Chemistry Data Booklet 2016 PDF

Chemistry data booklet
First assessment 2016

Third edition
Diploma Programme
Published June 2014

Updated May 2015
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4073
Contents
1. Some relevant equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Physical constants and unit conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. The electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Fundamental particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Names of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6. The periodic table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements . . . . . . 8
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Covalent bond lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Selected compoundsthermodynamic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Enthalpies of combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. Spectrochemical series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16. Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
17. Colour wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
20. Enthalpies of hydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
22. Acid-base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
25. Activity series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
26. Infrared data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
27. 1H NMR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
28. Mass spectral fragments lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
29. Triangular bonding diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
30. Resin identification codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
31. Representations of some materials molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

33. 2-amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
35. Vitamins and pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
36. Binding energy curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
38. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the
periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers.
Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3
(SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).
iv
1. Some relevant equations

Topic
Equation
1.3
pV = nRT
2.2 and C.4
c =
5.1
q = mc T
pH = log10 H3 O+
or
8.3
pH = log10 H+
12.1
E = h
15.2
G = H T S
16.2
k = Ae RT
Ea
ln k =
16.2
16.2
ln
Ea
+ ln A
RT
k1 Ea 1 1
=

k 2 R T2 T1
17.1
G = RT ln K
19.1
G = nFE
A.5
% atom economy =
molar mass of desired product

100
molar mass of all reactants
A.8
n = 2d sin
B.7 and D.4
A
pH = pK a + log
HA
B.7
log10
I0
= lc
I
Topic
Equation
C.1
Energy density =
energy released from fuel

volume of fuel consumed
C.1
Specific energy =
energy released from fuel

mass of fuel consumed
N = N0 e t
C.3
t1 =
C.3 and D.8
ln 2
C.6
RT
E = E
ln Q
nF
C.7
Rate1
M2
=
Rate2
M1
D.8
1 t1/ 2
N ( t ) = N0
2
2. Physical constants and unit conversions

Avogadros constant (L or N A ) = 6.02 1023 mol1
Gas constant (R ) = 8.31 J K 1 mol1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 102 m3 mol1 = 22.7 dm3 mol1
1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 103 m3 = 1 103 cm3
STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa
Speed of light = 3.00 108 ms1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg1 K 1 = 4.18 J g1 K 1

Plancks constant (h ) = 6.63 1034 J s
Faradays constant (F ) = 9.65 104 C mol1
Ionic product constant for water (K W ) = 1.00 1014 mol2 dm6 at 298 K
1 amu = 1.66 1027 kg
3. The electromagnetic spectrum

