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MATHEMATICAL
MONOGRAPHS
Volume 211
Analysis of Several
Complex Variables
Takeo Ohsawa
Analysis of Several
Complex Variables
Island
Rhode
Providence.
Society
Mathematical
American
Nakamura
Gilbert
Shu
by
Translated
Ohsawa
Takeo
Variables
Complex
Several
of
Analysis
211
Volume
MONOGRAPHS
MATHEMATICAL
of
Translations
Editorial Board
Shoshichi Kobayashi (Chair)
Masamichi Takesaki
515'.94-dc2l
2002019351
The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Information on copying and reprinting can be found in the back of this volume.
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10987654321
070605040302
Contents
Preface
ix
xi
8
18
35
35
41
47
55
55
75
83
83
87
93
100
viii
CONTENTS
105
105
Bibliography
115
Index
119
107
110
Preface
This book does not intend to explain the whole theory of complex
analysis in several variables as it stands today. The goal of the book
is to introduce methods of real analysis and see these methods produce
a variety of global existence theorems in the theory of functions based
on the characterization of holomorphic functions as weak solutions of
the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
ommended that I write the book and provided useful advice. The
editorial board of Iwanami Shoten, Publisher, paid careful attention
ix
PREFACE
to the appearance of the book. Mr. Tetsuo Ueda and Mr. Haruo
Yokoyama pointed out many mistakes. I am grateful to these people.
I regret that just before the approval of the book, my teacher, Professor Shigeo Nakano, who had saved me from dropping out and introduced me to this field, passed away. I would like to offer this book
Xi
lution and gave the last polish to this system by solving affirmatively
the so-called Levi problem, which asserts the crucial proposition that
if a domain satisfies a geometric condition called pseudoconvexity,
one can construct a holomorphic function such that every boundary
point of the domain is an essential singularity of this function.
The methods created by Oka were of striking originality. (One of
the methods was neatly named "the hovering principle.")
On the other hand, some of the methods contained expressions
that were difficult to understand and became obstacles which were
hindrances to the succeeding development.
However, it is fortunate that Oka's theorems have been widely
xiv
analysis
xv
approximation theorem, and so forth. The Oka theory has had this
basis transplanted into the soil of the theory of analytic functions of
several variables. On this account, the purpose of this book is to tell
the detailed story about how the basis of one variable took root in
the soil of several variables, while deferring the sight of what trees
grew and blossomed on it.
In what follows, the precise contents of the book are explained.
Chapter 1 gives the definition and fundamental properties of holomorphic functions. P. Montel's theorem and Weierstrass' double se-
xvi
in a necessary condition that the function ring must contain a function which cannot holomorphically extend beyond a given boundary
point of the domain of definition. An open set that has this property
is called a domain of holomorphy, and Chapter 3 connects this to
a certain geometric concept called pseudoconvexity. The definition
and fundamental properties of plurisubharmonic functions, a generalization of subharmonic functions to several variables, are described.
This is done by Oka in a 1942 paper based on Hartogs' results. In
addition, we prove basic results on the regularization of plurisubharmonic functions, as differentiable plurisubharmonic functions become
important later. The approximation theorem due to J.-P. Demailly
belongs to the same family of results and hence is introduced here.
However, this is rather a deep result, and the proof of the theorem is
not elementary and thus is postponed until Chapter 5. We also introduce the concept of Hartogs function, due to Bochner and Martin.
This enables us to feel as if we were observing the development of the
Levi problem around 1948.
In case an open set in Cn has a smooth boundary, the pseudoconvexity implies some property of the boundary as a real hypersurface.
This is what is called the condition of Levi pseudoconvexity. Open
sets of this sort enable one to argue minutely about the boundary
behavior of holomorphic functions and mappings. This is a subject
of Chapter 6, but Chapter 3 also prepares for this subject.
_ Chapter 4 explains a new methodology for L' estimates of the
a operator. We begin with basics of closed operators on a Hilbert
space, establish estimates involving the a operator and its adjoint
operator on the completion of the space of differential forms with
respect to the L2 norm with some weight function, and from these
estimates derive the existence theorem on solutions of the a equation
in Theorem 4.11. Further, we apply the theorem and generalize the
M Iittag-Leffier theorem, the Weierstrass product theorem, and the
Runge approximation theorem to several variables. The thread of
our argument itself is not different at all from that of Hormander's
book [27), the standard textbook in the theory of analytic functions
of several variables. But it is worth emphasizing that what is different
between our approach and his is the vehicle in which we are traveling,
in spite of the same path.
That is to say', the calculations that provide the foundation of
the arguments in this book are a re-formation of S. Nakano's formulae used for the proof of the vanishing theorem of cohomology in
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Holomorphic Functions
To begin with, we define holomorphic functions as convergent power
series, describe elementary properties of them, and achieve the main
goal of characterizing them as weak solutions of Cauchy-Riemann
equations. Our proof restricts itself to locally square integrable functions, while the concept of holomorphy of weak solutions is known
to be extendible as far as hyperfunctions. This choice is made so as
to keep our argument as simple as possible. At the end, we mention
the Reinhardt domain, finding it important to study some properties
possessed by domains of convergence for power series.
(x1,x2,... ax2n)
a!
f aj! ,
(a)
j=1
z11...zn^.
> aj,
j=1
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
Va
az2
1(
azj
Also, f o r $ = (Q1.
, )32n)
(9X- 2i _ 1
ax2i
a
+
8x2j-1
a
ax2j
E Z+1, let
;31
(aan)$2"
EZ+ 6"
Y (z - a)
{zEC' Ijzj_ail<la-
aiIforI j
n}.
f(z) _ E
0,EZ+
f () (z - a)
()f.
8z
verse mapping F-1 : fl' P. fl and fl' are, by definition, holomorphically equivalent to each other if there is a biholomorphic mapping
from fl to fl'. A bijective holomorphic mapping between domains
is biholomorphic (see 5.4 (a)). Biholomorphic mappings from fl to
itself are called holomorphic automorphisms. They form a group with
the composition of mappings being the group product. This is called
1. HOLOMIORPHIC FUNCTIONS
x A.
cally equivalent to On := A x
and Can. From this, it is seen that in general On and 3n are not
holomorphically equivalent to each other'.
Aut 13n acts on l3n transitively. To see this, it is sufficient to note
that l3n is holomorphically equivalent to the open set
n
Dn
_ (I - -,/--1
2(2
2(n
(1+V-122
In fact, the transitivity of Aut B' is obvious from the facts that
U(n) C Aut B" and Aut Dn contains the transformations:
fort>0,
((1 +t,(2i ,(n) fort ER.
w
1 --I w (z - (iwl2) w) - w +
(Iwl2) w
1 - (z, w)
'
where (z, w)
E zjwj.
j=1
(0)
a!
be the power series expansion of an element f in A(A") at the origin.
n
Since there exists a positive number a such that the power series
converges for IzImax < c, cQ is expressed by
Zw
(1.1)
cQ =
2a
e-i(a,e)
d9,
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
(1.2)
sup
1.
IZ-Imax=*
l7
afk(z) <2TI
azj
. } < c.
, 11,
forzEA(a,2)
that for any e > 0, there exists a positive integer N such that, for
any z E 0(a, r/2),
1Aa)i a) (z
(et) >N
a!
- a)a <
k =
for
and
Ifk(z)-f(z)I<2
for
k>N.
Hence,
(a)
(a)
z - aa
<I
a
f,a;)(z
- a) a
(a)
(a)<N
fk(a)
a)a
(a)<N
E
<2+2+ (a)<N
a!
f(a)(a)(z
- a)a
f (a) (a)
(a)<N
a )c' < 6.
a!
()
(a) a
PROOF. For f E A(il) \ C and a E C, take a holomorphic mapping h : i. -+ Si satisfying h(0) = a and f o h E A(s) \ C. Then on
some neighborhood U of 0, there exists a decomposition
f(h(()) = (mg(() + f(a)
for
( E U,
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
u(O) 54 0, the inverse mapping theorem implies that Cu(() has a differentiable inverse on some neighborhood of 0. Therefore, Cu(() is an
open mapping, and so is f (h(()) (= ((u(())m + f (a)). Hence, f maps
neighborhoods of a to neighborhoods of f (a).
COROLLARY 1.8 (Maximum Principle). If .R is connected, the
absolute value of a nonconstant holomorphic function on 12 has no
maximum in .fl.
PROOF. The reasoning is that any open disc of C contains a point
whose distance to 0 is larger than the absolute value of the center of
the open disc.
zEA
(1.3)
If W1 < MIZImax
on An.
AW
On
W
=0forJ =1,.. ,n
on f2 are called the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Holomorphic functions are all solutions of the Cauchy-Riemann equations since 8z'/O,
= 0 for any a E Z+, and convergent power series are differentiated
term by term. The aim of this section is to characterize holomorphic functions as locally square integrable functions that satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations.
