The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 205

Fig. A. Justinian I—Constantinople Mint

(% nummia/year of reign)

15
14.5
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
540-541
541-542
539-540
538-539

542-543
543-544
544-545

546-547
545-546

547-548

549-550
548-549

550-551

552-553

554-555
551-552

553-554

555-556

557-558
556-557

559-560
558-559

560-561
561-562
562-563
563-564
564-565
COLLECTIONS SCYTHIA HOARDS BALKANS

Fig. B. Justin II
(% nummia/year of reign)

15.50
15.00
14.50
14.00
13.50
13.00
12.50
12.00
11.50
11.00
10.50
10.00
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
565-566

566-567

567-568

568-569

569-570

570-571

571-572

572-573

574-575
573-574

575-576

576-577

577-578

COLLECTIONS SCYTHIA HOARDS NEAR EAST HOARDS BALKANS

206 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. C. Maurice Tiberius—Antioch Mint

(% nummia/year of reign)

11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
582-583

583-584

584-585

585-586

586-587

587-588

588-589

589-590

590-591

591-592

592-593

593-594

594-595

595-596

596-597

597-598

598-599

599-600

600-601

601-602
COLLECTIONS HOARDS NEAR EAST+ANTIOCH (site)

Fig. D. Heraclius
(% nummia/year of reign 610–617)

45.00
42.50
40.00
37.50
35.00
32.50
30.00
27.50
25.00
22.50
20.00
17.50
15.00
12.50
10.00
7.50
5.00
2.50
0.00
610-611

611-612

612-613

613-614

614-615

615-616

616-617

COLLECTIONS TYPES (cf.MIB) SARDIS TELL BISSÉ HOARD

The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 207

Fig. 1. Nummia/year of reform (%)

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

e as )
I I II sI
I
ric oc 16
sI ti n an ti n iu au Ph ( -6
siu us ni us er us
as
ta J sti J
Ti
b M li
Ju ac
An er
H

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD

Fig. 2a. Nummia/year of reform (%)

19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
498-512

512-518

518-527

527-538

538-542

542-550

550-565

565-570

570-578

578-580

580-582

582-602

602-610

610-616

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD

 0.4
1.4
2.4
3.4
4.4
5.4
6.4

0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.6
4.8
5.2
5.6
5.8
6.2
6.6
6.8

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
208

538-539
539-540
540-541
541-542
542-543
543-544
544-545
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
545-546

10
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
546-547
547-548
548-549
549-550
550-551 498-512
551-552
552-553
553-554
554-555 512-518
555-556
556-557
557-558
558-559 518-527
559-560
560-561

DOC
561-562
562-563
563-564 527-538
564-565
565-566
566-567

BNP
567-568

DOC
538-542
568-569
569-570
570-571
571-572 542-550
572-573

BNP
573-574

BMC
574-575
575-576
576-577 550-565
577-578

BMC
578-579
579-580
580-581

ANS
565-570
581-582
582-583
Andrei Gândilă

583-584

ANS
584-585 570-578
585-586
586-587
Fig. 2b. Solidi/year of reform (%)

KOD
587-588

Fig. 3. Nummia/year 538–616 (%)

588-589
589-590 578-580
KOD
590-591
591-592
592-593
593-594 580-582
594-595
595-596
596-597

SCYTHIA
597-598 582-602
598-599
599-600
600-601
601-602
602-603 602-610
603-604
604-605
605-606
606-607 610-616
607-608
608-609
609-610
610-611
611-612
612-613
613-614
614-615
615-616
 16

14

12

10

0
565-566
566-567
567-568
568-569
569-570

40

35

30

25
570-571

20

15

10

0
571-572
572-573
498-518 573-574

TOMIS
574-575
575-576
518-527 576-577
577-578

CORINTH (&Kenchreai)
578-579
527-565
579-580
580-581
581-582
565-578

ATHENS
SHUMEN
582-583

Collections
583-584
584-585
578-582
(% coins/year)

585-586

Scythia
586-587
582-602
587-588
588-589

(% nummia/year of reform)
589-590
Fig. 4. Thessalonica Mint (565–602)

BELGRADE
602-610 590-591

Fig. 5a. Selected locations in the Balkans

591-592

CONSTANTINOPLE
592-593
610-616 593-594
594-595
595-596
596-597
597-598
598-599
The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces

599-600
600-601
601-602
209
210 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 5b. Selected locations in Anatolia

(% nummia/year of reform)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
498-518