energy
10 16 10 14 10 12 10 10 10 8 10 6 10 4 10 2 100
rays
X-rays
UV
IR
microwaves
102
10 4
radio waves
106
108 wavelength (m)
V I B G Y O R
400 700
wavelength (nm)
4. Fundamental particles
Proton
Neutron
Mass (kg)
1.672622 10
Charge (C)
1.602189 1019
27
1.674927 10
0
Electron
27
9.109383 1031
1.602189 1019
18
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
Ce
Cl
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
copper
curium
darmstadtium
dubnium
Cn
Br
bromine
copernicium
boron
Cr
Bh
bohrium
Co
Bi
bismuth
cobalt
58
Be
beryllium
chromium
Bk
berkelium
85
105
110
96
29
112
27
24
17
98
20
55
48
35
107
83
97
56
At
Ba
astatine
33
barium
Ar
As
argon
arsenic
51
Sb
antimony
manganese
magnesium
lutetium
lithium
lead
lawrencium
lanthanum
krypton
iron
iridium
iodine
indium
hydrogen
holmium
helium
hassium
hafnium
gold
germanium
gallium
gadolinium
francium
fluorine
fermium
europium
erbium
einsteinium
95
Al
Am
aluminium
13
Element
dysprosium
89
Atomic number
Ac
Symbol
americium
actinium
Element
5. Names of the elements
Mn
Mg
Lu
Li
Pb
Lr
La
Kr
Fe
49
In
I
Ir
25
12
71
82
103
57
36
26
77
53
67
108
72
79
32
31
64
87
100
63
68
99
66
Atomic number
Ho
He
Hs
Hf
Au
Ge
Ga
Gd
Fr
Fm
Eu
Er
Es
Dy
Symbol
Ni
Nb
No
Os
Pd
Pt
Pu
Po
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
roentgenium
rubidium
Pm
Np
neptunium
promethium
Ne
neon
Nd
neodymium
Pr
Mo
molybdenum
praseodymium
Hg
mercury
potassium
Md
mendelevium
Symbol
Mt
Element
meitnerium
37
111
45
75
86
88
91
61
59
19
84
94
78
15
46
76
102
41
28
93
10
60
42
80
101
109
Atomic number
Element
zirconium
zinc
yttrium
ytterbium
xenon
vanadium
uranium
tungsten
titanium
tin
thulium
thorium
thallium
terbium
tellurium
technetium
tantalum
sulfur
strontium
sodium
silver
silicon
selenium
seaborgium
scandium
samarium
rutherfordium
ruthenium
Zr
Zn
Yb
Xe
Ti
Sn
Tm
Th
Tl
Tb
Te
Tc
Ta
Sr
Na
Ag
Si
Se
Sg
Sc
Sm
Rf
Ru
Symbol
40
30
39
70
54
23
92
74
22
50
69
90
81
65
52
43
73
16
38
11
47
14
34
106
21
62
104
44
Atomic number
40.08
38
39.10
37
(223)
(226)
Ra
88
87
Fr
137.33
132.91
Ba
56
Cs
87.62
55
Sr
85.47
Rb
Ca
20
19
24.31
22.99
Mg
12
Na
9.01
11
Be
6.94
Li
1.01
(227)
Cr
24
61
232.04
231.04
Pa
238.03
92
91
Th
144.24
140.91
90
(237)
Np
93
(145)
Pm
60
Nd
59
Pr
(270)
Bh
107
186.21
Re
75
(98)
Tc
43
54.94
Mn
25
(244)
Pu
94
150.36
62
Sm
(269)
Hs
108
190.23
Os
101.07
76
Ru
44
55.85
Fe
26
Relative atomic
mass
(243)
Am
95
151.96
63
Eu
(278)
Mt
192.22
109
Ir
102.91
77
Rh
45
58.93
Co
27
(247)
Cm
96
157.25
64
Gd
(281)
Ds
110
195.08
Pt
78
106.42
Pd
46
58.69
Ni
28
(247)
Bk
97
158.93
65
Tb
(281)
Rg
111
196.97
Au
79
107.87
Ag
47
63.55
Cu
29
11
(251)
Cf
98
162.50
66
Dy
(285)
Cn
112
200.59
Hg
80
112.41
Cd
48
65.38
Zn
30
12
(252)
Es
99
164.93
67
Ho
(286)
Uut
113
204.38
Tl
114.82
81
In
69.72
49
Ga
31
26.98
Al
10.81
13
13
(257)
Fm
100
167.26
68
Er
(289)
Uuq
114
207.20
Pb
82
118.71
Sn
50
72.63
Ge
28.09
32
Si
14
12.01
14
(258)
Md
101
168.93
69
Tm
(288)
Uup
115
208.98
Bi
83
121.76
Sb
51
74.92
As
30.97
33
15
14.01
15
(259)
No
102
173.05
70
Yb
(293)
Uuh
116
(209)
Po
84
127.60
Te
52
78.96
Se
34
32.07
16
16.00
16
Lr
(262)
103
174.97
71
Lu
(294)
Uus
117
(210)
At
126.90
85
79.90
53
Br
35
35.45
Cl
19.00
17
17
(294)
118
Uuo
(222)
86
Rn
131.29
54
Xe
83.90
36
Kr
39.95
18
Ar
20.18
10
Ne
He
18
4.00
10
Element
Atomic number
(269)
Sg
106
183.84
74
95.96
Mo
42
52.00
(268)
Db
105
180.95
Ta
73
92.91
Nb
41
50.94
23
140.12
Ce
58
(267)
Rf
104
89
Ac
178.49
138.91
Hf
72
La
91.22
57
Zr
40
47.87
Ti
22
88.91
39
44.96
Sc
21
6. The periodic table
650.0
1090
842.0
1484
768.8
1377
725.0
1845
699.8
1140
97.79
882.9
63.38
758.8
39.30
687.8
28.44
670.8
27.00
676.8
Fr
Cs
Rb
Na
Ra
Ba
Sr
Ca
Mg
2468
Be
1342
Li
1287
180.5
252.9
259.2
3200
Ac
1050
3464
4600
Hf
2233
920.0
La
4406
3345
Zr
1854
1522
3287
Ti
1670
2836
Sc
1541
5455
Ta
3017
4741
Nb
2477
3407
1910
5555
3414
4639
Mo
2622
2671
Cr
1907
5900
Re
3453
4262
Tc
2157
2061
Mn
1246
5008
Os
3033
4147
Ru
2333
2861
Fe
1538
Boiling point (C)
Element
Melting point (C)
4428
Ir
2446
3695
Rh
1963
2927
Co
1495
3825
Pt
1768
2963
Pd
1555
2913
Ni
1455
2836
Au
1064
2162
Ag
961.8
2560
Cu
1085
356.6
Hg
38.83
766.8
Cd
321.1
907.0
Zn
419.5
1473
Tl
2027
303.8
In
2229
156.6
Ga
29.77
2519
Al
660.3
4000
2077
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa)
1749
Pb
327.5
2586
Sn
231.9
2833
Ge
938.2
3265
Si
1414
4827
3500
1564
Bi
271.4
1587
Sb
630.6
613.0
As
816.8
280.5
44.15
195.8
210.0
962.0
Po
253.8
987.8
Te
449.5
684.8
Se
220.8
444.6
115.2
183.0
218.8
336.8
At
184.4
301.8
58.78
113.7
Br
7.050
34.04
Cl
101.5
188.1
219.7
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
61.85
71.15
108.1
111.8
153.4
157.4
185.8
189.3
246.0
248.6
He
268.9
Li
0.8
0.8
393
376
Fr
0.7
1.3
Mg
0.9
1.1
La
1.1
Zr
Hf
1.3
1.6
8 651
1.5
Ta
1 728
1.6
1.7
2.2
1.9
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
1.7
Cd
2.4
Au
1.9
Hg
223 1007
1.9
Ag
205 890
2.2
1.6
Zn
126 868
1.9
119 906
Cu
54 731
Pd
151 864
2.3
Rh
106 865
Os
14 814
2.2
Ru
Ni
112 745
1.9
110 804
1.9
64 737
Co
15 760
101 720
1.8
Fe
762
53 710
Re
79 756
2.1
Tc
72 702
Mo
31 759
Nb
88 684
1.6
Mn
64 717
Cr
1.7
51 653
Element
Electron affinity (kJ mol )