To begin with, we introduce some notation and terminology.
Let L'(17) denote the Hilbert space of all complex valued measurable functions on .fl that are square integrable with respect to the
Lebesgue measure, where two functions whose values coincide everywhere except on measure zero sets are considered to be the same.
We identify the Lebesgue measure on Cn with the volume element
with respect to the Euclidean metric
dX1 A dx2 A ... A dX2n I =
(2
)n
fgdV
Jn
of L2(11) is denoted by (f, g) (= (f, g)n), and the norm of it by
IifII (= IIfIIQ).
Set A2(i1) := A(Q) n L2(Q), and call the elements of this set
L2 holomorphic functions. A2(!2) will be shown to be a closed subspace of L2(f2) in the present section.
For k E Z+ U fool U {w}, let Ck(.R) be the set of all complex
valued functions of class Ck on 11, and Co (.R) the set of those whose
supports are compact. It is clear that Co (.R) C L2(Q). Let us recall
that L2 (.fl) is a separable space and that Co (.R) is dense in L'(9).
Let LiC (!l) be the set of all locally square integrable functions on
.R, that is, complex valued measurable functions on Q that are square
integrable on compact subsets of .R.
Evidently, A(f2) C COO(f2) C L (.R).
In general, let V' be the set of all complex linear functionals on
a vector space V over C.
If we define an element t(f) in C01(9)' for f E L (.R) by
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
10
(-)u(g) :_ (-1)ca>u
u in
l a9
J
The definition of I 7
h=
ax
19 )
element h in C(Il), by integration by parts.
A(.R) = f E L1 (fl)
a
= 0 for j = 1,
a j
us review, below, complex differential forms in order to prepare some calculations that are used in the proof of this theorem. A
differential form of degree r (or r-form) on !l (C C) can be written
as
IJ
I1
I sgn ( j1 ) uj,j,
dzJ=dzj,A...Adzj,.
A differential form is often written as
u = F,'uIJdzj AdzJ,
I,J
in which the multi-indices I and J are only allowed to have strictly
increasing components. In this case, u is said to be a differential form
of type (p, q), or simply a (p, q) form, if the lengths k and 1 of I and
J are equal to the given constants p and q, respectively.
Let C(")(fl) be the set of all r-forms of class C on fl, and let
Cp,9(fl) be the set of all (p, q)-forms of class C on 12. In general,
11
let C(K) be the set of all complex valued functions of class C' on
a subset K of C". When K = !l, we define CM(72) C CM(Q) and
C(r) (.R) C C(') (,f1) in a similar fashion.
Let us give an example of a calculation in which differential forms
are effectively used.
have
ZIn...AdznAdz1n...ndzn
det(af')
\azkjk
From this, the Jacobian of F with respect to the real coordinates
2
7,k
a : Cp,q(Q) _ Cp+1,q(l?)
of type (1, 0) and
a : CP,q(Q) .4 Cp.q+I(Q)
of type (0,(El
1) are defined respectively by
(>'u1dzJ A dJ I
Id
/
C012n-r)(n)
-+
C
W
(u, v)
Jo
uAv,
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
12
Co(2n-T)
(fl )', and similarly
L joy (fl) is identified with a subspace of
L o'C(fl) with a subspace of Co -p'n-Q(fl)'. Accordingly, the domains
of definition for the exterior derivative operators d, 0, and a extend
to &)(fl) or L oC(fl).
The proof of Theorem 1.10 needs the mean-value property for
differentiable solutions of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
(1.4)
Vol(OB(a, R))
f dS = f (a),
B(Q, R)
LB0. R)
dS = (n
- 1)!
2. f E A(fl).
JOB" gdS=0.
(1.5)
n-1
A 08 log IzI
A109
log IzI I = 0.
(1.6)
J
+
A aalog Izl
d{u(z)alogIzIA ("A'oThogIzI)}
^ \B^ (0, e )
as^(o,e>
n-1
13
for 0 < e < 1. In the case u = g, since the first term of the right hand
side is 0 by the condition ag = 0, it follows that
n1
alogIzl n A aalogIzI
s
n
Jag(z)
8B" (0, e)
/n 1
g(z)alogIzI A ( A Ca logIzl
JUlogIf(z)l
=o
where
f dV = f(a),
7nR2n
Vol(B(a, R)) _
n!
If(a)12 <
1112 dv.
Vol(3(a,R)) JB(a,R)
This inequality is called Cauchy's estimate. In (1.8), the condition
for B(a, R) may be relaxed to 3(a, R) C R. (The right hand side is
allowed to be oo.)
Combine Cauchy's estimate with Theorem 1.6; then it turns out
that A(Q) is a closed subspace of L C(0) with respect to the topology induced by the L2 convergence on compact sets. From this, the
separability of A(.R) and A2 (.R) follows.
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
14
0=
g(()h(() dVV =
(a, R)
dVz
(p!)
implies
( H (a,
R)).
Since clearly
8(g('(z))
det ()) = 0,
=0 (.
R)) fB(R)
1 E A2(3(a, R))).
det
()dVVol((a,
84
f
0
00
(t)t2n-'
dt = 1.
15
and let
1
E(z) .- E2nVol(a
(1.9)
0,
JnpE dV = 1,
and that E depends only on lzt as a function. The monotonicity of
p will be convenient for later use.
Also, set
L.
f (z + ()pE(() dVV .
(1.10)
a_ z) =fn f(()-.pE((-z)dV(
c
_- f
f(()
19
(;
pE((-z)dVV=0.
Hence, what has been previously shown implies fE E A(12E). Therefore, the mean-value property becomes applicable to fE and results
in
(fE)b(z) = f fE(z
+()' a(() dVC = fE(z) for z E `E+a'
n
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
16
On the other hand, the right hand side of these equations is equal
to
.f(z+(+C)pE(C)dVCP6(()dVC
J Cn 1 Ln
=f
C^
(I
f (z + +
dV(
C-0
a function Xf on fl by
(dE(z))
Xe(Z) :=
where E > 0.
dE(z) is almost everywhere differentiable, since it is Lipschitz continuous. Accordingly, so is XF, and
(z)
i9x
<
I P (t)I
s
sup
almost everywhere on Q.
ff.dV=0fori=1,... ,n .
8 zj
17
For this purpose, divide the left hand side of the above equation
into
fn f
IFi
f ((1 - XE)u) dV = 0.
fa-Zi
(1.12)
Jf(XeU)dVLH J
n azi
azi
IfI2dV ,
u
From the assumption, the inferior limit of the right hand side equals
0 as c -' 0. Moreover, the second term satisfies
2
117
dV
xe
au 12
<supl
(1.13)
(0) of f
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
18
rem 5.13in5.4.)
2. Shiffman [41] has shown that A(.f2 \ E) = A(fl) in the special
case when the left hand side of (1.11) is equal to 0.
a if
(1.14)
(al + (1 - (zl
(EA".
19
P(0, f) = E
Q
f a!(0) z
converges on D.
I(n I).
for some two points r' and r" in D n [0, oc)' and some 0 S t <_ 1. Let
c be the coefficient of z in P(0. f). Since
= Ic I (r'tr111-t )
Afl-t
< Aft
=
This implies the convergence of P(0, f) on 0(0, r). Moreover, noting
that
Ic Ir
(IcIrb)t(Icol.r)1-t
D= U A(0, I(I),
'ED
1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
20
that
f sup J (X, y) + 8 I x E log D} < 0,
j ebla7j=1.
Hence, it suffices to put ma(z) =
e6la''la_y
z''.
zEDk
1
.
2k
00
E cjma, (z)-'
j=1
z-a
21
The above proof shows that the conclusion of Corollary 1.19 may
be strengthened as follows:
"For any sequence {aj } of points in D that has no ac-
00
I F(aj) I = co ."
CHAPTER 2
what case does fl coincide with the spectrum? If this is the case,
from the Banach-Steinhaus theorem, it follows that for a discrete sequence Vk}k 1 of points in fl, there always exists an element f in
A(R) such that lim If (G) I = oc: does there exist any f that satisfies
f(tk) = k(k =
k- w
for instance?
By replacing these problems with those of solving the CauchyRiemann equations of inhomogeneous form. let us connect the spectrum, a concept of topological algebra, with 8 cohomology, an analytic
concept.
(2.1)
E fkgk = 1,
k=1
24
rIfkl2
k=1
0C
Therefore,
00
fkfhk = 0.
k=1
The uniform convergence of the left hand side on compact sets is due
to the same reason that h E COO (12).