518-527

527-565

565-578

578-582

582-602

602-610

610-616
AMASY A SARDIS SIDE PISIDIAN ANTIOCH MELITENE

Fig. 5c. Selected locations in the Near East

(% nummia/year of reform)

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
498-518

518-527

527-565

565-578

578-582

582-602

602-610

610-616

ANTIOCH BER YTUS CAESAREA MARITIMA PELLA GERASA NESSANA

The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 211

Fig. 6. Constantinople mint

(% nummia/year)

32.50

30.00

27.50

25.00

22.50

20.00

17.50

15.00

12.50

10.00

7.50

5.00

2.50

0.00
538-542

542-550

550-565

565-570

570-578

578-582

582-592

592-602

602-610

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD

610-616

Fig. 6a. Mints 498–616 (%)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
CON NIC CYZ ANT TES

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD

212 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 6b. Mints 498–616 (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
CON NIC CYZ ANT TES
TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) SARDIS
PISIDIAN ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 7a. Mints 498–512 (%) Fig. 7b. Mints 498–512 (%)

100
95
95
90
90

85 85

80 80

75 75

70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45 40
40 35

35 30

30 25

20
25
15
20
10
15
5
10
0
5 CON NIC
0

CON TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

NIC
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CASEAREA MARITIMA GERASA

 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 213

Fig. 8a. Mints 512–518 (%) Fig. 8b. Mints 512–518 (%)

100
95
95
90
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
70
70
65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50

45 45

40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10 5

5 0

0 CON NIC ANT

CON NIC ANT
TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH

ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 9a. Mints 518–527 (%) Fig. 9b. Mints 518–527 (%)

95
90
85
65 80

60 75
70
55
65
50
60
45 55
40 50
45
35
40
30
35
25 30
20 25

15 20
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
CON NIC CYZ ANT CON NIC CYZ ANT
TES TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
214 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 10a. Mints 527–538 (%) Fig. 10b. Mints 527–538 (%)

60
100
95
55
90
85
50
80
45 75
70
40 65
60
35 55
50
30
45
40
25
35
20 30
25
15 20
15
10 10
5
5
0
CON NIC ANT
0
CON NIC TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
ANT
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 11a. Mints 538–542 (%) Fig. 11b. Mints 538–542 (%)

100
70.00 95
90
65.00
85
60.00
80
55.00 75
70
50.00
65
45.00
60
40.00 55

35.00 50
45
30.00
40
25.00 35

20.00 30
25
15.00
20
10.00 15

5.00 10
5
0.00
0
CON NIC CYZ ANT CON NIC CYZ ANT

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 215

Fig. 12a. Mints 542–550 (%) Fig. 12b. Mints 542–550 (%)

80.00

75.00
45.00
70.00

40.00 65.00

60.00
35.00
55.00

50.00
30.00
45.00

25.00 40.00

35.00
20.00 30.00

25.00
15.00
20.00

10.00 15.00

10.00
5.00 5.00

0.00
0.00 CON NIC CYZ ANT
CON NIC CYZ ANT
TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASYA SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 13a. Mints 550–565 (%) Fig. 13b. Mints 550–565 (%)

95
90
60.00
85
55.00 80
75
50.00
70
45.00 65
60
40.00
55
35.00 50
45
30.00
40
25.00 35
30
20.00
25
15.00 20

10.00 15
10
5.00 5

0.00 0
CON CON NIC CYZ ANT
NIC CYZ ANT TES
TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH

ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
216 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 14a. Mints 565–570 (%) Fig. 14b. Mints 565–570 (%)

70
50
65

45 60

55
40
50
35
45

30 40

35
25
30
20
25

15 20

15
10
10
5
5

0 0
CON NIC CON NIC CYZ ANT
CYZ ANT TES TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 15a. Mints 570–578 (%) Fig. 15b. Mints 570–578 (%)

75
35
70

65
30
60

55
25 50

45
20 40

35

15 30

25

10 20

15

5 10

0 0
CON NIC CON NIC CYZ ANT
CYZ ANT TES TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 217

Fig. 16a. Mints 578–582 (%) Fig. 16b. Mints 578–582 (%)

95

65.00 90
85
60.00
80
55.00 75

50.00 70
65
45.00
60
40.00 55

35.00 50
45
30.00
40
25.00 35
30
20.00
25
15.00 20
10.00 15
10
5.00
5
0.00 0
CON NIC CYZ CON NIC
ANT TES CYZ ANT TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

AMASYA SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 17a. Mints 582–602 (%) Fig. 17b. Mints 582–602 (%)

