KEE Okt13 IPapic 3

Course
Power Quality - 3
Ljubljana, Slovenia
2013/14
Prof. dr. Igor Papi
igor.papic@fe.uni-lj.si
Harmonics - design of power

factor correction devices
Content
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
Session 1
Introduction to
Power Quality
what is PQ
economic value
responsibilities
Harmonics
definitions
calculations
non-linear loads
harmonic
sequences
Harmonics - design
of power factor
correction devices
resonance points
filter design
Session 2
Basic terms and

definitions
voltage quality
continuity of
supply
commercial
quality
Propagation of
harmonics
sources
consequences
cancellation
Flicker - basic
terms
voltage variation
flicker frequency
sources
flickermeter
Session 3
PQ standards
EN 50 160
other standards
limit values
Harmonics resonances in
network
parallel
resonance
series resonance
Flicker spreading
radial network
mashed network
simulation
examples
Session 4
PQ monitoring
measurements
PQ analyzers
data analyses
Harmonics case
study
calculation of
frequency
impedance
characteristics
Flicker mitigation
system solutions
network
enforcement
compensation
4th day
Flicker case study
calculation of
flicker spreading
in radial network
variation of
network
parameters
Voltage sags
definitions
characteristics
types
causes
Propagation of
voltage sags
transformer
connections
equipment
sensitivity
mitigation
Other voltage
variations
unbalance
voltage
transients
overvoltages
5th day
Interruptions
definitions
reliability indices
improving
reliability
Consequences of
inadequate power
quality
voltage quality
interruptions
costs
Modern
compensation
devices
active and hybrid
compensators
series and shunt
compensators
Conclusions
PQ improvement
and costs
definition of
optimal solutions
Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 3
Design of PFC devices

influence of impedance change
compensator impedance varies with the number of used
compensation stages (crossing of resonance points)
network impedance change has large influence on
frequency response
load impedance has minor influence on frequency
response
detuned filter
series connection of inductor and capacitor
resonance frequency is below the characteristic harmonic
(141 Hz, 225 Hz)
good response under different operating conditions
Influence of network impedance change

frequency impedance characteristics
data for calculation of one supply transformer 20/0,4 kV
(two transformer in previous case)
short-circuit voltage
usc = 4,13 %
rated power
S n = 1 x 0,63 MVA
rated voltage
U MV = 20 kV; U LV = 0,4 kV
ratio R/X
( R / X )TR = 1 / 4

calculation of parameters of one supply transformer
20/0,4 kV
LTR =
2
U LV
u sc
1
= 32,4 H
2
100 S n 100 1 + ( R / X )TR
RTR =
2
U NN
u sc ( R / X )TR
= 2,54 m
2
S n 100 1 + ( R / X )TR
Z TR ( j 2 f ) = RTR + j 2 f LTR

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
one supply
transformer
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
two supply
transformers
(previous case)
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of number of
used
compensation
stages
one supply
transformer
10
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of number of
used
compensation
stages
two supply
transformers
(previous case)
10
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
one supply
transformer
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
two supply
transformers
(previous case)
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of number of
used
compensation
stages
one supply
transformer
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of number of
used
compensation
stages
two supply
transformers
(previous case)
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Detuned filter
equivalent circuit with detuned filter
Detuned filter
data for calculation of detuned filter
rated voltage
U LV = 0,4 kV
reactive power
Q f = 0,40 MVAr
filter frequency
f r = 141 Hz (225 Hz)
ratio R/X of C
( R / X ) fC = 1 / 50
ratio R/X of L
( R / X ) fL = 1 / 10
Detuned filter
calculation of parameters of detuned filter
detuned filter
141 Hz, p = 12,5 %
225 Hz, p = 5,0 %
p = 2Lf C f =
2
50 2
= 2
2
(2 f r ) f r
p(141 Hz ) = 0,05;
p (225 Hz ) = 0,125
Detuned filter
detuned filter
Cf =
Q f (1 p )
2
100 U LV
C f (141 Hz ) = 6,96 mF ;
Lf =
C f (225 Hz ) = 7,57 mF
(2 f r )2 C f
L f (141 Hz ) = 0,183 mH ;
L f (225 Hz ) = 0,066 mH
Detuned filter
detuned filter
Rf =
1
( R / X ) fC + 2 50 C f ( R / X ) fL
2 50 C f
R f (141 Hz ) = 15 m;
R f (225 Hz ) = 10 m
Z f ( j 2 f ) = R f + j 2 f Lf +
1
j 2 f C f
Detuned filter
voltage harmonic source is on the network side
Detuned filter
harmonic source is on the network side
impedance from the network side
series resonance
Z1 ( j ) = Z SC ( j ) + ZTR ( j ) +
1
1
1
+
Z L ( j ) Z f ( j )
absolute value Z1 ( j ) = Z1 ( j 2 f )
Detuned filter frequency response