If there exists a sequence {uk}k 1 of functions in C((1) such
that
o
(2 .2)
8uk=8hkfor
then by setting 9k = hk - Uk, we obtain a sequence of functions
that meets the condition (2.1). Conversely, given 9k, the functions
Uk := hk-gk provide a solution of (2.2). Therefore, the equation (2.1)
for the system of unknown functions gk is equivalent to the equations
in (2.2) for the system of unknown functions Uk.
As the second problem, we consider a condition for the restriction
{gj.k}-1.
k=1
25
b(Z;)p(z)
for z E U{,
for zE I
UU\l
Du=ab,
(23)
u!r=0
have a C solution u.
A discrete subset and the intersection of Si with a complex mdimensional hyperplane are examples of analytic subsets.
For a function on an analytic subset X of 12, the concept of
holomorphic function is generalized as follows:
26
'lower-dimensional' subset inside 12 to functions on Q. This understanding is geometrically richer and more interesting.
For the sake of brevity, we call a complex 1-dimensional hyperplane a complex line and a hyperplane of complex codimension 1
simply a hyperplane.
It is self-evident that when X is the intersection of a complex mdimensional hyperplane with fl, the above definition of holomorphic
function coincides with the usual definition, in which X is regarded
as an open set in C1.
Putting L := {z E C' I z1 =
= zn_m = 0}, let us convert the
surjectivity problem of the restriction map
A(fl) -A(flnL)
into the D equation.
f supp (pw - 1) n L = 0,
1 supppwn8.R=0,
and by letting f be the trivial extension of pw f to fl, we see that
f E C (fl) and f I f2 n L= f.
Hence, the existence problem of a holomorphic extension of f to
fl can be replaced by the solvability problem of
au=af,
ulflnL=O
27
where the domain for the operator 8 is restricted to the space of C'
differential forms on Q, and in general the kernel and image of a linear
map T are denoted by Ker T and Im T, respectively.2
From the above definition and the result in Chapter 1, it follows
01 for 0
j 5 n. (Hence,
A(fl) -p A(.f1 n L)
is a surjection if H.q(fl) = {0} for all q with 1 <_ q <- n - m.
This is called Serre's criterion.
For the proof, we need one lemma.
LEMMA 2.6. The restriction homomorphism
n Ln_1) _
ZIm overlaps the notation for the imaginary part of a complex number, but
there should not be any confusion.
28
Cp,4+1(,R) n Ker 8,
8u=
z1
H"1(i?nL;)={0}for m+1<j<-n.
Hence, from the same lemma again, the restriction map
UDn
inductive system {HP'q(U)} is regarded with respect to the restriction homomorphisms, and U runs in the fundamental system of open
neighborhoods of fl. For the sake of consistency in notation, we set
A(!2) := Ho,(?).
From Serre's criterion, the next theorem follows immediately.
THEOREM 2.7. The restriction map
A(12) - A(12 n L)
is a surjection if H'Q(D) = {0} for the range of 1 < q:5 n - m.
If (l is a polydisc, one can easily show that H0,9(32) = 10) for
q > 1 by an elementary method. Although the proof of this statement
is included in many books, we will describe it in detail, considering
the important role that this result will play when we generalize the
theorem of L2 holomorphy to the one for a cohomology.
We begin with the following lemma.
29
(2.5)
UDK
(2.6)
y(
27r
z)d,
au
(2 7)
az
Stokes' formula implies
v(z)
(2.8)
Noting that
27r
[v(4 + z) d A d
21r -l JC
au
az
= v.
0
When v contains a parameter w, if v is of class CO or holomorphic
IT,
Jon
Ill=9-1
IJI=9
with VI', v'j E CO(U),
30
n means
NO)
(2.9)
a -z"
= vi
In
u1lidz1,
(II=q-1
from (2.9) v is transformed into the following form that does not
contain dzn any more:
v - Du(1)
w'1dzn-1 A dz1 +
>'
1 on,n-1
Jj1n,n-1
11I=q-1
IJI=q
ZUJdwJ,
where w'1 and w; on the right hand side are holomorphic with respect
to Zn.
a-Zn -1
(w).
j=1
C0.11Q).
PROOF.
n - 1 and if
31
Let. {e1,
k
k-i
contractions ak : AV -i AV pointwise by
k
1.7
AV
32
Then the same argument as for (2.2) induces that if H,k+I (Ker ak+1)
_ {0}, then the homomorphism derived from ak+I,
HO,k(H)(k+1)
_, HA(Kerak) ,
becomes surjective.
Therefore, it follows that
Im(aI A(.fl)")=A(,fl)
H"1(Ker a) = {0}
HO-1 (0) = {0} and
{0}
= HO,n-1(.12) = {0}
lim F,
k-oc 1=1
Ig;(z(k))I
= 00,
which contradicts the fact that the z() form a weakly convergent
sequence.
33
THEOREM 2.14. If Serre's condition holds for fl. then for every
zo E OR and every sequence {p} of points in fl that converges to zo,
there exists f E A(f2) such that
limoI f(p,,)I = 00.
In general, an open set fl of C' is said to be a domain of holomorphy5 if there is no connected open set U that possesses the following
property:
CHAPTER 3
Pseudoconvexity and
Plurisubharmonic Functions
As seen in the preceding chapter, f2 must be a domain of holomorphy
in order that the propositions corresponding to the Euclidean algorithm on the ring of integers and to Lagrange's interpolation on the
ring of polynomials of one variable hold on the ring A(f2) of holomorphic functions. On the other hand, these propositions are closely
related to Serre's condition, the vanishing of a cohomology on f2, and
this condition provides a unified grasp of various phenomena on a
domain of holomorphy. a cohomology is essentially under control of
the pseudoconvexity of an open set. Pseudoconvexity is a concept
similar to geometric convexity, but is much weaker as a condition.
This chapter begins with the definition of Hartogs pseudoconvexity and verifies that a domain of holomorphy is Hartogs pseudoconvex.
Secondly, we show that some canonical function on a Hartogs pseudoconvex open set expressed by a distance function is plurisubharmonic.
In consequence of this, it is derived that a domain of holomorphy is
pseudoconvex. Hartogs and Oka's discovery of this relevancy gives a
unique vitality to the theory of analytic functions of several variables.
In Chapter 4, in order to show that a pseudoconvex open set is a
domain of holomorphy, some kind of differentiable plurisubharmonic
functions will be needed. For this purpose. we detail the regularization of plurisubharmonic functions in the present chapter.
Finally, we mention the Levi pseudoconvexity and introduce basic
T={ (z l, Z2) E A 2
36
PROOF. It suffices to show that the restriction mapping A(02) A(TE) is surjective. Let f E A(TE). From Proposition 1.4, f(z)
expands into the power series
k t
Ck,lz 1 z 2
k.1
f (z) _ >
(Eckzz)
By setting Ck(Z2) := E ck,tz2 for Iz21 < 1, we regard the right hand
ICk(z2)I :-5
SUP
If (Z1, Z2)Ir-k
121 I=Iz21=r
in 02, and Theorem 1.6 says that this series is a holomorphic exten-
sion off to 02
37
fl, then, letting T. be the maximum among connected open sets U that contains T. and satisfies f (U) C fl, it would
follow that 8TE n A2 54 0. The maximum property of TE implies
f (p) E 89 for a given point p E 8T fl A2. _Hence, from Proposition 2.15, choosing a sequence of points p in TE fl A2 that converges
to p, there exists an element g in A(fl) such that
lim 1g(f(p))J = oo.
(3.3)
on 1fl defined by
Next, observe arfunction 6'(z)
12
vex, then for z E fl, v E Cn \ {0}, w E C", and r > 0 that satisfy
(3.4)
we have
zir
(3.5)
> 27r J0
27C
r2
2a
Jo
V)R(8)r2
_ t2
- 2rtcos(9 - 01) +
t2dO,
38
(3.6)
2a
log S (z + reiew)d8.
fo
Now take hR E A(0(0, r)) with UR = Re hR, and consider the mapping
on
aR
w
Z + ZIChR(-s)v + 22w.
t-r
that aR(A2) C Q.
Hence, in particular, we obtain e"R() < 5v (z), or
UR(0) < log 6' (z).
(3.7)
For the reader's convenience, let us review the basics of subharmonic functions without proof. Let .f1 be an open set in the complex
plane for a while.
The following two conditions on an upper semicontinuous function i from fl to [-oc, oc) are equivalent:
(3.8) If A(z, r) C f1, then
to
<
2-,r
In0
?P(z
+ re'o)d9.
39
Re h(z') >_
AI(t t) :=
2n
t (z + te`B)dO.
z'ESC(z._)
Si.
a:ati
'-
(3.13) If a sequence {j} I of subharmonic functions on I? is monotone decreasing, then lim bj is subharmonic.
y-.00
40
is said to be plurisubharmonic if O(z + (w) is subharmonic as a function of ( for a given (z, w) E f1 x C".
dS
sup
e-0 z'EB(z,e)
- log bn E PSH(Q),
41
f?
