Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 79 87

www.elsevier.com/locate/jappgeo

Effects of curing time and frequency on ultrasonic

wave velocity in grouted rock bolts
V. Madenga a, D.H. Zou a,*, C. Zhang b
a
b

Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Canada

Department of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, China
Received 21 September 2004; accepted 22 August 2005

Abstract
Grouted rock bolts are widely used to reinforce excavated ground in mining and civil engineering structures. To date,
opportunities for testing the quality of the grout in grouted rock bolts have been limited to the pull-out tests and the over-coring
methods. Both these methods are destructive, time-consuming and costly. These deficiencies have fueled research into the use of
ultrasonic methods for testing the quality of the grout in rock bolts. However, only partial success has been achieved in these efforts
chiefly due to inadequate knowledge of the ultrasonic wave characteristics such as wave velocity in grouted rock bolts. This paper
presents results of an experimental study into the effects of curing time and testing frequency on the velocity of ultrasonic waves
propagating along rock bolts grouted in concrete. A substantial wave velocity decrease, as much as 47.7% at certain frequencies,
was recorded in rock bolts grouted in fully cured concrete in comparison to non-grouted bolts. The results demonstrate the
importance of optimizing the selection of test frequencies as well as suggesting the possibility of a new approach based on wave
velocity decrease for testing the grout quality of rock bolts.
D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Grouted; Rock bolt; Guided wave; Ultrasonic; Monitoring

1. Introduction
Millions of rock bolts are installed worldwide every
year to provide reinforcement to ground in the immediate surrounding of underground and surface excavations
in mining and civil engineering applications. Majority
of these bolts is grouted in the rockmass (Tadolini, 1990;
Kelly and Jager, 1996). Grouting of rock bolts may be
done using either cement or resin to fill the annulus
space between the rock bolts and the borehole walls.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 902 494 3977; fax: +1 902 494

1037.
E-mail address: Steve.Zou@dal.ca (D.H. Zou).
0926-9851/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.08.001

Field monitoring and control of rock bolt performance,

particularly with respect to the quality of grout and the
bolt tension is still a challenge to rock engineers. Physically, grout quality is dependent upon factors such as
the shear and compressive strengths of the grout, the
continuity and the consistency of the grout along the
bolt, and the adhesion at boltgrout and groutrock
interfaces (Choquet, 1991). The strength of grout may
be diminished if incorrect water-to-cement ratio is used,
while the continuity and the consistency of grout may be
affected by the presence of air bubbles, grout capsule
coverings or missing grout due to poor installation
(Sundholm, 1987; Kelly and Jager, 1996).
Presently, the only established ways for testing the
grout quality of rock bolts in-situ are the pull-out test

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V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

and the over-coring methods. Both of these methods are

destructive, time-consuming, and expensive. As a result, they can only be employed on a very small number
of installed rock bolts. As well, the usefulness of pullout test results as a measure of the grout quality can be
limited by the critical length of grout beyond which the
steel bolt will fail first (Zou, 2004; Kelly and Jager,
1996).
Deficiencies in the conventional methods have
fueled research into the feasibility of non-destructive
methods for grout quality testing of in-situ rock bolts
predominantly using ultrasonic waves. To date, only
partial success has been achieved in these efforts, despite almost three decades of research. In the ultrasonic
based methods for grout quality testing, it is very
important to have adequate knowledge of the wave
characteristics in the grouted bolts. Theoretical studies
of the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a cylindrical
structure such as rock bolt (Achenbach, 1973; Meeker
and Meitzler, 1964) have shown that guided waves as
opposed to the conventional bulk waves are excited in a
rock bolt. However, a great majority of previous works
(Thurner, 1988; Kelly and Jager, 1996; Vrkljan et al.,
1999; Tadolini, 1990) toward rock bolt monitoring did
not consider guided waves. Beard et al. (2003) recently
proposed to use guided ultrasonic waves for inspecting
grouted rock bolts. Properties of guided waves such as
velocity and attenuation can vary substantially as functions of frequency. Therefore, selection of testing frequencies is important and should be based on the
knowledge of propagation velocities and attenuations
of the guided waves.

Recently, a research program has been initiated at

Dalhousie University to conduct a full study of the
characteristics of guided waves in grouted rock bolts.
This paper presents part of the experimental results. In
particular, the effects of curing time and frequency on
wave velocity in grouted bolts are presented. Substantial velocity decrease, up to 47.7% at certain frequencies, has been recorded in comparison with free bolts
(non-grouted and non-tensioned). This study also
showed that in a free bolt, using P-wave transducers,
the predominant wave mode that is excited at frequencies of approximately 100 kHz and below is the L(0,1)
mode.
2. Theoretical dispersion curves for the L(0,1) and
F(1,1) modes
When ultrasonic waves are propagating in a structure of finite geometry such as a rock bolt, guided
waves as opposed to bulk waves are excited. Whereas
bulk ultrasonic waves travel at a velocity that is constant for a given material, guided waves propagate at
velocities that can vary substantially with frequency.
Furthermore, in a cylindrical waveguide such as a rock
bolt, three different families of wave modes, namely
Longitudinal, Flexural or Torsional can be excited.
However, when a P-wave transducer such as the R6
or R15 is used, the majority of the energy is expected to
be carried in the longitudinal modes. The notation for
wave modes used in this research follows those presented by Achenbach (1973) and Beard and Lowe
(2003). Each wave mode is denoted by a letter and

Fig. 1. Theoretical velocity dispersion curves for the L(0,1) and F(1,1) modes for a 19.5 mm diameter rock bolt (from Achenbach, 1973).