1
(2nd EA / kJ mol )
Electronegativity
First ionization
1
energy (kJ mol )
41 652
1.3
45 659
34
Ti
1.5
30 640
Ac
10 499
Ra
47 509
0.9
1.2
5 600
1.4
18 659
Sc
2 633
14 538
Ba
46 503
1.0
Sr
47 549
1.0
Ca
48 590
Cs
0.8
1.6
Be
53 738
Na
0.9
1.0
60 900
73
Rb
403
419
496
520
2.2
1312
Al
Tl
1.8
589
1.8
In
558
1.8
1.8
1.9
Bi
2.0
Ar
Ne
Br
3.0
Kr
2.0
Po
183
2.1
Te
2.6
Xe
At
Rn
270 1037
2.2
2.7
190 1008 295 1170
2.6
91 812
3.2
Cl
4.0
195 1140 325 1351
Se
78 941
Sb
35 703
Pb
36 716
2.0
2.6
101 869
2.2
3.4
1314 141 1681 328 2081

(+753)
He
2372
72 1000 200 1251 349 1520

(+545)
As
107 831
Sn
29 709
2.0
2.2
119 944
Si
Ge
41 762
3.0
134 1012
1.9
42 787
2.6
27 1086 122 1402
Ga
579
1.6
578
2.0
801
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements
140
160
206
238
211
242
La
194
90 (3+ )
176
75 (3+ )
Sc
159
Fr
Ra
Ac
201
167 (1+) 135 (2+) 103 (3+)
Ba
Cs
152 (1+) 118 (2+)
Sr
190
Rb
215
138 (1+) 100 (2+)
Ca
174
200
72 (2+ )
102 (1+)
Na
Mg
45 (2+ )
Be
76 (1+ )
Li
99
130
32
71 (4+ )
Hf
164
72 (4+ )
Zr
164
86 (2+ )
61 (4+ )
Ti
148
64 (5+ )
Ta
158
72 (3+ )
64 (5+ )
Nb
156
79 (2+ )
54 (5+ )
144
66 (4+ )
60 (6+)
150
65 (4+ )
Mo
146
62 (3+ )
44 (6+ )
Cr
130
63 (4+)
53 (7+)
Re
141
65 (4+)
Tc
138
83 (2+ )
53 (4+ )
Mn
129
63 (4+ )
55 (6+)
Os
136
68 (3+)
62 (4+ )
Ru
136
61 (2+ )
55 (3+ )
Fe
124
Ionic radius
12
(10 m)
Element
Atomic radius
12
(10 m)
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
68 (3+)
63 (4+)
Ir
132
67 (3+)
60 (4+)
Rh
134
65 (2+)
55 (3+)
Co
118
80 (2+)
63 (4+)
Pt
130
86 (2+)
62 (4+)
Pd
130
69 (2+ )
Ni
117
Hg
132
95 (2+ )
Cd
140
74 (2+ )
Zn
120
Tl
144
80 (3+)
In
142
62 (3+)
Ga
123
Pb
145
118 (2+)
69 (4+ )
Sn
140
53 (4+ )
272 (4)
Ge
120
40 (4+ )
Si
114
16 (4+ )
75
64
60
Bi
150
76 (3+ )
Sb
140
58 (3+ )
46 (5+ )
As
120
38 (5+ )
109
Cl
100
Br
117
97 (4+)
Po
142
221 (2)
Te
137
At
148
220 (1)
136
198 (2) 196 (1)
Se
118
184 (2) 181 (1)
104
146 (3) 140 (2) 133 (1)
71
137 (1+) 119 (1+) 150 (1+) 119 (2+) 103 (3+)
85 (3+ ) 102 (2+) 89 (3+) 78 (4+ )
76 (5+)
Au
130
115 (1+)
Ag
136
77 (1+ )
73 (2+ )
Cu
122
54 (3+ )
Al
124
27 (3+ )
84
Rn
146
Xe
136
Kr
116
Ar
101
62
Ne
37
He
10. Covalent bond lengths