'NE
PSH(!lE), and pE \ 0 as e \ 0.
42
follows:
1
2.
27r
1
J0
te(z + re'Bw)dO
r
;ii (()dV0(z + re0w - e()dO
J
f27T
e()dV(
function (in the broad sense) defined on an interval that contains the
range of V;, then A(0) E PSH(fl).
PROOF. There is a family of increasing convex functions Au of
class C'' with A. \ A. For this family. (3.17) implies a,1(O5) E
PSH(fQE) by direct differentiation, while since \,,(V,) \ A(v), (3.18)
yields A(t,1') E PSH(fl).
COROLLARY 3.11. Let f11 C Cm and f12 C C" be open sets, and
Pseudoconvexity: As
PROOF. Hartogs pseudoconvexity
take I z 12 for the case f1 = C', and 1z12 - log 5n otherwise.
Hartogs pseudoconvexity: From the propPsuedoconvexity
erty (3.15) of plurisubharmonic functions and Corollary 3.11, it suffices to repeat an argument similar to the proof of Theorem 3.4.
COROLLARY 3.13. For an increasing sequence {flk}k I of pseu-
If plurisubharmonic functions are continuous, a stronger approximation theorem holds. To describe this, let us introduce the concept
of strictly plurisubharmonic function.
43
L[max(ip,11b)] >-
L[V;])
0<y0<4+E.
PROOF. Take countably many n-dimensional open balls 3(pj, RR)
(j = 1, 2,
(3.20) UB (pj,
i=1
Rj
2
=fl.
(3.21) For an arbitrary compact set K in f1, there are only finitely
many j's such that 3(p., R;) n K # 0.
Also, fix an increasing convex function A (in the broad sense) of class
,h such that
(3.22)
L [4,
7,A
R2
)]
>
2
3L['U]
'In the literature, the condition "of class C2" is also frequently included.
44
on
IR
1P a := 06 - 771,\
I
(3.23)
b<*
(3.24)
0(1) (z) :=
Then V) <
(1) < t/i + E and 0(1) IB (p1, 21) E C(12). From the
2
/J
>
7=1
2'
1 and I/i(k) is
0(k+1)(z)
0(k) (Z)
45
(3.28)
1-
k+1
(3.29)
on some neighborhood of 8B(pk+1, Rk+1). In this case, (k+1) coincides with 'tl k) on some neighborhood of .fl \ 18(pk+1, Rk+1). Also,
since
>on B
Rk+1 1
J , it follows that z/i(k+1) coincides
2
Therefore, cp :=
0(k) on U
k 00
cp E PSH* n COO (17).
j=1
lE$
rpj,
46
((
{ f E A(n) f
A2my (n)
ll
define a
IfI2e-2mL4dV < oo }
JJJ
log X00
L
IQ1I2.
1=1
a. ?'(z) - CI
fin
v,,,(z)
b. v(,, z) -
Sup
K-zI<r
< V(z m, z)
is an analytic subset of Q.
PROOF. From Theorem 3.16 (b),
Ec(') = n Ec-n/m(Wr)
m> 1
However, since
Ec-n/m(1m)
},
it follows that, the Ec_n/m(t&m) are analytic subsets, and so is the
intersection EE(') of these sets.
REMARK. Ec(ip) is clearly monotone decreasing with respect to
c, but not much more than this is known. From a property of analytic
subsets, it has been known that Ec( r/)) is left continuous on c and has
only countably many discontinuous points. At a discontinuous point
c', there occurs the phenomenon that a family of analytic subsets of
47
(3.31)
{zEUIdru(z)=0}=0.
48
(3.33)
{zE0(11dr(z)=0}=0.
(3.34)
8(ur)(p) = (u8r)(p),
and
(3.36)
In particular, take u = eBr; then the right hand side of (3.36) becomes
(88r + 2B8r A 8r) (p). Hence, if the Levi form of r is positive definite
at p, then ur is strictly plurisubharmonic near p for a sufficiently large
B.
From this the next proposition follows.
49
PROOF. For a strongly pseudoconvex open set 12, from the above
argument, there is a defining function r of (2 that is strictly plurisubharmonic on a neighborhood of 8.(1. Since 12 is bounded, there is a
sufficiently large positive number C such that - log(-r) + Cjzl2 is
exhaustive and strictly plurisubharmonic on .R.
From (3.36) it follows that the signature of the Levi form does
not depend on the choice of a defining function.
(2 is said to be Levi pseudoconvex at p if the Levi form of a defining
50
(3.37)
C -p
C'
--1 p + tvp + ( (v - p)
fort>0.
(3.38)
is plurisub-
for0<-t<_E}
< sup V,
J7
0
It is evident that Levi pseudoconvexity does not necessarily imply
8.2 E C' , then the set of all the strongly pseudoconvex boundary
points of !1 is a dense open subset of W.
51
:= {z
r := Re z2+IZ118+
715
Iz1I2Re ri <0}
and
rz1z1
= 16jz116 + 15Re z1
> 161z116-151x116 = Iz116 >0.
V(f)nQKN 6 0.
For the proof of this fact, we refer the reader to either [20] or [31].
The Kohn-Nirenberg example presents a striking contrast to the
following self-evident fact:
7r(Unf2)e
52
V(f)nQ=0.
This means that `strong pseudoconvexity - convexity in the narrow sense' modulo biholomorphic equivalence, and .f0KN provides an
example showing that `strong' cannot be replaced by 'Levi,' and 'narrow' cannot be replaced by `broad.'
1. a>0.
{z
I'
E C2I z2
+A
(Iz112
2
1
where r > 1.
i?DF,r is a bounded pseudoconvex domain with boundary of class
C. If r >_ e', then
A2(I1DF,r)
53
CHAPTER 4
56
GT:={(u,Tu)IuEV}
is a closed set of the direct sum H1 H2. V is called the domain of
T and denoted by Dom T. Also, T (V) is the image of T and denoted
by Im T. The denseness of Dom T determines a closed operator f
from H2 to H, whose graph is the orthogonal complement of GT in
H1 H2. -T is called the adjoint operator of T and denoted by T.
The definition of T* may be rephrased in terms of the inner product
(, ); of H; as follows:1
(4.1)
T'v = u
:'
Tu=v,
1 Ilulll -< -C-
PROOF. 1
1.
C IIT`wIII
Im T'
y = T'w
(v, w)2 .
From the assumption, Il(y)I < C IlyIII for any y E Im T*. Therefore,
from the Hahn-Banach theorem, we obtain an extension T of I to H1
I A :tea B reads 'A is defined by B.' This is a common usage nowadays.
57
such that
(4.2)
6u=vforvELoop(fl)f1Ker8 (q>0)
in order to show that there exists a solution u in L ' -1(Il) under an
appropriate condition.
For this purpose, we consider the Hilbert space
L (n)
{f EL i
feIfI2 dV < oo }
J e-(Iuj12 dV.
(This definition of norms of differential forms is not, in general, compatible with the patching of coordinate neighborhoods in a manifold,
but the advantage of fixing a local coordinate system is an enormous
simplification of arguments.) Similarly, the weighted inner product
(, ),y on L,q(Q) with the weight function cp is defined by
(4.6)
I :_ {il,...
ip}
58
and
(4.8)
I
iu{k} = J
eE-'
-J
E'
I
kI azk
sgn (:)
Iavj
ur
1
aW
vr/ dV
Ozk
994
iu{k} = J
_- f
ur
In
sgn
iu{k} = J
ac
&k
vi)
dV.
acp
"19v :_
sgn
iu{k} =J
it follows that
(a u, v)= Je
(au, v) dV =
vj)
(,)
U (avJ
&k - azk
f
Jn
dzr.
LOP, q(.R)}
U -- `eau := au E Lq(f2).
u and
(v -+ co).
59
From
(u, `19w),, = lim (u,,, "'19w)w
V
00
tells us that Gj = C.
In a similar fashion
The adjoint operator of `08 is written by
to `18, by restricting '10 to the following subset of L,-4(f2):
{v E L 4(12) I "19v E L0, Q-1(12)}
Let p :
min {
bn
l 2
11
,1
.
ZeR
lim (IIP' (av11 - 8v) II, + IIp. (`'19vp - `P19v) II', + iIv - V11 ,P) = 0.
{10
PROOF. Take a Cx function X : l1
=1andXI(-1,oc)=0,andset
XR(Z) := X(-RP(z)) . X ( IR
- 3)
i TJ
60
- 3) aP
+aRIX(-RP(z))x'(IR 3).
