Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Guide
Terminal Units
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-2
Figure 3: Typical single duct VAV control sequence with max and min air flows
Dead Band
Max. Cooling
Air Volume
Min. Cooling
Tset-point
Cool
Room Condition
Warm
CONTROL TIP
It is important to properly size the inlet valve to obtain the proper level of control
at the desired minimum air flow rate.
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Figure 6: Single duct with reheat (hot water coil), typical VAV control sequence
Dead Band
Max. Air Flow
Heating Air Flow
Tset-point
Room Condition
Cool
Warm
Figure 7: Single duct with reheat (3 stage electric), typical VAV control sequence
Dead Band
Max. Cooling
Max. Heating
Stage 3
Stage 2
Min. Cooling
Stage 1
Tset-point
Cool
Room Condition
Warm
F-3
Air Volume
Air Volume
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-4
Figure 10: Single duct exhaust terminal, pressure differential control sequence
Dead Band
Desired Point
of Operation
Damper
Stationary
Air Volume
Damper Opening
Damper Closing
Pset-point
Pressure Signal Decreasing
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Zone cfm
Bypass cfm
Figure 15: Total air flow through rooftop equipment and to zone through
bypass terminal
Dead Band
Rooftop cfm
Max. Cooling, zone
Bypass cfm
Tset-point
Zone calls for less cool air
Figure 16: Bypass cooling with auxiliary perimeter heating (Heating is not in the
air flow, nor from RTU)
Dead Band
Air Volume
Rooftop cfm
Max. Cooling
Min. Cooling
Tset-point zone cfm
Aux. Heat
Zone cfm
Tset-point
Zone calls for less cool air
F-5
Air Volume
Bypass Terminals
A Bypass terminal unit is designed to
maintain a constant volume of supply air,
while varying the amount of supply air to the
control zone in response to a control signal,
such as a thermostat. Bypass terminals are
often used with air handling equipment such
as packaged rooftop equipment (RTU) that
have a direct expansion coil to minimize the
risk of coil freeze-up at partial air flow rates.
This system design approach typically has
a low first cost, but does not provide the
energy saving advantages of a true VAV
system. The bypassed air is either dumped
into the return air plenum or ducted back
to the RTU.
The most common sequence of operation
for a bypass terminal is to provide a
constant air flow through a rooftop unit
while maintaining the proper flow or static
pressure to the zone ductwork (see Figure
15). As the zone calls for less air, the bypass
damper passes more air from the rooftop
unit to the return which maintains the total
flow rate through the rooftop unit. It is
common to need a constant air flow across
a DX coil that is being used for latent heat
removal / humidity control. Should the air
flow drop, there is a distinct chance that the
DX coil may freeze and this will potentially
lead to higher than desirable humidity levels
in the zone.
Another common sequence for a bypass
terminal is shown in Figure 16. This
sequence adds supplemental heat to the
zone, perhaps baseboard heat or an optional
downstream heater.
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Air Volume
Rooftop cfm
Max. Cooling
Max. Heating
Min. Cooling
Tset-point zone cfm
Aux. Heat
Zone cfm
Tset-point
Zone calls for less cool air
Tset-point
Zone calls for less cool air
Min. Heating
Tset-point
Zone calls for less cool air
F-6
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
CONTROL TIP
Dual duct systems have the potential
to maintain high levels of occupant
comfort, but may not be as energy
efficient as other design approaches.
The inefficiency in design is due to
the continuous mixing of warm and
cool air during all seasons of the year.
To improve the efficiency, the system
design should minimize the call for
mixing of the warm and cool air.
Figure 24: Dual duct terminal with different maximum heating and cooling air flows
and zero minimum air flows, but with a minimum zone air flow requirement.