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
141 Hz
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
225 Hz
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
225 Hz
one supply
transformer
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the network
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
comparison with
classical
compensator
100
10
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Detuned filter
current harmonic source is on the load side
Detuned filter
harmonic source is on the load side
impedance from the load side
parallel resonance
Z 2 ( j ) =
1
1
1
1
+
+
Z L ( j ) Z f ( j ) Z SC ( j ) + ZTR ( j )
absolute value Z 2 ( j ) = Z 2 ( j 2 f )

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
141 Hz
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
225 Hz
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
filter resonance
frequency is
225 Hz
one supply
transformer
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10

harmonic source
is on the load
side
impedance
characteristics
as a function
of frequency
comparison with
classical
compensator
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Flicker - basic terms
Content
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
Session 1
Introduction to
Power Quality
what is PQ
economic value
responsibilities
Harmonics
definitions
calculations
non-linear loads
harmonic
sequences
Harmonics - design
of power factor
correction devices
resonance points
filter design
Session 2
Basic terms and

definitions
voltage quality
continuity of
supply
commercial
quality
Propagation of
harmonics
sources
consequences
cancellation
Flicker - basic
terms
voltage variation
flicker frequency
sources
flickermeter
Session 3
PQ standards
EN 50 160
other standards
limit values
network
parallel
resonance
series resonance
Flicker spreading
radial network
mashed network
simulation
examples
Session 4
PQ monitoring
measurements
PQ analyzers
data analyses
Harmonics case
study
calculation of
frequency
impedance
characteristics
Flicker mitigation
system solutions
network
enforcement
compensation
4th day
Flicker case study
calculation of
flicker spreading
in radial network
variation of
network
parameters
Voltage sags
definitions
characteristics
types
causes
Propagation of
voltage sags
transformer
connections
equipment
sensitivity
mitigation
Other voltage
variations
unbalance
voltage
transients
overvoltages
5th day
Interruptions
definitions
reliability indices
improving
reliability
Consequences of
inadequate power
quality
voltage quality
interruptions
costs
Modern
compensation
devices
active and hybrid
compensators
series and shunt
compensators
Conclusions
PQ improvement
and costs
definition of
optimal solutions
11
Flicker basic terms
Voltage fluctuation
What is flicker?
Flicker frequency
Causes of flicker
Flicker evaluation
Flicker meter
Compatibility and planning levels
Voltage fluctuation
voltage fluctuation a series of voltage changes or a cyclic

variation of the voltage envelope
voltage fluctuations (rms value) can cause perceptible (low

frequency) light flicker depending on the magnitude and
frequency of the variation
What is flicker?
flicker impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation

induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral
distribution fluctuates with time
the range of modulation frequency that causes noticeable
flicker is in the 0.5-25 Hz band, voltage variations are less
than 10 %
the most annoying flicker occurs at the voltage fluctuation
with the frequency 8.8 Hz.
flicker represents one of the largest problems related to
power quality in the power system of Slovenia
12
What is flicker?
Flicker frequency case 1