Since p < R on supp x'(-Rp(z)), from the boundedness of I apl, it
follows that IPOXR A vI is bounded when R -' oo. On the other
hand, because of the choice of p, for any compact set K of fl, there
is a sufficiently large R such that aXR I K = 0. Therefore, since
IIP'XR A vli, -' 0 as R --+ oo, the combination of these results yields
`'9(XR V)E
I '19(XR v),
61
C1
uldzl E
C'q(n),
(4.13)
BJu=E'EE'sgn(
J)BauldTi.
(aj
j)dz.1)
_ (v,E'EE'Bautsgn(
\ Ja I
8t9+t9a=o,
(4.14)
a,9+t9a=0.
PROPOSITION 4.4. For a C2 junction?? on (l and an element u
in Cn,q(fl),
(4.15)
au + a
an n Wu +
8277
_ Z' E
I j 6 j k OZjazk
u)
ujdz1 A ... A dzn A dz1k
(9277
N A :au
j azj azj
62
From (4.13),
aul dz1 A
(4.17) art, au = F_' E
az
I jgi j j
a
A dzn A dzl
jIkElazk azj
Similarly,
(4.18) a(art _j u)
.I
azj
a277
I j.k aZja zk
ulsgn` I )dzl
jJ
art au j
_
+E'E.
I jElak azj azk
19277
E'I j.k
E azja.Zk uldzl A ... A dzn A d7-IAA
aul
'Iq
+E'
I jEIkOI az7 a z k
1: 1 a ut dzI A ... A dzn A d'51.
then
(4.19)
II
1auII2 + IIv'
9uII2
2
a aaAUjkfjdV
for u E Co "(Q).
''au := au -
A u.
63
(Wau, v)s,
(a(e
'u), Z')_ , =
-'Ov)_
(u. -w19v)o
q(Q).
Direct calculation shows that
(4.22)
Now take the complex conjugate of both sides of (4.22), consider their
adjoint operators, and change the sign of cp so as to obtain
(4.23)
&(a0.
(4.24)
3,k
'
a2
or F_' F,
I ;,k az;azk
ulkdzl,
respectively.
IIP19uII
11p:jU112
+ 4Re (apJ u.
+(p2L,u, u),, - (Lp2u, u),..
64
PROOF.
where we have used both (4.22) and (4.23) for the third equality and
(4.16) for the last equality.
COROLLARY 4.7. Under the same condition as above, for every
positive number C,
(4.26)
IlPeull + (1 + C)IIPpt9uiI ,
-2
112
Ilpeu1l,2p + (1 + C)IlppVuII ,
>_ (P2
112)P
u llw
65
Also, set
wVu:=wjkuI
(4.28)
dzJ
j,k
IIp au11
, + (1 + C) Ilp p9ull2
((p2o_oP2......aPAP)VU,U).
>
3. A'?0 andA"?0.
4. Letting W,\ := cp + A(' b), if u E Dom `Pa a n Dom wa t9 n Lwq (.fl),
then
p :.fl -+ (0, 1]
that satisfies both
(4.31)
min { 26,?,1}
min{v6,o,1}
and
(4.32)
ap <v
(j=1,...,n),
9zj
min{vbn(z),1}
66
on f1 by a C' function.
Given c E R and choosing v so that p = I on
we can take
A that satisfies not only (1)-(3) but also the inequality
aapV - 2vap A app, > 0.
(4.33)
since v E PSH'.
On the other hand, from the condition 4o] > 1, we conclude
that aa,;, aaI-I2. Therefore, for any element u in Co'9(f1), (4.30)
yields
(4.34)
II Pv UII A + 1+
1)
Ilp.v
such that
(435)
at' = ur,
gIlz'll a
2
i--1
IIWIL
gIIL'I12
PROOF. We prove only the first statement, since the second can
be (lone by the same argument. It suffices to show that
(4.37)
1I'aa*u1il
Decompose u' as
a=
(w. u1)ti,A.
67
v' E
to ul to yield
(4.40)
II`Pxa*u'IIA
4.41
(
(- IIwII2)
u :=
sgn (
12
ujdzj.
68
1(n -
IIwII',
(n where we set
IIwII' ,
cp,a, If we choose, in advance, ac(t) > 0 when
o0
(4.42)
'*Vv,,. = ePw*,
(n - 9)IIv00II
IIwII'
W (.fl)
u E L o'" (.fl)
E L o'q+I (!2)
woe(')
...
69
q>0.
From the theorem of L2 holomorphy, we get
Hoo(Q) = Hp,o(fl) .
(4.45)
In effect, this correspondence holds in general.
THEOREM 4.13. For any open set .fl C C", the homomorphisms
a:
Hp,q(0)
- Hoc (Q)
L oq(!1) are bijections.
vUi=&i,
(4.46)
(4.47)
V=0
where Uio n
n U, # 0, and i means the exclusion of the index i,,.
This process is possible since
((_1YV10......11)
(4.48)
0=o
V_p
V<
(-1)
vio...
0,
4The proof is self-evident if the knowledge of the theory of cohomology with
coefficients in sheaves is assumed, but the argument is hands-on, so we give it in
detail.
70
(4.49)
uio...ii
V=0
(4.51)
(-1)Vuio...;V
v=0
...i +i = 0.
q
uio...iv-i
nUiq). Secondly,
(4.52)
V=0 i
V=0
(-1)VPiuiio...i,,...iq
rPiZ
(-1)Vuiio...!2,...iq
piuio...iq
by (4.51)
uio...iq .
1 (-1)Vu1
(4.53)
_a
= Vui0...i1
V_0
(4.54)
V=0
(-1)V(vio...i,,...iq - uio...i....iq) = 0.
vi-u;=V3-u1
71
When q > 1. from (4.54) in the same way that we produced u;,..;,_,
we can take vio...;q_2 E W10C (U;0 n - - . n U{ q_2) such that
q-1
u.
(4.56)
(_)Vv,
.
,
10...1"...44-1
V=0
_=
_
avi...
0
t9
(4.57)
q-1
au'...
ip 2q_2 _E(-1)"av:i,,...i,...t4_1
V=
(4.58)
V_
q-1
u:4p...i"...i4_1
- 51?:io...
0.
Repeat the process of producing (4.58) from (4.54) until we eventually reach the formula
(4.59)
u:=
(4.60)
vi-ui ifq=1,
Vi - u= - av;
ifq > 1;
v-au(=ai)EC"q(fl).
(4.61)
(4.62)
V=
5q-1
f o r 0: 51 :
72
{ ti = Si - 9,
(4.63)
8tio...if = sio...it
- v=0 (-1)Ytio...
8 (io...iq_ 1
q-1
- ` (%v...iv-1}
= 0'
-1)Ytio...
is of class C.
such that
q-1
q--1
E (-1)
Y=0
-1 - Y=0 -1) v
. fl Ui,) inductively
Y=0
tio...t,,...tt
w.
73
Therefore, the condition in Theorem 2.14, for instance, may be replaced by pseudoconvexity. That is to say,
pseudoconvex open sets are domains of holomorphy.
This assertion, named the Levi problem (or the inverse problem of
Hartogs), had been a central conjecture of long standing in the theory
of analytic functions of several variables, but was solved by Kiyoshi
Oka for the case n = 2 in 1942, and by K. Oka [39], H. J. Bremermann
[6], and F. Norguet [35] independently for general n.
The first half of Theorem 4.11 has played an active part, but also
Hartogs figure into 17 \ K and extending this image to the biholomorphic image of 02. However, it is uncertain whether the function
extended by this method is single-valued. In fact, there is an example
in which this process cannot be continued without allowing the image
of A2 to stick out from fl in the course. (Refer to [19].)
74
Dal
01AOr Ian=o,
and so, Ql = agar +,32r for some a2 E C'(17) and 32 E Co" 1(f2)
Setting
F2:=F-a1r- 2 r22
we see that
a F - k k, rk
k=1
75
w:=
8F on D.
10
onCf2
then w E CO, I (CI) fl Ker a and supp w C fl. Hence, the rest of the
proof is similar to that of Theorem 4.16.
0
REMARK. As to Theorem 4.13, it appears that the proof connects the world of C functions with that of locally square integrable
functions in terms of holomorphic functions. The generality that has
developed from arguments of this kind is the so-called theory of cohomology with coefficients in sheaves; and, further, the unobstructed
view that has grown by applying this theory to analyzing the singularities of solutions for linear partial differential equations is nothing
but the microlocal analysis of M. Sato, T. Kawai. and M. Kashiwara
[40].
(f I U\ f.)+A(U)
76
P(f,U)
In the case of one variable, the sum of terms of negative power
in the Laurent expansion of a meromorphic function at a pole was
called the principal part of the function. The above definition is a
generalization of this.'
The Mittag-Leffier theorem can be generalized to the case of
several variables as follows:
V:=
Igap on U,
0
onQ\U.
The pole of a meromorphic function is an analytic subset, although we do not prove this fact in the present book.