Dead Band
Air Volume
Max. Cooling
Max. Heating
Min. cfm
Aux. Heat
Zone cfm
Tset Point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 25: Dual duct terminal with a constant zone supply air volume and zero
minimum cooling and heating air flows
Dead Band
Heating
Cooling
Constant cfm
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
F-7
Air Volume
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-8
Figure 28: Constant or series FPU with minimum primary air and proportional hot
water reheat
Dead Band
Re-circulated Air
Air Volume
Constant cfm
to Zone
Reheat
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Stage 3
Stage 2
Electric Reheat
Stage 1
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 30: Constant or series FPU with ECM motor and variable fan volume, minimum
primary air, and 3 stage electric reheat
Dead Band
Air Volume
Re-circulated Air
Stage 3
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Stage 2
Electric Reheat
Stage 1
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 31: Constant or series FPU with ECM motor and variable fan volume,
minimum primary air, and hot water reheat
Dead Band
Re-circulated Air
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Reheat
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Constant cfm
to Zone
F-9
Air Volume
Re-circulated Air
Air Volume
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Figure 32: Constant or Series FPU, Min. Primary Air, Water Reheat, Night Set Back/
Unoccupied Mode/Operation
Dead Band
Reheat Air Flow to Zone,
No Primary Air
Re-circulated Air
Reheat
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 33: Constant or Series FPU, Min. Primary Air, Electric Reheat, Night Set
Back/Unoccupied Mode/Operation
Dead Band
Re-circulated Air
Stage 3
Stage 2
Reheat
Stage 1
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 34: Constant or series FPU with ECM motor and variable fan volume, minimum
primary air, and hot water reheat
Dead Band
Constant
cfm to Zone
Air Volume
Re-circulated Air
Hot Water
Reheat
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
F-10
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Figure 37: Variable or Parallel FPU with Minimum Primary Air and Water reheat
Dead Band
Re-circulated Air
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Reheat
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
CONTROL TIP
When using a parallel FPU for reheat when the central air handler is not in operation,
it is advised to ensure that the control sequence closes the primary valve prior to
turning on the fan, particularly when using electric reheat. The issue is that the
fan discharge air will take the path of least resistance and if the primary air valve
is open, without the air handler in operation, there is a chance that some of the
fan discharge air will not go through the electric reheat coils and then to the zone,
but instead will discharge through the primary air valve. If there is not sufficient
air flow across the electric reheat coils, nuisance tripping of the electric reheat
thermal limits is a distinct possibility.
F-11
Air Volume
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-12
Figure 38: Variable or Parallel FPU with Minimum Primary Air and 3 Stage Electric
Reheat
Dead Band
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Re-circulated Air
Air Volume
Stage 3
Stage 2
Electric Reheat
Stage 1
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
Figure 39: Variable or Parallel FPU with ECM, Variable Fan Volume, Minimum Primary
Air, and Water Reheat
Dead Band
Air Volume
Re
-ci
rcu
lat
ed
Air
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Reheat
Min. Primary Air
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
PRODUCT TIP
Certified leakage in parallel FPUs is
not standard construction and would
require special manufacturing. This
is not a standard unit offered by any
manufacturer.
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Figure 42: Induction Terminal with Minimum Primary Air and Water Reheat
Dead Band
Full Volume
cfm to Zone
Tset-point
Zone calls for heating
F-13
Air Volume
Induction Terminals
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-14
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
63
125
250
500
1000 2000 4000 8000
Approximate Threshold of
Band Center Frequencies, Hz