What is the frequency of flicker?
assume sinusoidal modulation
what signal does represent flicker with frequency 3 Hz
Flicker frequency case 2

or
13
What is the frequency of flicker

case 1
v (t ) = V cos 0t + m cos f t
f 0 = 50 Hz
f f = 3 Hz
case 2
v (t ) = V (1 + m cos f t ) cos 0t
m
m
v (t ) = V cos0t + cos(0 + f )t + cos( 0 f )t

2
2
f 0 = 50 Hz
f 0 + f f = 53 Hz
f 0 f f = 47 Hz
Causes of flicker
loads drawing
large and highly
variable currents
arc furnaces
installations
voltage 20 kV
time (s)
Causes of flicker
Voltage (%)
steel rolling mils

induction motors
starting
14
Causes of flicker
welding machines
motor drives with cycloconverters
simulation results (interharmonics)
time
Causes of flicker
wind farms in distributed production
switching of capacitor banks
households
pumps, refrigerators, air conditioning, washing
machines, drills
devices with heavy-start motors
Flicker evaluation
flicker meter
IEC 61000-4-15: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4: Testing and measurements techniques - Section
15: Flickermeter - Functional and design specifications
flicker severity intensity of flicker annoyance defined
by the UIE-IEC flicker measuring method and evaluated
by short and long term severity
15
Flicker evaluation
flicker meter
short term severity Pst measured over a period of 10
minutes
long term severity Plt calculated from a sequence of
12 Pst values over a two hour interval, according to the
following expression:
12
Plt =
P
i =1
3
sti
12
Flicker evaluation
comparison between Plt and Pst
Scheme of a flicker meter

simulation of lamp-eye-brain response
BLOCK 1
BLOCK 2
BLOCK 3
BLOCK 4
dB
0
-3
U / U
(%)
-60
0,05
input
voltage
adaptor
35
Hz
8,8
demodulator
weighting filter
voltage
mesurement
BLOCK 5
range
selector
calculation
of
Pst
X2
and
Plt
Hz
statistical
evaluation
squaring
and
smoothing
Pst
and
Plt
16
Scheme of a flicker meter
Block 1 Input voltage adaptor and calibration checking

circuit
signal generator for calibration and checking
voltage adapting circuit that scales the input signal to a
reference per-unit level
Block 2 Square law demodulator

the input to the flicker meter is the relative voltage variation
the modulated wave must be extracted from carrier (50 or 69
Hz)
quadratic demodulator simulates the behavior of a lamp
Scheme of a flickermeter
Block 3 and 4 Weighting filters, squaring and smoothing

block 3 is composed of a cascade of two filters and a measuring
range selector
first filter eliminates the dc and double mains frequency ripple
components of the demodulator
second filter is weighting filter block that simulates the
frequency response of a coiled filament gas-filled lamp (60 W,
230 V) combined with a human visual system
block 4 is composed of a squaring multiplier and a first order
low-pass filter
the human flicker sensation via lamp, eye and brain is
simulated by the combined non-linear response of blocks
2, 3 and 4
Scheme of a flickermeter
Block 5 On-line statistical analysis

the statistical classifier models human irritability in the presence
of flicker stimulation
it provides the statistical information required to calculate shortterm flicker severity Pst (observation period is 10 minutes)
Pst = 0,0314 P0,1 + 0,0525 P1s + 0,0657 P3s + 0,28 P10 s + 0,08 P50 s
smoothed percentil values
i.e. P0.1 the level exceeded by only 0.1 % of the observation
period (10 minutes)
17
Flicker value
required magnitude of voltage fluctuation for sinusoidal and

rectangular modulation to get the flicker vale P = 1
the response function
is based on perceptibility
threshold found at each
frequency by 50 % of
the persons tested
Flicker value
multiple fluctuating loads may be impacting the same

network
aggregate Pst value calculation from N loads
N
Pst = m Pstmi
i =1
m = 4 coordinated loads to avoid coincident fluctuations

m = 3 likelihood of coincident fluctuations is small
m = 2 likelihood of coincident stochastic noise is likely
m = 1 likelihood of coincident fluctuations is small

graphical representation of flicker levels
planning level is usualy less than planning level
compatibility level may be exceed 5% of the evaluation
period
18

compatibility levels
EN 50160 gives
higher value for Plt
(1.0, 95 % value)
quantity
compatibility levels for