DEFINITION 4.21. For a holomorphic function f on .R and an
open set U C .0, f A(U) is called the divisor class of f on U and is
denoted by D(f,U).
A generalization of the Weierstrass product theorem to several
variables is made possible on a pseudoconvex open set whose second
Betti number is 0.
THEOREM 4.22. Let .R be a pseudoconvex open set, and H2(12, Z)
77
of open balls Bj
fl= UBj
(4.67)
j=1
and
Bj n V (g) # 0
(4.68)
implies
Bj C U.
Define gj E A(Bj) by
gj
(4.69)
g I Bj
if Bj n V(9) 34 0 ,
ifBjnV(g)=0,
(4.70)
uij+ujk+uki=0.
(4.71)
ui
0.
ui - uj = E Pkuik - F, Pkujk
k
_ >Pk(uik - ujk) _
k
Pkii:j
Hence, since uij E A(Bi n Bj), we have c3ui = 0u, on Bi n Bj, and
so this determines an element in Ker c? n C-'(fl). Therefore, from
Theorem 4.14, there is an element u in C(fl) such that &u = aui.
78
(u; - u) - (uj - u)
log(gi /gj)
mod
27r
4.2.2. Approximation Theorem. According to the Runge approximation theorem in the theory of functions of one variable, a
necessary and sufficient condition for the polynomial ring C[z] to be
dense in A(Q) for a given open set .fl C C is that C \ .f1 be connected.
This topological condition is related to the theory of functions by the
following proposition:
LEMMA 4.23. A necessary and sufficient condition for C \ .R to
KC{zE.Rlcp(z)<0}CR.
PROOF. Necessity: By the connectedness of C \ .fl, there is an
open set .fl' with a C boundary such that K C .(2' C= f2 and C \ f2'
is connected. For this !Y, fix a homeomorphism 4? : C
C of class
C such that
k
v=I
for some R(k) >> 1, where k denotes the number of connected components of !Y. Since w is subharmonic on C, it does not have any
maximal value, and this property is transmitted to 0 o 4b. Hence, we
can choose an increasing convex function A : R
R (in the broad
sense) of class CO that grows so rapidly that A(i' o (D) satisfies all the
requirements.
Sufficiency:
79
The above interpretation of connectedness is essential to a generalization of the Runge theorem to several variables:
THEOREM 4.24. For a pseudoconvex open subset fl of C. a necessary and sufficient condition for C[z] to be dense in A(fl) is that for
every compact set K C !l, there exists a continuous plurisubharmonic
exhaustion function 4; defined on C" such that K C {z I cp(z) < 0} C
Q.
I -x, 1 sup 0
2K
that
(4.75)
12 dV
122
2K
-0C, 1 sup
= 0. such that.
2K
<e.
(4.76)
1Q2
so, from
JJJ
Jin,
e-1--12 1U12
dV.
80
0
Next, we prepare a lemma to show the necessity.
LEMMA 4.26. If fl is a strongly pseudoconvex open set, then for
any boundary point x0 of !l, there exists an element f in A(fl) such
that
lim If (z)I = oc .
(4.79)
Z-XO
ments fI,
E I fk(z)I2 - 1 so
k=1
KCWCfl1.
Therefore, the desired function cp is obtained by setting
y0-2sujpcp
'P
on W,
2K
2K
on !l2 \ W.
81
K has
1. K := {(z,w) E C2 I w = IRe zI <_ 1, IImzI <- 1}
a fundamental system of neighborhoods consisting of domains
UJ that are biholomorphically equivalent to double discs.
(1+Vl--l)w-Vl--l-zw2-z2w3)
the Jacobian
2. c(z, w) := (z,
of 4(-1+x)34 0.
1 is one-to-one on a neighborhood of K.
(D is biholomorphic on UJ.
4. j >> 1
3.
5. KJy:={(e'B,e-ie)EC2I0<0
27r}
d(y) ={(e:e,0)
I0<_0<-27r}
{(z,0) E C2 I IzI
1}
6. z. (z,'z) = (z2,
component of
IzI2{(1-IzI4)+VI-j-(1-IzI2)})
the second
0<IzI<1, IzI>1.
7. From (6), in particular,
(o)
(K)
(o)
(j>> 1).
8. Fr om (5) and (7), ,t(UJ) is not polynomially convex.
However, the following question remains unsettled.
Bremermann's Problem. Is 11 polynomially convex, provided that
for any complex line 1 C C', l \ .fl is connected?
The problems of generalizing the Mittag-Leffler theorem and the
Weierstrass product theorem to several variables were formulated by
Cousin in a more abstract form, and thus they are sometimes called
the first and second Cousin problems, respectively. Oka solved these
problems first on domains of holomorphy, and eventually established
CHAPTER 5
84
I-oe, oo) a plurisubharmonic function with L[cp] >_ 1. Then for any
v E KerB fl Lp9(Q) (q > 0), there exists an element u in Lpq-'(f1)
such that 0u = v and IIuII,, < IIvII,,
PROOF. Let cp be the e-regularization of cp, and .flf1 a pseudoconvex open set with .R(,) C Q. Since 00WE
00(IzI2) = 001x12,
Theorem 4.11 is applicable and implies that there is an element of in
L,q-1(.f1(,)) such that 0u, = v and 11u,11,,, < IIvIIp,, where the norm
is regarded on 11(e).
Since o >- cp, IIvI1,,, -< 11vII,,. Therefore, from the above estimate
The interpolation problem raised in Chapter 2 can be solved perfectly as an application of Theorem 5.1.
THEOREM 5.3.1 The following are equivalent:
1. !1 is pseudoconvex.
2. For any discrete set t c (1, the restriction mapping A(Q) Cr is a surjection.
PROOF. (1)
1 Onecan see also from this theorem that pseudoconvex open sets are domains
of holomorphy.
85
(5.2)
CEr
- I,
on . ? with
L[(D + ] ? 1
_
_
and Ilahll,+ , < 1.
From Theorem 5.1, there is g E Lb+,y(fl) such that ag = 8h
Also, from Theorem 2.7, g is of class C.
and II9Il4,+' < II
Noting that a-'-'0 is not integrable around r, it follows that g I r =
0, which is what we wished to show.
(2)
(1): This follows from Theorems 3.4 and 3.12.
set in C", and X an analytic subset of (l. Then there exists a family
86
#{XQIXQnK#0}<x
for any compact set K of Q.
(5.6) Every XQ contains a connected differentiable manifold Xn as a
dense open set in it, and XQ fl X3 = 0 for a : 3.
An Xa that appears in Theorem 5.4 is called an irreducible component of X. Also, the maximum open differentiable manifold contained in XQ is called the regular part of XQ and is denoted by Reg Xa.
Reg XQ is a locally closed complex submanifold of Q. Namely, for any
point x E Reg X. there are a neighborhood U of x in I? and a biholomorphic mapping F to On such that
F(U fl RegXa) = {z E An I Z'.+1 =
= Zn = 01,
where rn.Q is an integer that is independent of the choice of x and
is called the dimension of X. The dimension of XQ is denoted by
dim Xa. In addition, U Reg XQ is called the regular part of X and
denoted by Reg X.
THEOREM 5.5 (for the proof, see [34]). Let Si and X be as defined above. Then for any x E X. there exist a neighborhood U x
in Si and a system {wQ}a=1 (1 # oc) of local defining functions of X
on U that possess the following property:
(5.7) For any y E U fl X and any system {h,3}- 1 (1 m <_ oo) of
local defining functions of X around y, there exist a neighborhood V of y in U and a system {gai3}a"'1 p=1 of holomorphic
functions on V such that, for any 0,
I
h,3 = E waga,3
a=1
on V.
87
>2 fjgj = 1
(5.12)
j=1
au = u :_
\a
CIf121
a 0-0)
88
fjuj = 0.
S,'q :=
a E Lq(Q)"`
fjaj = 0
j=1
, Da"' )
Then, by the holomorphy of Ii, the D operator a '- (Da I,
becomes a closed operator from S,p,q to SO q+', which is denoted by
DS for distinction.
In order to solve the division problem, it is enough to choose an
appropriate w so that the ratio of I (w, v),, I to 1IDs w1j,' is bounded on
Ker Ds (l Dom Ds.