Hearing for Continuous Noise
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
RC(N)
(QAI[5 dBa,b)
25-35
25-35
Meeting/banquet rooms
25-35
Corridors, lobbies
35-45
Service/support areas
35-45
Hotels/Motels
Office Buildings
Executive and private offices
25-35
Conference rooms
25-35
Tele-conference rooms
< 25
Open-plan offices
< 40
< 35
40-45
25-35
Wards
30-40
Operating rooms
25-35
30-45
25
25
30-35
d
Classrooms
25-30
25-30
25
45-55
40-50
Group teaching
35-45
25-35
c
30-40
Courtrooms
Un-amplified speech
25-35
Amplified speech
30-40
40-50
45-55
F-15
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-16
Air Flow
Occupied Zone
Figure 45: Fan Powered / Induction Terminal Acoustical Model - Radiated Sound Path
Air Flow
Occupied Zone
18
19
20
26
31
36
19
19
21
25
29
35
23
26
25
27
27
28
5/8
5/8
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Air Flow
Occupied Zone
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
dB Attenuation
13
10
Fan Powered
Single Duct
SLV/SHV
DLV/ DHV
Octave Band
Discharge Duct
(in.) [mm]
12 x 8 [305 x 203]
0.4
1.0
2.1
4.5
4.9
3.2
12 x 10 [305 x 254]
0.4
0.9
2.0
4.2
4.4
2.9
14 x 12 [356 x 318]
0.3
0.8
1.8
3.9
3.7
2.6
16 x 15 [406 x 381]
0.3
0.7
1.7
3.5
3.3
2.4
20 x 17 [508 x 445]
0.3
0.6
1.5
3.2
2.8
2.1
24 x 18 [610 x 457]
0.3
0.5
1.5
3.1
2.5
2.0
28 x 17 [711 x 445]
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.0
2.4
1.9
34 x 17 [864 x 445]
0.2
0.5
1.4
2.9
2.3
1.8
6 x 16 [152 x 406]
0.5
1.1
2.2
4.8
5.3
3.4
6 x 18 [152 x 457]
0.5
1.0
2.2
4.7
5.2
3.3
9 x 28 [229 x 711]
0.3
0.7
1.8
3.8
3.6
2.6
12 x 28 [305 x 711]
0.3
0.6
1.6
3.4
3.0
2.2
15 x 28 [381 x 711]
0.3
0.6
1.5
3.1
2.7
2.0
15 x 38 [381 x 965]
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.0
15 x 28 [381 x 711]
2.5
1.9
F-17
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Duct Diameter
(in. ] [mm]
Duct Length
(in. ] [mm]
6 [150]
3 [0.9]
13
17
19
11
6 [150]
5 [1.5]
18
22
24
15
8 [200]
3 [0.9]
14
15
16
8 [200]
5 [1.5]
10
18
20
21
12
10 [250]
3 [0.9]
14
12
13
10 [250]
5 [1.5]
11
18
18
18
12 [300]
3 [0.9]
12
10
11
12 [300]
5 [1.5]
16
16
15
14 [350]
3 [0.9]
10
14 [350]
5 [1.5]
14
14
13
16 [400]
3 [0.9]
16 [400]
5 [1.5]
11
12
11
Table 7: Insertion Loss of Unlined and Lined Elbows without Turning Vanes, dB
Model Type
Unlined Duct
Lined Duct
Duct Diameter
5-10 [100-125]
11-20 [260-700]
21-40 [710-1000]
41-80 [1010-2000]
5-10 [100-125]
11
10
11-20 [260-700]
11
10
10
21-40 [710-1000]
11
10
10
10
41-80 [1010-2000]
11
10
10
10
10
Table 8: Insertion Loss of Unlined and Lined Elbows with Turning Vanes, dB
Model Type
Unlined Duct
Lined Duct
Duct Diameter
5-10 [100-125]
11-20 [260-700]
21-40 [710-1000]
41-80 [1010-2000]
5-10 [100-125]
11-20 [260-700]
21-40 [710-1000]
41-80 [1010-2000]
F-18
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Duct Diameter
(in.) [mm]
6 [150]
12
8 [200]
10 [250]
12 [300]
16 [400]
Reference AHRI Standard 885-2008, Appendix D, Table D13, page 47. ISO Standard 5135
where:
n = the number of sound sources being added
logarithmically.
Lp = the sound pressure level.
In order to compare the noise levels of
different systems at the design stage
where exact room dimensions are not
known, the following default room values
are suggested.
NC
35
52
45
40
36
34
33
40
56
50
45
41
39
38
45
60
54
49
46
44
43
15
36
29
22
17
14
12
20
40
33
26
22
19
17
25
44
37
31
27
24
22
30
48
41
35
31
29
28
50
64
58
54
51
49
48
55
67
62
58
56
54
53
60
71
67
63
61
59
58
65
75
71
88
66
64
63
40
33
26
22
19
17
10
10
10
10
10
10
50
43
36
22
29
27
F-19
Space Effect
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Ceiling Height
ft2
10
10
10
10
11
10
11
12
300
[30
m2]
8 ft [2.4 m]
300
ft2
[30
m2]
9 ft [2.7 m]
10 ft [3.0 m]
12 ft [3.6m]
F-20
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Radiated Sound
Table E1 of Appendix E AHRI Standard 885-2008 provides typical radiated sound attenuation
values. The following table provides total deduction values for several different types
of Mineral Fiber ceilings:
16
18
20
26
31
36
Discharge Sound
Table E1 of Appendix E provides typical discharge sound attenuation values.The following
table provides the total deduction values for several sizes of terminal boxes. For standard
construction style, the manufacturer should provide NC values that have been estimated
with the appropriate attenuation factors taken from AHRI Standard 885-2008.