Single bonds (1012 m = pm)
Br
Cl
Br
228
194
214
176
141
247
214
194
154
177
138
108
214
147
Cl
214
177
199
163
128
232
176
138
163
142
92
141
108
128
92
247
214
232
214
147
Si
220
227
216
143
184
182
185
197
170
203
199
202
257
136
142
154
158
156
74
160
101
97
142
134
148
257
160
267
197
136
101
146
136
143
170
142
97
136
148
220
184
203
154
142
227
182
199
158
134
Si
216
185
202
156
148
247
243
175
174
154
161
163
154
221
210
175
161
210
205
215
174
163
215
232
247
243
Multiple bonds (1012 m = pm)
10
C=C 134
CN 116
NN 110
CC 120
C=O 122
N=O 114
C C 140
(in benzene)
C=S 156
O=O 121
C=N 130
N=N 125
S=S 189
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies

at 298 K
Single bonds (kJ mol1 )
Br
Cl
Br
193
285
219
249
366
178
285
346
324
492
414
228
Cl
219
324
242
255
431
249
492
255
159
366
414
431
178
228
Si
201
264
218
330
286
358
264
289
307
211
192
206
322
271
400
567
280
278
191
490
327
597
567
436
298
391
463
322
364
323
211
280
298
151
201
184
234
286
192
278
391
466
201
358
206
191
463
201
264
264
322
490
322
184
218
289
271
327
364
Si
330
307
400
597
323
234
158
214
214
144
363
363
198
466
266
293
293
226
Multiple bonds (kJ mol1 )

C=C 614
CN 890
NN 945
CC 839
C=O 804
N=O 587
C=S 536
O=O 498
N=N 470
S=S 429
C C 507
(in benzene)
C=N 615
11
12. Selected compoundsthermodynamic data