MV and LV networks
(IEC/TR3 61000-3-7)
Pst
1.0
Plt
0.8
quantity
planning levels
(IEC/TR3 61000-3-7)
planning levels
MV
HV
Pst
0.9
0.8
Plt
0.7
0.6

required short-circuit power in the point of
common coupling PCC
primarily depends on nominal power of a supply
transformer of disturbing load
Ssc = (90160)Str [MVA]
empirical and statistical evaluation
Flicker spreading
19
Content
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
Session 1
Introduction to
Power Quality
what is PQ
economic value
responsibilities
Harmonics
definitions
calculations
non-linear loads
harmonic
sequences
Harmonics - design
of power factor
correction devices
resonance points
filter design
Session 2
Basic terms and

definitions
voltage quality
continuity of
supply
commercial
quality
Propagation of
harmonics
sources
consequences
cancellation
Flicker - basic
terms
voltage variation
flicker frequency
sources
flickermeter
Session 3
PQ standards
EN 50 160
other standards
limit values
network
parallel
resonance
series resonance
Flicker spreading
radial network
mashed network
simulation
examples
Session 4
PQ monitoring
measurements
PQ analyzers
data analyses
Harmonics case
study
calculation of
frequency
impedance
characteristics
Flicker mitigation
system solutions
network
enforcement
compensation
4th day
Flicker case study
calculation of
flicker spreading
in radial network
variation of
network
parameters
Voltage sags
definitions
characteristics
types
causes
Propagation of
voltage sags
transformer
connections
equipment
sensitivity
mitigation
Other voltage
variations
unbalance
voltage
transients
overvoltages
5th day
Interruptions
definitions
reliability indices
improving
reliability
Consequences of
inadequate power
quality
voltage quality
interruptions
costs
Modern
compensation
devices
active and hybrid
compensators
series and shunt
compensators
Conclusions
PQ improvement
and costs
definition of
optimal solutions
Flicker spreading
calculation of voltage variation
dynamic load
U1
R, X
XI
U1
U2
P, Q
U2
RI
U1 cos = U 2 + R I cos + X I sin
cos 1
U1 U 2 = R I cos + X I sin
Flicker spreading
relative voltage variation
U 1 U 2 R U 2 I cos + X U 2 I sin
=
U2
U 22
U R P + X Q
=
Un
U n2
U X Q Q
=
Un
U n2
S sc
20
Flicker spreading
relative voltage variation
active and reactive power variations of an arc furnace
Flicker spreading
flicker level decreases in the direction from the
disturbing load towards supply source
flicker level practically does not change in a radial
direction from the disturbing load where are no
supply sources
flicker reduction on transformers
Flicker spreading
transfer coefficient of flicker in a radial network
between point A and P (disturbing load)
TC AP =
Pst (A )
Pst (P )
P
P
calculation in a mashed network is more complex

use of simulation tools
21
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading in a radial network
case A
A
P
P
ZA
ZAP
Pst (A ) = Pst (P ) TC AP = Pst (P )
ZA
Z A + Z AP
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading in radial network
case B
A
Pst (B) = Pst (P ) TC BP = Pst (P ) 1 = Pst (P )
Flicker spreading
case C
A
P
P
Pst (B) = Pst (P ) TC BP = Pst (P )
Z A + Z AB
Z A + Z AB + Z BP
22
Flicker spreading
case D
A
P
P
Pst (B) = Pst (P ) TC BP = Pst (P ) TC AP TC BA =