We will try to express Ds in terms of '"D * (which operates componentwise) and f. If the problem is solvable, this calculation should
(5.15)
(WI, W2)
(5.16)
(WI, w2),p
(5.17)
IIwl IILP
E (w1j,w2j),
j=1
Jn
(
by (4'0)1. Set
(5.18)
(Sp'0)0 -L := {w I w = (cf1,
, fm do not have
Then (S )o is dense in (Sp'0)1. In fact, since f1,
any common zero point, any element in LY,O(Q)m that is orthogonal
, f1).
to S0.'0 must be a function-multiple of (f 1,
Go back to the definition of adjoint operator; then for an element
w in Dom Ds and an element h in Dom Ds,
(5.19)
89
From this, we see that as satisfies Dom'B * fl SO.,I C Dom Bs, and
that
BSw=P`Xw
(5.20)
BSw=vB*w--(`Xw,ej),pej
(5.21)
j=I
in terms of an orthonormal basis {ej} I of (S'0)1. We may assume ej E
in advance. Using the equation
ej) , _
(w, Bej )r the self-duality of Hilbert space allows us to identify Bej
with an element in (LO,I(.f1)Om)`, which results in the expression
(5.22)
- f ej BejI w.
j=1
1, it follows that
(5.23)
D ej
= (f15
L(-)
Ifl
l
Ifl+
cj
(I,
cj
...
Ifl afm)
0a w- [.. L. (wk'
j=1k=1
BS w
oo m
j=1k=1
'BOw(k'=
IfIa
ej
fk
Bfk Jwk,Cjl,p
If I
lafk-Jwk
ej
ff.
_
af (w)
fm
if
k=
12157k -J Wk-
90
IlPas(xw)II ? (1 1
r := 1
-EIIPaf(xw)II,
IIPas(Xw)III >=
> 1+
1+C
2
C I I aP j X W 112
Fl
JJJ
m) such that
fkgk = 1, and
k=1
fe_lg2dV
ftE)
(I+
2
mEl
la (di;)
dV.
91
ao
PROOF. We may assume that 0 < E IM2 < oo. Then from
k=1
a
Cauchy's estimate it follows that E Iefki2 E C(f1). Hence, there
k=1
that
r
"0
\fI2)l dV<oo,
(If-2
L[yo]
E Iefkl2 + 1)
k=1
For any c < sup gyp, we can take a sufficiently large integer m = me
so that fl,
, f, have no common zero point in f1,,c. From Theorem 5.7, there are holomorphic functions 9c,k on f1,,, (k = 1,
, m)
such that
Efk9c,k=1,
k=1
9k := lira
then from Weierstrass' double series theorem it follows that 9k E
A(fl) and
CIO
E fk9k = 1.
k=1
0
If Spec,,, A(fl) = fl, then in particular, since for any point a of
811 there are elements gj in A(ft) (j = 1,
, n,) such that
n
E (zj - aj)gj(z) = 1,
j=1
92
(w, v)" =
(w, c'3u),P
fn
<
00,
f = > gjhj
or f = >00 gjhj
j=1
j=1
Ih121gl-gage-1,dV <
Jn
respectively, where
00
j=1
a -1
fn
and
If
I2Ig'I-2aq-2e-`dV
93
_ {f
E A(fY)
If
fI2dV < oo I
as a subspace of A(fl'). From Theorem 5.5 (or Theorem 2.5 + Theorem 4.14), there is a mapping
I : A,2D (f') ---+ A(fl )
2 AV,." (Qk)
94
f I fl' with a certain estimate on the norm for two given strongly
pseudoconvex domains f 2i Q2 and cpl, W2 E PSH n c, v22).
Let Qi and gyp, (i = 1, 2) be as above, and take f E A
The
a equations that are necessary in the procedure for construction of I
are obtained as follows:
By means of the projection
W2(02).
p: Cn -- H
w
z
,-,
x(t) = f
(5.25)
an d forX6(z):=X
fort < 2 ,
fort > 1,
( I nl ),set
forzElll,5,
forzEIll\J7,6.
V6
10
aub = v6,
(5.26)
E I' loc(2I
A2 (372)
w
(Ill)
w
'-' p*f-X6-u6
95
IIo(f)If2i=fIQ.
IIIo(f)IIY,
I f12dt;,
(C + 1) f
z
(5.27) Ilpaull2 +
11P411)
IIP
P3+l11Ilull41+llpaull41
IIP3
96
f2lc=f22c12andcp1=V2EPSHnCOO(f22).
Since p is contained as a factor in both norms on the left hand side
(5.29)
va,wi
K zn
<CCQP',(w) f e-`'I.fl2dV
s?z
q,
(5.30)
112 <
(5.31)
Cn
e-' Ifl2dvn-1,
nZ
u'61Ker(8op p3+1).
(5.32)
(5.33) Qp,4.(w)
>
{ <Iz.,l<I}nnl
n
where w
j=1
wjdzj
> 2 in
97
L6
(5.34)
(I
-+- 52)2 I
-, W
zn
IznI2
52
dV
'P1
I
<
25
62
e-`'
f e-v
n,
Iwn12 dV
dV QP.a,(w)
sup
(Izn12+62)2
(5.35) Ilubli,,,
Ilzn P
P3 + 1 ub j
Sup IznIP
-En1
sup
P3+lIIi4IL:1
O<t<dn
C'nllu'alj
.1
n
open set, there may or may not exist an interpolation operator depending on the condition about the weight function p. We will give a
class of weight functions that guarantee the existence of interpolation
operators.
98
First we consider
.36)
(5.36)
l -0 (9'=1 ,n-1)
ot,
8-2j
8u=vdz
(5.37)
E LIOC(n') ,
= 2/25(zn)dzn A din,
from the assumption, for any e > 0 we can take a sufficiently small 5
such that for any n, with 1 < n < no,
99
(5.38)
> 1p5(z,,)dzn
(z E f2').
Set T1A :_ -G6+A (A > 0), and define a quadratic form Qp,.D(w)
to be the one for
p:=
(T < 5).
P := tpr + GT + E1z12
a77A A d77A
- r1 +
r]A
\.
C1 +
1
I aaG6
7JA/
1)2
aTJA A a77A
17A
On the one hand. from the condition +KG E PSH(Q) (1 < rc <- tco),
it follows that 4; + K(G - log Iz,tI2) E PSH(fl). In fact, since
'p+r,(G-log
Iz,, I E PSH(Q)
(1 + A) < no.
then
1)07G6
17A
1p5(z,,)dz,, Ad-,1.
100
(5.40)
>
1
2
e-'vt-Gt-c'.j'd(zn)Iwnj2dV
.
(w:=>widi)
From this, in order to assert the existence of u that satisfies (5.37)
for v that satisfies (5.36), it is sufficient to solve the a equation in
L 9+GT+I=12 (f2 *) and let T --+ 0. (Note that C1 does depend on If
(ho > 1), there exists an interpolation operator I.: A ,(f?) --+ A ,(fl)
if lK # -oo. The norm of I, depends only on ho and lK .
If sup Iznl < oc, then PSH(fl) C II,,(fl) for any r, > 0, and
n
Theorem 5.10.
A similar method can prove the following extension theorem. (For
the proof, see [36].)
THEOREM 5.13. Let Q be a pseudoconvex open set, and let both cp
studied in the case of one variable, and in particular, the characterization of removable singularities of bounded holomorphic functions
101
102
fl2 and any complex line l through zo, l n (nl\n2) is locally polar in
1.
3.2. First, regarding the sum of the series E Ia,(z)12, since {al}
is the orthonormal basis, E Iai(z)12 coincides with the square of the
norm of the following linear function on A2mtP(fl):
am: A2
W
f(z).
zitm(z) = sup j
If(()12 dl'
J It-=I<f
2 -2m dV.
nE2n exp 2m sup s'(() )19 I f I e
IK-zI<E
111
<
Hence, by taking the supremum of the left hand side within the range
IIf I12mt, = 1, we obtain
(5.42)
'0m(z) <_
sup b(() +
Itzl<e
2m log
. e2n
103
17
CIaI2e-2mtP(=)
log Ial,
lx-zl<e
sup
v(() +
log - ,
!C-2j<2E
v(om, X)
v(v, x) -
CHAPTER 6
Bergman Kernels
We have already stated several fundamental propositions about the
function space A2 (Q). In this chapter, we will explain the Bergman
kernel, which is the reproducing kernel of the space A2(0). First, we
give the definitions and basic facts, and then we prove the boundary
holomorphy theorem on biholomorphic mappings between strongly
pseudoconvex domains with boundaries of class CO. This theorem
was obtained by Fefferman, but the proof introduced here is the one
due to Bell and Ligocka's idea [2), a skillful use of the transformation
law of Bergman kernels. Next, a few results on the boundary behavior
of Bergman kernels are explained. This is the central problem in the
theory of reproducing kernels, but many results on this are beyond
the scope of the present book. Hence, we can say that most of the
results included here are restricted to elementary cases, and, even so,
parts of some proofs are omitted.
x
Ea. (Z) 0". (W)
=1
converges uniformly on compact subsets of f2 x (l, and is holomorphic and antiholomorphic on z and w, respectively. This is called a
Bergman kernel function or Bergman kernel of .R, and is denoted by
Ko(z, w).