Substance
Formula
State
H f (kJ mol1 )
G f (kJ mol1 )
S (J K 1 mol1 )
methane
CH4
74.0
50.0
+186
ethane
C2H6
84.0
32.0
+230
propane
C3H8
105
24.0
+270
butane
C4H10
126
17.0
+310
pentane
C5H12
173
hexane
C6H14
199
ethene
C2H4
+52.0
+68.0
+220
propene
C3H6
+20.0
+62.0
+267
but-1-ene
C4H8
+0.10
+71.0
+306
cis-but-2-ene
C4H8
7.0
+66.0
+301
trans-but-2-ene
C4H8
+63.0
+297
ethyne
C2H2
+228
+211
+201
11.0
propyne
C3H4
+185
+194
+248
buta-1,3-diene
C4H6
+110
+151
+279
cyclohexane
C6H12
156
+125
+173
benzene
C6H6
+49.0
methylbenzene
C6H5CH3
+12.0
ethylbenzene
C6H5CH2CH3
phenylethene
C6H5CHCH2
12.0
+104
chloromethane
CH3Cl
dichloromethane
CH2Cl 2
124
134
trichloromethane
CHCl3
bromomethane
CH3Br
iodomethane
CH3 I
chloroethane
C2H5Cl
bromoethane
C2H5Br
82.0
36.0
58.0
+178
74.0
+202
26.0
+246
14.0
137
90.0
+235
+163
53.0
26.0
chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
methanol
CH3OH
239
167
175
+199
+11.0
+127
ethanol
C2H5OH
278
phenol
C6H5OH
165
methanal
HCHO
109
102
+219
ethanal
CH3CHO
166
133
+264
propanone
(CH3 )2CO
248
methanoic acid
HCOOH
425
361
+129
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
484
390
+160
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
385
methylamine
CH3NH2
23
water
H2O
285.8
237.1
+70.0
steam
H2O
241.8
228.6
+188.8
carbon monoxide
CO
110.5
137.2
+197.7
carbon dioxide
CO2
393.5
394.4
+213.8
hydrogen bromide
HBr
36.3
53.4
+198.7
hydrogen chloride
HCl
92.3
95.3
+186.9
hydrogen fluoride
HF
273.3
275.4
+173.8
hydrogen iodide
HI
+26.5
+1.7
+206.6
12
+161
+144
+200
+168
+32.0
+243
13
891
g
g
CO
CH4
C2H6
ethane
propane
g
g
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
l
l
s
g
l
l
l
l
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C8H18
C6H12
C2H4
C4H6
C2H2
C6H6
C6H5CH3
C10H8
C2H5Cl
C2H5 I
CHCl3
CH3OH
C2H5OH
butane
pentane
hexane
octane
cyclohexane
ethene
buta-1,3-diene
ethyne
benzene
methylbenzene
naphthalene
chloroethane
iodoethane
trichloromethane
methanol
ethanol
methane
283
s
g
carbon (graphite)
carbon monoxide
1367
726
473
1463
1413
5156
3910
3268
1301
2541
1411
3920
5470
4163
3509
2878
2219
1561
394
297
sulfur
286
H c (kJ mol1 )
State
H2
Formula
hydrogen
Substance
sucrose
glucose
urea
nitrobenzene
phenylamine
methylamine
ethanamide
ethyl ethanoate
ethanedioic acid
benzoic acid
ethanoic acid
methanoic acid
phenylethanone
pentan-3-one
propanone
benzaldehyde
ethanal
methanal
ethoxyethane
phenol
cyclohexanol
butan-1-ol
propan-1-ol
Substance
l
s
s
l
C6H11OH
C6H5OH
(C2H5 )2O
(CH3 )2CO
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
CO(NH2 )2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NH2
s
CH3NH2
l
CH3CONH2
CH3COOC2H5
(COOH)2
C6H5COOH
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3COC6H5
C6H5CHO
(C2H5 )2CO
HCHO
CH3CHO
g
C4H9OH
State
C3H7OH
Formula
5640
2803
633
3088
3393
1086
1186
2238
243
3228
874
255
4149
3100
1790
3525
1167
571
2724
3053
3728
2676
2021
H c (kJ mol1 )
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion ( H c ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.00 105 Pa .
13. Enthalpies of combustion
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions

Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
+1
+3
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+4
+4
+2
+2
+2
+4
+5
+6
+6
+7
15. Spectrochemical series

Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference
they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex.
I < Br < S2 < Cl < F < OH < H2O < SCN < NH3 < CN CO
14
16. Ligands
NH2
H2N
1,2-ethanediamine
HO
HO
O
O
O
HO
ethanedioate
O
OH
EDTA
17. Colour wheel

647 nm
585 nm
Orange
700 nm
400 nm
Red
Yellow
575 nm
Violet
Green
Blue
424 nm
491 nm
15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental

values)
The lattice enthalpy values ( Hlattice

) given relate to the endothermic process
b+
a
Ma Xb (s) aM (g) + bX (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an
infinite distance from each other.
Experimental values
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable
BornHaber cycle.
Alkali metal halides
Hlattice
(kJ mol1 )
Li
F
1049
Cl
864
Br
820
764
Na
930
790
754
705
829
720
691
650
Rb
795
695
668
632
Cs
759
670
647
613
Other substances
Hlattice
(kJ mol1 )
Other substances
CaF2
2651
SrO
3223
BeCl 2
3033
BaO
3054
MgCl 2
2540
CuCl 2
2824
CaCl 2
2271
AgF
974
SrCl 2
2170
AgCl
918
BaCl 2
2069
AgBr
905
MgO
3791
AgI
892
CaO
3401
16
Hlattice
(kJ mol1 )
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions

Solute
H sol
(kJ mol1 )
Solute
H sol
(kJ mol1 )
NH4 Cl
+14.78
KCl
+17.22
NH4NO3
+25.69
KBr
+19.87
LiF
+4.73
KI
+20.33
LiCl
37.03
RbF
26.11
LiBr
48.83
RbCl
+17.28
Li I
63.30
RbBr
+21.88
NaF
+0.91
RbI
+25.10
NaCl
+3.88
CsF
36.86
NaBr
0.60
CsCl
+17.78
NaI
7.53
CsBr
+25.98
KF
17.73
CsI
+33.35
17
20. Enthalpies of hydration
18
Hhyd
(kJ mol1 )
Cations
Hhyd
(kJ mol1 )
Li+
538
504
Na+
424
Cl
359
K+
340
Br
328
Rb+
315
287
Cs+
291
ClO3
331
Be2+
2524
BrO3
358
Mg2+
1963
IO3
446
Ca2+
1616
ClO4
205
Sr 2+
1483
OH
519
Ba2+
1346
CN
341
Ra2+
1335
NO3
316
Al3 +
4741
HCO3
383
Ga3 +
4745
CO32
1486
In3 +
4171
HSO4
362
Tl3 +
4163
SO24
1099
Tl +
346
PO34
2921
Sn2+
1587
Pb2+
1523
Anions
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases

The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pK a values,
where pK a = log10 K a . The dissociation constant K a values are for aqueous solutions
at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms of pK b values.
Carboxylic acids
Name
Formula
pK a
methanoic
HCOOH
3.75
ethanoic
CH3 COOH
4.76
propanoic
CH3 CH2COOH
4.87
butanoic
CH3 (CH2 )2COOH
4.83
2-methylpropanoic
(CH3 )2CHCOOH
4.84
pentanoic
CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH
4.83
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
(CH3 )3 CCOOH
5.03
benzoic
C6H5 COOH
4.20
phenylethanoic
C6H5 CH2COOH
4.31
Halogenated carboxylic acids

Name
Formula
pK a
chloroethanoic
CH2ClCOOH
2.87
dichloroethanoic
CHCl 2COOH
1.35
trichloroethanoic
CCl3 COOH
0.66
fluoroethanoic
CH2FCOOH
2.59
bromoethanoic
CH2BrCOOH
2.90
iodoethanoic
CH2 ICOOH
3.18
19
Phenols
Name
Formula
pK a
phenol
C6H5 OH
9.99
2-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.23
3-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
8.36
4-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.15
2,4-dinitrophenol
(O2N)2C6H3 OH
4.07
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(O2N)3 C6H2OH
0.42
Alcohols
Name
Formula
pK a
methanol
CH3 OH
15.5
ethanol
C2H5 OH
15.5
Amines
Name
Formula
pKb
ammonia
NH3
4.75
methylamine
CH3NH2
3.34
ethylamine
CH3 CH2NH2
3.35
dimethylamine
(CH3 )2NH
3.27
trimethylamine
(CH3 )3N
4.20
diethylamine
(C2H5 )2NH
3.16
triethylamine
(C2H5 )3N
3.25
phenylamine
C6H5NH2
9.13
20
22. Acid-base indicators

Colour change
pK a
pH range
Acid
Alkali
methyl orange
3.7
3.14.4
red
yellow
bromophenol blue
4.2
3.04.6
yellow
blue
bromocresol green
4.7
3.85.4
yellow
blue
methyl red
5.1
4.46.2
red
yellow
bromothymol blue
7.0
6.07.6
yellow
blue
phenol red
7.9
6.88.4
yellow
red
phenolphthalein
9.6
8.310.0
colourless
pink
Indicator
21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water

Temperature ( C)
22
K W value
0.113 1014
0.185 1014
10
0.292 1014
15
0.453 1014
20
0.684 1014
25
1.00 1014
30
1.47 1014
35
2.09 1014
40
2.92 1014
45
4.02 1014
50
5.43 1014
55
7.24 1014
60
9.55 1014
65
12.4 1014
70
15.9 1014
75
20.1 1014
80
25.2 1014
85
31.3 1014
90
38.3 1014
95
46.6 1014
100
56.0 1014
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K