= Pst (P ) TC AP 1 = Pst (P ) TCAP
Simulation of flicker spreading
steady-state calculation
dynamic simulations
model of transmission system

switch on/off of the load
change of voltage magnitudes
injection of load current
model of transmission system
model of arc furnace
model of flicker meter
Influence of generator voltage controllers
models of compensation devices
calibration of simulation model wit measurements results

calculation of flicker levels for all buses
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading in mashed network
load flow method

two states of s disturbing load (0,1)
calculation of relative voltage drops
calculation of transfer coefficients
v x =
Vx V 0, x V 1, x
=
V 0, x + V 1, x
Vx
kvij =
vi
v j
23
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading
in mashed
network
load flow method
comparison with
measurements
variation of load
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading in mashed network
current injection method
0 Y11
M .

0 .

I A = .
0 .

M .

0 Y N1
.
.
.
Y AA
.
.
.
.
Y1N V 1
. V 2
. M

. V A
. M

. VN-1
Y NN V N
V = Y 1I
kvij =
(V i )
(V j )
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading
in mashed
network
current injection
method
comparison with
measurements
variation of
injected current
24
Flicker spreading
flicker spreading through transformers
in a radial direction from the disturbing load towards
lower voltage levels (first approximation is value 1)
transfer coefficient of flicker from EHV to HV level is
approximately 0.8
transfer coefficient of flicker from HV to MV level is
approximately 0.9 (worst case)
transfer coefficient of flicker from MV to LV level is
approximately 1
Example of flicker spreading analysis

measurement campaign in Slovenian transmission
network
31 locations
analysis of measurement results
simulation of flicker spreading
network model
calibration of the model wit measurement results
simulation of flicker spreading in all nodes
present situation
future situation (2020)
analysis of compensation measures
Flicker measurement locations
25
Flicker measurement results (SIST EN 50160)

flicker level (Plt)
95 % values
location
RTP Jeklarna Jesenice
RTP elezarna Ravne
RTP Lipa
RTP Okroglo
RTP Zlato polje
RTP Klee
RTP Berievo
RTP Lj Center
RTP ika
RTP Logatec
RTP Slovenj Gradec
RTP Podlog
RTP Pekre
RTP Maribor
RTP Ljutomer
voltage
level (kV)
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
L1
L2
L3
7,41
2,87
1,62
1,256
1,25
7,50
2,80
1,48
1,331
1,33
7,85
2,68
1,57
1,415
1,41
0,85
0,74
0,79
0,92
0,90
0,87
0,69
0,80
0,95
0,94
0,92
0,80
0,85
1,02
1,00
1,47
0,82
0,60
1,44
0,76
0,62
1,33
0,79
0,56
0,50
0,50
0,51
0,52
0,48
0,53

flicker level (Plt)
95 % values
location
RTP Ljutomer
RTP Rae
RTP Lako
RTP Hudo
RTP Koevje
RTP Divaa
RTP Vrtojba
RTP Tolmin
RTP Koper
RTP Berievo
RTP Podlog
RTP Klee
RTP Berievo
RTP Podlog
RTP Okroglo
RTP Krko
voltage
level (kV)
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
220
220
220
400
400
400
400
L1
L2
L3
0,50
0,60
0,81
0,72
0,81
0,39
0,30
0,40
0,63
0,56
0,52
0,52
0,75
0,88
1,98
0,40
0,31
0,37
0,61
0,58
0,53
0,51
0,78
0,75
0,87
0,56
0,44
0,41
0,65
0,60
0,34
0,56
0,35
0,58
0,41
0,60
0,59
0,41
0,74
0,27
0,59
0,42
0,74
0,23
0,60
0,46
0,74
0,59
arc furnace 40 MVA

short and long term flicker level at 110 kV
26
arc furnace 40 MVA

long term flicker level and current at 110 kV - correlation
network node different configurations