Table 14: Terminal sound power, dB (AHRI Standard 885-2008, Appendix E, Table E1)
Octave Band Mid Frequency
Small Box
24
28
39
53
59
40
Medium Box
27
29
40
51
53
39
Large Box
29
30
41
51
52
39
1. Small Box (8 in. x 8 in. [0.2 m x 0.2 m]) <300 cfm [0.14 m3/s]
2. Medium Box (12 in. x 12 in. [0.3 m x 0.3 m]) 300 to 700 cfm [0.14 to 0.33 m3/s]
3. Large Box (15 in. x 15 in. [0.4 m x 0.4 m]) > 700 cfm [0.33 m3/s]
Diffuser Sound
Table E1 of Appendix E of AHRI Standard 885-2008 provides typical discharge sound
room attenuation values. The deduction of 10 dB is taken in all bands before computing
diffuser NC.
Table 15: Attenuation factors for dual density fiberglass
Large box, >700 cfm [330 L/s]
Octave Band Mid Freq, Hz
Lining Reduction
(1 in. fiberglass, 15 x 15 in. duct)
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
18
17
12
0
12
10
18
20
21
10
Total Attenuation
29
30
41
51
52
39
F-21
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
2
125
3
250
4
500
5
1000
6
2000
7
4000
5
9
6
2
5
27
5
5
10
1
6
27
5
2
18
0
7
32
5
0
20
0
8
33
5
0
21
0
9
35
5
0
12
0
10
27
Table 17: Adjusted attenuation factors for fiber free foam liner
Large box, >700 cfm [330 L/s]
Octave Band Mid Freq, Hz
Lining Reduction
(fiber free foam liner, 15 x15 in. duct)
Power Splits (3 diffusers)
End Reflection (8 in.duct)
Flex Duct Reduction (8 in. duct)
Environmental Adj. Factor
Room Attenuation 2400 ft3
Total Attenuation
2
125
3
250
4
500
5
1000
6
2000
7
4000
5
9
6
2
5
27
5
5
10
1
6
28
5
2
18
0
7
32
5
0
20
0
8
35
5
0
21
0
9
38
5
0
12
0
10
29
Table 18: Price SDV, 12 in. single duct with 2000 cfm air volume
Discharge NC Values
Using AHRI 885-2008, Appendix E,
1 in. fiberglass 15 x 15 in. duct
Using adjusted factors for solid metal
Using adjusted factors for fiber free foam
23
27
31
35
30
20
36
28
40
32
43
35
46
40
PRODUCT TIP
The attenuation for fiber free foam
liners is based on the data from one
manufacturer of this product type, and
may not be available from all vendors.
To be safe, it is suggested that the
designer use the attenuation factors
for solid metal liners.
F-22
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
Table 19: Price SDV, 12 in. single duct with 2000 cfm air volume
Pressure drop across terminal unit, in. w.c.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
Radiated NC Values
Using AHRI Standard 885-2008, Appendix E
1 in. fiberglass 15 x 15 in. duct
Using Solid Metal liner
Using Aluminum Foil Faced Insulation
Using Fiber Free Foam Insulation
<20
24
28
31
33
<20
20
22
<20
26
29
20
29
33
23
31
35
27
35
39
5
8
1. Selection
2. Inlet Static Pressure
3. Location
4. Discharge Ductwork
5. Duct Breakout Noise
6. Ceiling Plenum
7. Ceiling Construction
8. Return Air Opening
9. Acoustic Flex
F-23
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
F-24
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
250
3
1000
0
2000
0
4000
0
10
0
0
12
14
16
24x16
500
1
Discharge NC Levels
Note that the resultant catalog discharge noise criteria (NC) levels
will also increase in most cases. This does not mean that actual
room noise levels will be affected since the actual terminal sound
output has not changed. Field measurements are not affected by
this new calculation procedure; however, HVAC designers may find
that a certain terminal model size at a certain flow rate may no
longer meet their room NC specification based on the new catalog
values. Remember that the terminal is not actually any louder than
before and the same noise level will be heard or measured in the
field. Relaxing the room NC specification may be the best option.
Otherwise a quieter terminal will need to be selected which usually
carries a cost premium.The table below illustrates how the updated
Price single duct terminal (SDV) NC values compare with previous
cataloged values. Note that the small size units increase the most.
