared to the coupled
Newton Raphson and Fast Decoupled Load Flow
methods, as it solves simple algebraic recursive
expressions of voltage magnitude only. Another
advantage of the proposed method is that all data
can be stored in vector form, thus saving an
enormous amount of computer memory. The
method can easily handle the composite loads if
the break up of the loads is known. Several
Indian rural distribution networks have been
successfully solved using the proposed forward
sweeping method.
REFERENCES
[1]. D. Das, H.S. Nagi and D.P. Kothari, Novel
Method for Solving Radial Distribution
Networks, IEEE Trans., July 1994, Vol.
141, No. 4, pp 291-298.
[2]. ABDELLATIF HAMOUDA and KHALED
ZEHAR, Efficient load flow method for
radial distribution feeders, Journal of
APPENDIX
Table A.1: Line Data of 12-Bus System Table
Branch
no.
Sending
end
Receiving
end
R
(ohms)
X (ohms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.093
1.184
2.095
3.188
1.093
1.002
4.403
5.642
2.890
1.514
1.238
0.455
0.494
0.873
1.329
0.455
0.417
1.215
1.597
0.818
0.428
0.351
Branch
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Node
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PL (kW)
QL (kVAR)
0
60
40
55
30
20
55
45
40
35
40
15
0
60
30
55
30
15
55
45
40
30
30
15