cumulative flicker levels determination of 95 % value
Measurement results at 110 kV level

voltage (kV)
time (s)
current (A)
time (s)
27
Measurement results at 20 kV level

voltage (kV)
time (s)
current (A)
time (s)
Measurement results
arc furnace 40
MVA
voltage at 110 kV
voltage at 20 kV
current at 20 kV
Measurement results
arc furnace 40
MVA
voltage at 110 kV
voltage at 20 kV
current at 20 kV
28
Measurement results
arc furnace 40 MVA

correlation between the flicker level at 110 kV and 20 kV
Pst Jeklarna Ravne 110 kV
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
15
20
25
Pst Jeklarna Ravne UHP 20 kV
Flicker spreading simulation

analysis of flicker spreading in the Slovenian
power system (three arc furnaces)
present situation summation law m = 2.7
0%
12%
0%
29%
33%
17%
51%
67%
71%
20%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
110 kV
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
220 kV
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
400 kV
percentage of nodes
Flicker spreading simulation in 110 kV

network (m = 2.7)
29
Flicker spreading simulation for the year

2020
results for the year 2020
5%
0%
0%
19%
49%
27%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
110 kV
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
Plt>1,5
100%
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
220 kV
Plt>1,5
100% 0,6<Plt<1
1<Plt<1,5
Plt>0,6
400 kV
percentage of nodes
Flicker spreading simulation in 110 kV

network for the year 2020
Flicker mitigation
30
Content
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
Session 1
Introduction to
Power Quality
what is PQ
economic value
responsibilities
Harmonics
definitions
calculations
non-linear loads
harmonic
sequences
Harmonics - design
of power factor
correction devices
resonance points
filter design
Session 2
Basic terms and

definitions
voltage quality
continuity of
supply
commercial
quality
Propagation of
harmonics
sources
consequences
cancellation
Flicker - basic
terms
voltage variation
flicker frequency
sources
flickermeter
Session 3
PQ standards
EN 50 160
other standards
limit values
network
parallel
resonance
series resonance
Flicker spreading
radial network
mashed network
simulation
examples
Session 4
PQ monitoring
measurements
PQ analyzers
data analyses
Harmonics case
study
calculation of
frequency
impedance
characteristics
Flicker mitigation
system solutions
network
enforcement
compensation
4th day
Flicker case study
calculation of
flicker spreading
in radial network
variation of
network
parameters
Voltage sags
definitions
characteristics
types
causes
Propagation of
voltage sags
transformer
connections
equipment
sensitivity
mitigation
Other voltage
variations
unbalance
voltage
transients
overvoltages
5th day
Interruptions
definitions
reliability indices
improving
reliability
Consequences of
inadequate power
quality
voltage quality
interruptions
costs
Modern
compensation
devices
active and hybrid
compensators
series and shunt
compensators
Conclusions
PQ improvement
and costs
definition of
optimal solutions
Flicker mitigation
system enforcement increased short-circuit power

electrical separation of disturbing loads disconnected
substation busbars
compensation measures
series reactor
Static Var Compensator SVC
Static Compensator - StatCom
elimination of flicker sources power reduction of disturbing

loads (if possible)
lighting technology
fluorescent lamps are considered to be less sensitive to voltage
flicker than incandescent lamps
ban of incandescent lamps due to energy savings reasons
System enforcement
increased shortcircuit power will

reduce flicker
level
new parallel
lines
additional
transformers
connection to
the higher
voltage level
line disconnection
31
Separation of disturbing loads
electrical separation of disturbing loads disconnected