Reduced species
E (V)
Li+ (aq) + e
Li (s)
-3.04
K + (aq) + e
K ( s)
-2.93
Ca2+ (aq) + 2e
Ca (s)
-2.87
Na+ (aq) + e
Na (s)
-2.71
Mg2+ (aq) + 2e
Mg(s)
-2.37
Al3 + (aq) + 3e
Al(s)
-1.66
Mn(s)
-1.18
Oxidized species
2+
Mn (aq) + 2e
1 H (g) + OH (aq)
2 2
-0.83
Zn(s)
-0.76
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e
Fe (s)
-0.45
Ni(s)
-0.26
Sn(s)
-0.14
Pb (s)
-0.13
H2O(l) + e
2+
Zn (aq) + 2e
2+
Ni (aq) + 2e
Sn2+ (aq) + 2e
2+
Pb (aq) + 2e
1 H (g)
2 2
0.00
Cu+ (aq)
+0.15
H2SO3 (aq) + H2O(l )
+0.17
Cu(s)
+0.34
2OH (aq)
+0.40
Cu+ (aq) + e
Cu(s)
+0.52
1 I ( s) + e
2 2
I (aq)
+0.54
Fe2+ (aq)
+0.77
Ag(s)
+0.80
Br (aq)
+1.09
H2O (l )
+1.23
2Cr 3 + (aq) + 7H2O (l )
+1.36
H+ (aq) + e
Cu2+ (aq) + e
SO24 (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e
1 O (g) + H O(l ) + 2 e
2
2 2
Fe3 + (aq) + e
Ag+ (aq) + e
1 Br (l ) + e
2 2
1 O (g) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e
2 2
Cr2 O72 (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6 e

1 Cl (g) + e
2 2
MnO4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5 e

1 F (g) + e
2 2
Cl (aq)
+1.36
Mn2+ + 4H2O (l )
+1.51
F (aq)
+2.87
23
25. Activity series

Increasing
activity
Li
Cs
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Be
Al
C
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Ag
Pd
Hg
Pt
Au
24
25
600800
chloroalkanes
fluoroalkanes
alcohols, esters, ethers
alkenes
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
alkynes
carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)
primary amines
CCl
CF
CO
C=C
C=O
CC
OH
CH
OH
NH
33003500
32003600
28503090
25003000
21002260
17001750
16201680
10501410
10001400
500600
bromoalkanes
CBr
490620
Wavelength (cm1 )
iodoalkanes
Organic molecules
CI
Bond
strong
strong
strong
strong
strong
Intensity
medium, two bands
strong, broad
strong
strong, very broad
variable
strong
medium-weak; multiple bands
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
26. Infrared data
27. 1H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values ( ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0 .
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.
These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton
CH3
0.91.0
CH2R
1.31.4
CHR2
1.5
O
C
RO
2.02.5
CH2
O
C
2.22.7
CH2
CH3
1.83.1
CH2 Hal
3.54.4
3.33.7
O
C
O CH2
O
O H
R O H
3.74.8
9.013.0
1.06.0
CH CH2
OH
26
2.53.5
C C H
R O CH2
Chemical shift (ppm)
4.56.0
4.012.0
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
6.99.0
O
R
9.410.0
28. Mass spectral fragments lost
Mass lost
Fragment lost
15
CH3
17
OH
18
H2O
28
CH2 =CH2 , C=O
29
CH3 CH2 , CHO
31
CH3 O
45
COOH
27
29. Triangular bonding diagram

van Arkel-Ketelaar
Triangle of bonding
Electronegativity
difference
3.0
2.5
Electronegativity
difference
= a b
% covalent
% ionic
Ionic
92
25
75
50
50
75
25
100
2.0
1.5
Polar
covalent
1.0
0.5
Metallic
Covalent
0
0.79
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Average electronegativity =
( a + b )
2
28
30. Resin identification codes

Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
polyethene
terephthalate
polypropene
PETE
PP
high-density
polyethene
2
HDPE
3
polystyrene
PS
7
polyvinyl chloride
PVC
other
OTHER
low-density
polyethene
4
LDPE
31. Representations of some materials molecules

O
Clm
Cln
Clm
polychlorinated biphenyls
Cl
Cln
polychlorinated
dibenzofuran
1,4-dioxin
Cl
Clm
Cl
Cl
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
Cln
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K
30
Compound
K sp
BaCO3
2.58 109
Ba(OH)2 8H2O
2.55 104
BaSO4
1.08 1010
CdCO3
1.0 1012
Cd(OH)2
7.2 1015
PbCO3
7.40 1014
Pb(OH)2
1.43 1020
PbSO4
2.53 108
Hg2CO3
3.6 1017
Hg2SO4
6.5 107
NiCO3
1.42 107
Ni(OH)2
5.48 1016
Ag2CO3
8.46 1012
Ag2SO4
1.20 105
ZnCO3
1.46 1010
Zn(OH)2
3.0 1017
33. 2-amino acids

