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Abstract
Permeability is one of the major controls for production in
fractured basement. It is critical to be able to identify and
characterize permeable zones in the basement reservoirs not
only for evaluating well producing potential but also for
designing perforation, well completion and injection. Even
though geoscientists and reservoir engineers have made
considerable effort over the years to better characterize the
permeability profile in fractured basement, it is still very
challenging to achieve this objective.
This paper presents a newly developed approach aimed at
better understanding the permeability profile. The technique
was developed based on case studies from wells in two
different basement fields located offshore in the south of
Vietnam. Traditionally, fractures have been characterized
using core and borehole image data. In this study, borehole
image data were integrated with other open-hole logs to
derive a permeability curve. The result was calibrated with
core data and then validated with dynamic data i.e.
production log data, well testing data, mud losses, gas
shows. As demonstrated in the case studies, it is believed
that the permeability in the basement could be reasonably
evaluated using this method. However, in a zone where
fractures are cemented or partially cemented with
conductive minerals, the log-derived permeability needs to
be calibrated with the degree of cementation.
Introduction
Permeability is one of the most difficult parameters to assess
in a reservoir and it is even more challenging when the
reservoir is fractured. There is no proved mean for directly
measuring the permeability in fractured basement except for
well testing and coring, which imply high cost. In addition,
well testing only provides permeability height product KH
based on many best guess assumptions and can lead to
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* Mark of Schlumberger
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Figure 1. Major oil fields of the CuuLong Basin with block outlines.
Figure 2. Structural Top Basement with contour interval 100 m for major Fields in the CuuLong Basin. Source is from various publications and
databases.
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Drilling induced
fracture
Drilling induced
Second order
Fractures
Partially Solution Enhanced
Huge Aperture
Moderate Length
Straight
Secondary
Discrete Fracture System
Tectonic only
Low Permeability
Short Length
Short (Height)
Fine aperture subject to principle stress
Highly Tortuous Flow Paths
Secondary production conduits
(work Like a Matrix Porosity System)
Primary
Solution Enhanced System
Tectonic modified by hydrothermal
and meteoric processes
High Permeability
Long length
Tall (Height)
Large Aperture
Linear to Radial Flow paths
Primary Production conduits
Fracture Aperture (FMI): Well A
Solution Enhanced
Huge Aperture
Long Length
Straight
Primary
Fractures
Solution -Enhanced
Fractures
FMI
Aperture
Discrete fracture
Number of fractures
Figure 4. Vietnam fractured granite of fracture swarm along Long Hai Beach. Swarms run parallel to the beach
for 300 400 m.
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Oligocene
Oil
Charged
Oligocene
Oligocene
Oligocene
PreTertiary
Figure 5. Schematic Drawing of the damage oil-bearing fractures with associated fracture enhanced halos for the CuuLong
Basin basement structures.
RPI
K
Kr
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Kr
5m
Figure 8. Example from a highly permeable zone in a very productive well (around 11,000 bbls/d) with Kf (blue dot in track 1), RPI
(brown curve in track 1) and Kr (track 2) estimated based on images logs, which is well supported by strong Chevron-Pattern on DSI
rd
images (3 track). A detailed FMI* images from a 5-m interval is presented. Excellent fractures with solution enhanced aperture as
well as massive permeability network visible on the image logs.
10
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Kf
Flowrate
Kr
(
M
ud
los
s
RPI
0 (bbls/d
Oil Rate
bbls/d
Water
Rate(
bbbls/
d)
Oil
Rate
(bbls/
d)
4400
1058
169
860
483
784
452
119
132
Mud
loss
88bbls/h
301
106
106
232
854
276
Fig.10B (right). Expanded scale showing 3-m of tight core with core
permeability data (green dots) used for Kr baseline calibration/
validation. The Kf is in white dots and Kr blue curve. The right track
shows the average permeability estimated for the three major
contribution zones at 69md with maximum at 108md based on well
testing/PLT data. The FMI* log derived reservoir permeability Kr has
averaged at 92 md over the same contribution zones.
Kf
Kr
Estimated
average K
for the
contribution
zones at 69md.
1m
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11
5338
bbls/d
2826
bbls/d
th
Fig.12. Permeability profile (track 5) with drilling data (gas show in 6 track
th
and mud loss in the 7 track from a well drilled in Field Y. The section
showed is the bottom 340m of the well. The image log derived Kr peaks in
the entire interval are confirmed by either gas shows peaks or mud losses
or both.
Solution Enhanced
Flow Zone
4600 BOPD
Zone of
very low
Fracture
Density
Solution Enhanced
Figure 14. High permeability properly predicted the flow zone associated with solution-enhanced fractures. Fracture density, Kr and porosity are
consistent with the exception of the interval in the middle of the well where residual permeabilities and porosities are expressed in a very low
fracture density environment. Anomalies are interpreted as associated with intrusive related hydrothermal alteration, drilling induced fractures,
and sub-image scale micro-fractures (less-effective).