A2(Q) is a function space whose reproducing kernel is Kim. That
is, for any f E A2(17), the value off at a point z E 17 is expressed by
105
6. BERGMAN KERNELS
106
f(z) =
=
JKri(zw)f(w)dV
(Kn(z,.),jTY).
27rv"'--l
1H
/(n +
(a))!
a! 7rn
za
QEZ+
KBn(z,w)
(n + (a))!
F-q
zwQ
a! 7rn
QEZ+
(n+Y)!
-7.Y
7rv=0
n
7, n
zaT
lal=V a!
do
7rn
n! (1
r
1
_ (z'
-1 X
/ lx=(Z,W)
w))-n-1
EXAMPLE 6.2. In the case 12 = On, from the above calculation and the general formula (which is obvious from the definition
107
of Bergman kernel)
.7=1
domain f1
atVk
(6.4)
av
E
1,k=1
82 log Kn(z, z)
dxj o d---k
azjazk
108
6. BERGMAN KERNELS
u := det
0Fj
84
dgEL2(f12).
By the method of indeterminate coefficients, for an arbitrary h E
there exists an element v of CO.1(?12)f1Dom0* such that any
derivative of h - e* v is equal to 0 on 0112, where we apply the method
of indeterminate coefficients to the coefficients of the formal power
series of the defining functions of 112. (See the proof of Theorem 4.18.)
Therefore, for any h E C(172), there exists an element ho of
Co (C) such that suppho C 722 and P2(ho 1112) = P2 h.
Regarding an element g of C(111), we write, for simplicity, g E
C'(771-) when g can be extended to .71 as a C function.
Since the transformation formula implies
in order to show that Fj E CD (111) (1
that
(6.5)
u (ho o F) E C(f11) .
'See Einar Hille, Analytic Flunction Theory, vol. II, Theorem 17.5.3, Ginn
and Co., Boston, Mass., 1962.
109
u (h o F) E C (511) .
turns out that u does not have any zero point on 511.
Therefore, from (6.6), it follows that h o F E C(711).
If we use this for h = zj (1 < j < n), then F3 E CO(Q1), and F
can be extended to .f11 as a C function.
(z)-(a),
z E 111,
z E 121.
for some constant C1 > 0. (For Hopf's lemma and its proof, see
Proposition 6.4 below.)
From (6.8) and the self-evident inequality
6. BERGMAN KERNELS
110
(6.9)
Ix - al -
where the superior limit on the left hand side is taken when x E v(a)
and x - a.
PROOF. If we take a point x0 on v(a) sufficiently close to a, there
exists an open ball B(xo, R) with center x0 of radius R within .R whose
- e-AR2
111
In fact, Kn(z, z) is nothing but the square of the norm of the following
linear mapping:
A2 (.fl)
w
C
w
'' f (z)
eie Kn(.. z)
(0 E R).
V K0(z, z)
(zE.fl`).
(6.11)
Concerning the boundary behavior of Bergman kernels, the following fact is the most fundamental:
THEOREM 6.5. If rt E C2(C') satisfies li I z1 -2 n(z) = 0, and if
m
an open set
j=1
is pseudoconvez, then
(6.12)
limo
Re Zn=0
OUTLINE OF THE PROOF. Since from the Cayley transformation, 120 is biholomorphic to W', the transformation formula (6.3)
implies
-n-1
-Imzn - E 1z312
Kno(z,z) = 4?"
j=1
Kn (z, z)
Kg.(z,z)
KR,, (z, z)
kn0(z, z)
_< 1.
6. BERGMAN KERNELS
112
CEf1q,ifweset
fe(z)
Kno (z, ()
Kno(C,
n
7r"
2
zn
(-Im(" -
0 and
-n-1
(z/,
/))
I('I2)-n-1
0.
fDu = D(XfO ,
1UM = 0
for a C function X whose support is contained in Uand whose value
in a neighborhood of 0 is 1, there exists an element ff of A2(f1,7) such
follow that
lim
Re
(z, z) > 1.
Kno(z, z) _
0
COROLLARY 6.6 (L. Hormander, K. Diederich). Let fl be a pseu-
47r" k(zo).
z-8n
113
COOT z I
boundary of class C', then for any zo E f1,, there exists a positive
number C such that
d(zo. z) >
1 1 logbn(z)I - C.
boundary of class C2, then for any zo E f1. there exists a positive
number C such that
d(zo, z) >
Bibliography
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bundles. Invent. Math. 122 (1995)1 291-308.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
116
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117
Index
dim Xa. 86
Dom T, 56
log D, 19
(log D) ", 10
l K , 98
PSH(n), 40
PSH-(9)? 43
Gn, 98
Reg X, 86
R.eg Xa, 86
N, 7
P(f, v), 76
V(f), 17
za, 1
M(fl), 75
Z+. 1
(a). 1
a!, 1
A2(f2)1 9
A2 (fl), 46, 93
Ck(fl), 9
Co(n), 9
0,4
C(r) (fl), 10
C(r) (n), 11
0", 4
Corl(17), 11
i(f). 9
ms, n
0(a, r), 4
t(w), 60
Cp,9(n),10
Cp.4(n), u
n,(17), 98
Co.e(n), 11
D(f, U), 76
D, 19
e(w), 60
azl 'j
f(a). 3
(' / '
fo., 75
It'!' , 58
, 2. 10
I. 58
(&i.
L[co](zo), 43
afl E Ck, 48
LO. Q(9), 57
L2(fl), 9
C=, 6
Li (f1). 9
(, )v, 57
L2 (n), 57
L(rl (fl), 11
g) 0' 2
),5,57 88
Ifln, 9
Lloc(f1), 11
LP,a(fl), 11
L oC(n), 11
lG, 98
IzI, 1
Izlmax, 1
II
119
Ilv, 57
120
INDEX
Euclidean metric, S
Euler, xiii
exhaustion function, 45
exterior derivative operator, U
Bell, xvii
Bergman
kernel, xvii, 19Q M5
kernel function, 105
metric, 14Z
biholomorphic mapping, 3
Bochner-Martin conjecture, 47
boundary of class Ck, 48
Bremermann, 47 73
problem, 81
theorem, 107
Caratheodory's theorem, 108
Cartan, xiii
Cauchy, xiii
estimate, 13.
Cauchy-Riemann
equation, xv, fi
tangential, Z4
Cayley transformation, 4
Christ, 52
closed operator, 56
complex line, 26
complex open ball, 4
complex tangent space, 48
Cousin, xiii
first, second problems, 81
a cohomology group, xv
8 equation, xv
8 operator, xvi
cohomology group, 27. 28 31. 32
a equation, 29
a operator, 58
defining function, 48
local, 25
Demailly, xvi
theorem, 46
Diederich-Fornaess example, 52
differential form, 14
of type (p, q), 10
distribution, xv
divisor class, Z6
domain of holomorphy, xvi, 33
Gauss, xiii
Gel'fand, xv
Grauert, xiii
Grothendieck, xv
maximal closed, xv
interpolation
operator, 23
problem, 24
irreducible component, 86
dimension of, 86
Jacobian, 11
Josefson theorem, 102
Kohn, 55
theorem, 53, 110
Kohn-Nirenberg example, 51
L2 convergence on compact sets, 15
L2 estimate, xvi
L2 extension theorem, 95
L2 holomorphic function, fi
INDEX
L2 holomorphy
theorem of, 14
Lagrange, xiii
Lelong
number, 45
Levi, xiii
form, 48
problem, xiii, xvi, 73
pseudoconvex,49
pseudoconvex domain, xvii
pseudoconvexity, xvi
Ligocka, xvii
locally closed complex submanifold,
86
maximum principle, 8
meromorphic function, 75
Mittag-Leffler theorem, xiv, xvi, 76
Montel's theorem, xv, 6
Nakano, xvi
Oka, xiii-xvi
order of zero, 3
orthogonal projection,
14
plurisubharmonic, 44
function, xvi
strictly, 43
pole, 75
polydisc, 4
polynomially convex, 81
principal part. 76
pseudoconvex,44
Hartogs, 35
Levi, 49
strongly, 48
pseudoconvexity, xiii, xvi
reduced system, 85
regular part, 8fi
regularization, 14 31 Al
E-, 15
121
Reinhardt
complete - domain, 18
domain, 18
reproducing kernel, 1.45
restriction homomorphism, 27
Richberg's theorem, 43
Riemann, xiii
Runge
approximation theorem, xv, xvi
theorem, 72
Schwarz's lemma, 8
Serre
condition, 31
criterion, 27
Siu's theorem, 46
Skoda
division theorem, xvii
theorem, 92
spectrum, 23
subharrnonic, 1151
function, 39
Weierstrass, xiii, xiv
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Part 1, 1998
E. M. Landis, Second order equations of elliptic and parabolic type, 1998
170 Viktor Prasolov and Yuri Solovyev, Elliptic functions and elliptic
integrals, 1997
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