Common name
Symbol
alanine
Ala
arginine
Arg
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
pH of
isoelectric point
6.0
CH3
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2
10.8
NH
asparagine
Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2 C NH2
5.4
aspartic acid
Asp
cysteine
Cys
glutamic acid
Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
2.8
5.1
3.2
H2N CH COOH
glutamine
Gln
CH2 CH2 C NH2
5.7
glycine
Gly
H2N CH2 COOH
6.0
H2N CH COOH
CH2
histidine
His
7.6
N
N
isoleucine
Ile
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH2 CH3
6.0
H2N CH COOH
leucine
Leu
CH2
6.0
H3C CH CH3
31
Common name
Symbol
lysine
Lys
methionine
Met
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
pH of
isoelectric point
9.7
5.7
H2N CH COOH
phenylalanine
CH2
Phe
5.5
COOH
proline
Pro
serine
Ser
threonine
Thr
6.3
HN
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH OH
5.7
5.6
H2N CH COOH
tryptophan
Trp
CH2
5.9
NH
H2N CH COOH
CH2
tyrosine
5.7
Tyr
OH
valine
32
Val
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH3
6.0
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide

components
Lipids
Octanoic acid
CH3 (CH2 )6 COOH
Lauric acid
CH3 (CH2 )10 COOH
Palmitic acid
CH3 (CH2 )14 COOH
Stearic acid
CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH
Oleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 COOH
Linoleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )4 (CH=CHCH2 )2 (CH2 )6 COOH
-Linolenic acid
CH3 CH2 (CH=CHCH2 )3 (CH2 )6 COOH
H3C
CH
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
cholesterol
Carbohydrates
CH2OH
H C O
H C OH
H
H
OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain glucose
CH2OH
H
HO C H
HO
OH
H
OH
-glucose
C O
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain fructose
33
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
-fructose
ribose
CH2OH
OH
H
H
OH
deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases
N
HC
C
N
NH2
NH2
C N
CH
H2N
adenine
N
C
C
CH
C N
N
H
guanine
N
C
C
N
CH
cytosine
O
CH
CH
uracil
34
CH
O
H
H
O
N
C
C
N
CH3
CH
thymine
35. Vitamins and pigments

Vitamins
CH3
H
C
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
CH
CH
CH
CH2
OH
HO
CH
CH2
HO
CH3
CH3
retinol (vitamin A)
H3C
H3C
OH
OH
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
HO
vitamin D (D3)
35
Pigments
H2C
H 3C
CH2
N
CH
H3C
CH
H2C
C
CH2
O
H3 C
C20H39
CH3
N
Fe
CH2
CH
N
CH3
CH
C H O
O
R=CH3 (chlorophyll a)
CH3
R=CHO (chlorophyll b)
CH3
O
CH2
CH2
N
HC
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
Mg
OH HO
CH
CH
CH2
chlorophyll
heme B
OH
O
OH
O+
HO
R
O glucose
O glucose
OH
OH
quinoidal base (blue)
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH
flavylium cation (red)
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
-carotene
H3 C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
-carotene
36
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
CH
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
C
CH
HC
O
11-cis-retinal
H3C
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
CH
CH
CH
H
C
CH3
all-trans-retinal
36. Binding energy curve

9
Average binding energy per nucleon (MeV)
16
12
4
56
235
Fe
238
He
Li
Li
7
5
4
3
3
3
He
1
1
H
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Number of nucleons in nucleus
37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules

O
OH
O
H3C
H2C
CH3
OH
CH3
ibuprofen
paracetamol (acetaminophen)
OH
OH
CH2 CH2
H3C N
CH2 CH2
O
OH
morphine
CH2 CH2
CH3
H3C
NH
O
O
O
diamorphine (heroin)
38
CH3
codeine
O
H3C N
penicillin (general structure)
H3C C COOH
H 3C N
CH3
CH3
HO
aspirin
H3 C
NH
CH3
CH3
CH3
O CH3
omeprazole
H3C
NH
CH3
H3 C
N+
NH
ranitidine
O
H3C
HO
H2N
CH3
H3C
NH
H3 C
OH
HO
NH
O
OH
O
HN
H3C
NH2
HN
oseltamivir
zanamivir
O
CH3
O
CH3 OH
O
O
NH
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
OH O
OH
O
CH3
O
O
taxol
39
38. References
Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:
Aylward, G. and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia.
John Wiley & Sons.
Data in section 20 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Data in section 13 was taken in part from:
Burgess, DR. 2012. Thermochemical Data. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database. Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32 and 33 was taken fully or
in part from:
Haynes, WM. (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca
Raton, US. CRC Press.
Data in section 29 can be found in the following source:
Leach, MR. 2013. Timeline of structural theory. 04 January 2013.
http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html.
40

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Chemistry Data Booklet 2016 PDF

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Chemistry data booklet

First assessment 2016

Published June 2014

International Baccalaureate, Baccalaurat International and Bachillerato Internacional

32. Solubility product constants at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30