Noise Criteria (NC) Table
Size
4
cfm
225
Old NC
27
New NC
34
400
23
30
700
24
30
10
1100
24
26
12
1800
27
31
14
2500
29
31
16
3500
30
33
24x16
6000
39
41
Comparing Data
According to the deadline imposed by AHRI, manufacturers have
until January 1, 2013 to catalog discharge sound power levels with
duct end reflection corrections. Until that time it will be important
to understand if cataloged discharge performance data includes
duct end reflection corrections or not. Discharge sound power level
or NC level comparisons cannot be made between manufacturers
unless both are based on the same calculation procedure.
F-25
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
New Price AIO Catalog Data Adheres to
New ANSI/AHRI Standard 880-2011
Unit
Size
4
Air Flow
L/s
cfm
35
75
59
125
71
150
106
225
59
125
94
200
118
250
165
350
71
150
106
225
142
300
189
400
212
450
118
250
165
350
212
450
260
550
307
650
189
400
236
500
283
600
330
700
378
800
2
56
64
67
73
57
64
66
71
58
63
66
68
70
60
63
66
68
69
62
64
66
67
69
7
29
32
34
37
32
35
37
39
28
31
33
35
36
34
36
37
39
40
34
35
36
37
38
2
58
65
68
74
60
66
69
74
62
66
69
72
74
64
67
69
71
73
66
68
70
71
73
7
40
44
46
49
43
47
48
50
41
43
45
47
48
45
47
49
50
51
45
47
48
49
49
2
60
68
70
76
64
70
73
78
68
73
76
79
80
70
73
75
77
79
73
75
76
78
79
7
48
52
53
56
51
54
55
58
48
51
53
55
55
52
54
56
57
58
53
54
55
56
57
Performance Notes:
1. Test data obtained in accordance with AHRI Standard
880-2011 and ASHRAE Standard 130-2008.
2. Sound power levels include duct end corrections per
AHRI Standard 880-2011. Please refer to page F25 for
more details.
3. Air flow given in L/s and cfm.
4. Pressure is given in Pa and in.w.g.
F-26
Terminal Units
Engineering Guide
References
AHRI (2001). Standard 410-2001Forced circulation air-cooling and air heating coils. Arlington,VA: American
Heating and Refrigeration Institute.
AHRI (2008a). Standard 880-2008Performance rating of air terminals. Arlington,VA: American Heating and
Refrigeration Institute.
ENGINEERING GUIDE - TERMINAL UNITS
AHRI (2008b). Standard 885-2008Procedure for estimating occupied space sound levels in the application
of air terminals and air outlets. Arlington,VA: American Heating and Refrigeration Institute.
ASHRAE (2004). Standard 62.1-2004Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta, GA: American
Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE, (2007). ASHRAE handbookHVAC applications. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE, (2008a). ASHRAE handbookHVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta, GA: American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2008b). Standard 170-2008Ventilation of health care facilities. Atlanta, GA: American Society for
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2008c). Standard 130-2008Methods of testing air terminal units. Atlanta, GA: American Society
for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE, (2009). ASHRAE handbook Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Avallone, E. A., Baumeister III, T., eds. (1987). Marks standard handbook for mechanical engineers (9th ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Clifford, G. (1984). Modern heating, ventilating and air conditioning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
E.H. Price (2007). Catalog 6, volume 3: Price terminals. Winnipeg, MB: E.H. Price Ltd.
Furr, J. C., ONeal, D. L., Davis, M., Bryant, J. A., & Cramlet, A. (2007). Phase 1 Final report for ASHRAE RP 1292: Comparison of the total energy consumption of series versus parallel fan powered VAV terminal
units. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2001). Press release No. 137: IARC monographs on the
evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Man-made vitreous fibres. Lyon, France: WHO/IARC.
Janis, R. R., & Tao, W. K. Y. (2009). Mechanical and electrical systems in buildings (4th ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Oliver, P., Dyck, A. & Sipes, J. (2011). Close coupling duct silencers with terminal units [unpublished study].
Winnipeg, MB: E.H. Price Ltd.
Price Industries (2011). Price engineer's HVAC handbookA comprehensive guide to HVAC fundamentals.
Winnipeg, MB: Price Industries Limited.
Sun, T (1994). Air handling system design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
(2004). Toxicological profile for synthetic vitreous fibers. Washington, D.C.: ATSDR.
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Toxicology (2000). Review of the U.S. Navys exposure
standard for manufactured vitreous fibers. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Underwriters Laboratories (1995). UL 1995Heating and cooling equipment. Camas, WA: Underwriters
Laboratories Inc.
F-27