substation busbars
Plt = 5,31
Okroglo 110 kV
sunkovit
Okroglo 110 kV
ostali
TR 412
400/110 kV
Plt = 1,13
Okroglo 110 kV
TR 412
400/110 kV
TR 411
400/110 kV
Okroglo 400 kV
Plt = 0,71
RTP Jeklarna
sunkovit odjem
Plt = 1,13
Plt = 3,03
Plt = 0,47
Plt = 3,44
RTP Jeklarna
sunkovit odjem
TR 411
400/110 kV
Okroglo 400 kV
Plt = 0,52
Plt = 0,71
electrical separation of
disturbing loads
connected substation
busbars
arc furnace is supplied
by two transformers in
parallel
electrical separation of
disturbing loads
disconnected substation
busbars
arc furnace is supplied
by one transformers
32
Compensation measures
series reactor
for minor flicker level reduction
in the point of common coupling
redistribution of flicker level
influences the operation of arc
furnace
series
reactors
arc
flicker and reactive power
compensation
controllable shunt connected reactance
TCR Thyristor Controlled Reactor is
the main element
reactive compensation current is a
function of voltage
flicker reduction factor is up to 2
reliable good operational
experiences
small operational losses
single-line diagram
TCR
fixed capacitors
filters
and
33
voltage profile improvement with SVC
arc furnace performance improvement with SVC
practical applications
34
Static Compensator - StatCom
flicker and reactive power
compensation
controllable source of reactive
current
Voltage Sources Converter - VSC
is the main element
employs GTO thyristors or IGBTs
flicker reduction factor is up to 5
not a lot of operational
experiences
higher operational losses
compared to SVC
Static Compensator StatCom
single-line diagram
VSC
fixed capacitors
(tuned filters)
voltage profile improvement with StatCom
increased power of arc furnace
35
substantial flicker level reduction
comparison of the arc furnace currents with the
compensated grid currents
first StatCom application for flicker mitigation Hagfors,
Sweden (ABB commercial name SVC Light)
36
Analysis of compensation measures

present situation no compensation measures
12%
0%
0%
29%
33%
17%
51%
67%
71%
20%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
110 kV
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
220 kV
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
400 kV
percentage of nodes

only arc furnace A is compensated (SVC)
6%
4%
0%
0%
24%
66%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>1,5
Plt<0,6
110 kV
100%
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt>0,6
Plt>1,5
100% 0,6<Plt<1
1<Plt<1,5
220 kV
Plt>0,6
400 kV
percentage of nodes

only arc furnace B is compensated (StatCom)
6%
0%
0%
16%
29%
33%
61%
17%
67%
71%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
110 kV
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
220 kV
Plt<0,6
percentage of nodes
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
400 kV
37

only arc furnace C is compensated (series reactor)
12%
0%
0%
29%
33%
14%
53%
21%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
67%
71%
Plt>1,5
110 kV
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
Plt>1,5
220 kV
1<Plt<1,5
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
400 kV
percentage of nodes

all three arc furnaces are compensated
1%
0%
0%
17%
82%
Plt>1,5
1<Plt<1,5
110 kV
0,6<Plt<1
Plt<0,6
Plt>1,5
100% 0,6<Plt<1
1<Plt<1,5
220 kV
Plt<0,6
percentage of nodes
Plt>1,5
100% 0,6<Plt<1
1<Plt<1,5
Plt<0,6
400 kV
38

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Course

Harmonics - design of power

Basic terms and

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 3

Design of PFC devices

Influence of network impedance change

Influence of network impedance change

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 7

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 8

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 9

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 10

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 11

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 12

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 13

Influence of network impedance change

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 14

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 15

f r = 141 Hz (225 Hz)

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 17

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 19

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 20

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 22

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 23

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 24

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 25

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 26

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 28

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 29

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 30

Detuned filter frequency response

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 31

Flicker - basic terms

Basic terms and

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 33

Flicker basic terms

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 34

voltage fluctuation a series of voltage changes or a cyclic

voltage fluctuations (rms value) can cause perceptible (low

flicker impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 36

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 37

Flicker frequency case 1

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 38

Flicker frequency case 2

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 39

What is the frequency of flicker

v (t ) = V cos0t + cos(0 + f )t + cos( 0 f )t

steel rolling mils

Power Quality, Ljubljana, 2013/14 42