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WATER
Water the most essential
FUNCTIONS
Hydrates skin
Acts as lubricant around joints
Major minerals
Occur in relatively large quantities in the body
Needed in the daily diet in relatively large amounts (>
than 100 mg)
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium
Trace minerals
Occur in the body in minimum quantities
Needed in smaller amounts in the daily diet (< 100 mg)
Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Fluoride
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
MAGNESIUM
Functions
Involved in bone formation, protein synthesis, enzyme action,
normal muscular contraction, nerve transmission
Deficiency symptoms
Weakness, confusion, depressed pancreatic hormone, growth
failure, behavioral disturbances, muscle spasms
Toxicity symptoms
Excess intake has caused low blood pressure, lack of
coordination, coma and death
Food sources
Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, sea foods,
chocolate, cocoa
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
SODIUM
Functions
Water balance - maintain amount of water inner & outer part of
the cell + blood vessel
Electrolytes - acts as buffer to acid and base
Nerve impulse transmission + muscle contraction
Deficiency symptoms
Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
Toxicity symptoms
High blood pressure (in salt sensitive persons)
Food sources
Salt, soy sauce, processed foods: cured, canned, pickle & many
boxed foods
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
POTASSIUM
Functions
Facilitates many reactions - including protein synthesis,
fluid balance, nerve transmission & contraction muscles
Deficiency symptoms
Muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion; can cause death
due to dehydration
Toxicity symptoms
Causes muscular weakness; triggers vomiting
Food sources
All whole foods; meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grain,
legumes
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
IODINE
Functions
Part of thyroxin, which regulates metabolism
Deficiency symptoms
Goiter (mountainous areas)
Cretinism (newborn) - stunted, dry skin, fissure in tongue,
spastic diplegia & mental deficiency
Toxicity symptoms
Depressed thyroid activity
Food sources
Iodized salt, seafood, bread
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
IRON
Functions
Hemoglobin formation; part of myoglobin; energy utilization,
synthesis of amino acids
Deficiency symptoms
Anemia: weakness, pallor, headaches, reduced immunity,
inability to concentrate, cold intolerance
Toxicity symptoms
Iron overload: infections, liver injury, acidosis, shock
Food sources
Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried
fruits, fortified cereals
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
ZINC
Functions
Part of many enzymes; present in insulin; synthesis of DNA
& proteins, immunity, taste & appetite, wound healing, sperm
& fetal development
Deficiency symptoms
Growth failure in children, delayed development of sexual
organ, loss of taste, poor wound healing
Toxicity symptoms
Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure
Food sources
Protein containing foods: meats, fish, shellfish, poultry,
grains, vegetables
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013
FLUORIDE
Functions
Formation of bones and teeth; helps make teeth resistant
to decay and bones resistant to mineral loss
Deficiency symptoms
Susceptibility to tooth decay - < 0.7 ppm
Toxicity symptoms
Fluorosis (discoloration of teeth) > 1.5 - 2ppm, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea
Food sources
Drinking water (if naturally fluoride containing or
fluoridated), tea, seafood
Lovelyna Jipiu, UiTM Shah Alam, 2013