75
55
70

50 65

60
45
55
40
50

35 45

40
30
35
25
30
20 25

15 20

15
10
10
5 5

0 0
CON NIC CON NIC CYZ ANT
CYZ ANT TES TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
218 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 18a. Mints 602–610 (%) Fig. 18b. Mints 602–610 (%)

75
45
70

65
40
60

35 55

50
30
45

25 40

35
20
30

25
15
20

10 15

10
5
5

0 0
CON CON NIC CYZ ANT
NIC CYZ ANT TES
TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 19a. Mints 610–616 (%) Fig. 19b. Mints 610–617 (%)

95
70 90

65 85
80
60
75
55 70

50 65
60
45
55
40 50
35 45
40
30
35
25
30
20 25
20
15
15
10
10
5 5

0 0
CON NIC CYZ TES
CON NIC CYZ TES

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 219

Fig. 20a. Denominations 498–616 (%) Fig. 20b. Denominations 498–616 (%)

85
70
80
65 75

60 70

55 65

60
50
55
45
50
40
45
35 40
30 35

25 30
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
M XXX K M XXX K I
I E E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

SARDIS AMASY A PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 21b. Denominations 498–512 (%)

Fig. 21a. Denominations 498–512 (%)

100
60
95
55 90
85
50 80
75
45
70
65
40
60
35 55
50
30 45
40
25
35
30
20
25

15 20
15
10 10
5
5
0
M K I
0
M K I TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
220 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 22a. Denominations 512–518 (%) Fig. 22b. Denominations 512–518 (%)

100
95
70
90
65
85
60 80
55 75

50 70
65
45
60
40
55
35 50
30 45

25 40
35
20
30
15 25
10 20
5 15
10
0
M 5
K I E
0
M K I E
TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 23a. Denominations 518–527 (%) Fig. 23b. Denominations 518–527 (%)

95
90
85
55
80
50 75

45 70
65
40 60

35 55
50
30
45

25 40
35
20
30
15 25
20
10
15
5 10
5
0
0
M K I E M K I E A

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 221

Fig. 24a. Denominations 527–538 (%) Fig. 24b. Denominations 527–538 (%)

95
90
85
80 80
75 75
70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
M K I M K I E
E

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 25a. Denominations 538–542 (%) Fig. 25b. Denominations 538–542 (%)

100
85 95
80 90
75 85

70 80

65 75
70
60
65
55
60
50
55
45
50
40 45
35 40
30 35
25 30
20 25

15 20
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
M K I E M K I E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
222 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 26a. Denominations 542–550 (%) Fig. 26b. Denominations 542–550 (%)

80 75

75 70

70 65

65 60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15
10 10
5
5
0
0
M K I E M K I E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 27a. Denominations 550–565 (%) Fig. 27b. Denominations 550–565 (%)

100
60
95

55 90

85
50
80

75
45
70
40 65

60
35
55

30 50

45
25
40

20 35

30
15 25

20
10
15

5 10

5
0
0
M K I E M K I E

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 223

Fig. 28a. Denominations 565–578 (%) Fig. 28b. Denominations 565–578 (%)

90
60 85
80
55
75
50 70

45 65
60
40
55

35 50
45
30
40
25 35
30
20
25
15 20
15
10
10
5 5
0
0
M K I E
M A
K I E
TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 29a. Denominations 578–582 (%) Fig. 29b. Denominations 578–582 (%)

70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
M XXX K I E M XXX K I E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
224 Andrei Gândilă

Fig. 30a. Denominations 582–602 (%) Fig. 30b. Denominations 582–602 (%)

85
75
80
70
75
65
70
60
65
55
60
50 55
45 50
40 45

35 40

30 35

25 30
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
M K I M
E K I E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA

Fig. 31a. Denominations 602–610 (%) Fig. 31b. Denominations 602–610 (%)

85
70
80
65 75
60 70

55 65

60
50
55
45
50
40
45
35 40
30 35

25 30

20 25
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
M XXX K M XXX K
I E I E

TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE

DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA
 The Early Byzantine Coin Circulation in the Eastern Provinces 225

Fig. 32a. Denominations 610–616 (%) Fig. 32b. Denominations 610–616 (%)

100 100

95 95
90
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55 50
50 45
45 40
40 35
35 30
30 25
25 20
20 15

15 10
5
10
0
5
M K I
0
M K TOMIS CORINTH (& Kenchreai) CONSTANTINOPLE
I
AMASY A SARDIS PISIDIAN ANTIOCH
DOC BNP BMC ANS KOD ANTIOCH CAESAREA MARITIMA GERASA