V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

two indices. Longitudinal modes are represented by

L(n,m) while flexural modes are by F(n,m). The
index dnT is a measure of the circumferential displacement that occurs as a mode propagates along the waveguide. For the axially symmetric longitudinal modes, n
is zero and for the flexural modes, n is determined by
the number of displacement cycles in the radial direction. The index dmT is a counter that represents the order
in which various modes within each family appear as
frequency increases. Thus, the mode L(0,1) is the first
mode in the family of longitudinal modes with no radial
displacement. Similarly, the mode F(1,1) is the first
mode in the series of flexural modes with one displacement cycle in the radial direction of the waveguide.
The variation of the velocity of an individual mode
with frequency, which is referred to as velocity dispersion, is usually presented in the form of a series of
continuous curves known as dispersion curves. Fig. 1
displays such typical curves for the L(0,1) mode and the
F(1,1) mode at low frequency in a steel bar with a
diameter of 19.5 mm, which is the typical size of
commonly used steel rock bolts. These curves were
derived from the dimensionless curves originally presented by Achenbach (1973). It is important to understand that at frequencies below 100 kHz, the L(0,1) is
the dominant wave modes in a cylindrical structure. At
higher frequencies more modes exist.
With knowledge of the various wave modes that are
possible in rock bolts, the inherent complexity of the
guided waves can be harnessed to good advantage. In
order to avoid the complexity of multiple modes at
higher frequencies and simplify data interpretation,

81

our study focused on frequencies not more than 100

kHz. Specifically test frequencies in the range from 20
kHz to 100 kHz were used. In this range, the first
arrival can be attributed to the L(0,1) mode since this
mode has a velocity higher than that of the F(1,1) mode
as illustrated in Fig. 1.
3. Test equipment set-up
Fig. 2 illustrates the through-transmission equipment
set-up that was used in this research. The system
launches ultrasonic wave pulses into one end of a
rock bolt specimen and records the timedomain waveforms arriving at the other end of the specimen. It also
displays both the input pulse and received waves. This
set-up allows us to study the waves traveling along the
bolt. The system consists of the various units described
below.
3.1. The handyscope HS-3
The heart of the system represented in Fig. 2 is the
Handyscope HS-3 instrument, which is an integrated
unit comprised of an A/D converter and a function
generator. The associated software is installed on the
computer. The function generator was employed to
generate short duration ultrasonic pulses for exciting
the piezo-electric transducers. Via two analog input
channels the digitizer converts the signal to digital
data and transmits the waveform data to the processor
where the waveforms can be displayed and saved as
ASCII data files. One of the channels was used to

Fig. 2. Equipment set-up for through-transmission test.

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V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

capture the excitation pulse while the other was used to

record the waveform arriving at the receiving transducer. A sampling rate of 5 MHz (a sample every 2  10 7
s) was used.
3.2. Piezo-electric transducers
Two piezo-electric transducers, each coupled to one
end of the embedded rock bolt, were used, one transducer for emitting ultrasonic pulses into one end of the
specimen and the other for receiving the ultrasonic
waves arriving at the other end. The transducers used
in this study were the A30, the R15 and the R6 models
from Physical Acoustics. The ends of the bolt were
machined to planar smooth surfaces to achieve parallism between the two transducers as well as to increase
the contact area between the bolt and the transducers for
efficient transmission of ultrasonic waves. In addition,
vacuum grease was used to provide good acoustic
coupling between the ends of the bolt and the transducers before securing the transducers in place using duck
tape.
3.3. AE5A amplifier
To enhance the signals it was found necessary to
amplify the signals prior to digitizing them. For this
purpose, a wide bandwidth (10 kHz-5 MHz) AE5A
power amplifier from Physical Acoustics was used to
amplify the received signals as needed. With this unit, a
variable gain (041 dB) and a fixed internal gain of 40
dB can achieved.
3.4. PC
A PC with the Handyscope HS-3 software installed
was used for triggering, displaying and recording waveforms. The software allows averaging of signals of up
to 256 times to be done in order to remove random
noise, and hence improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

4. Experiments
A total of three rock bolt specimens were used for
experimental investigation of the effects of curing time
and frequency on the propagation velocity of the L(0,1)
mode. Two of these specimens were prepared to simulate the embedded nature of in-situ rock bolts by
casting them in concrete cylinders. Of these two specimens, one was partially embedded while the other was
fully embedded in concrete in order to represent the insitu conditions of partial grouting and full grouting,
respectively. The third specimen was simply a free
length of bolt that was used as a starting point for
investigating the velocity dispersion properties of the
L(0,1) in rock bolts. Fig. 3 shows the schematic representations of the three specimens and Table 1 lists their
relevant parameters.
The experimental work on the two embedded specimens was conducted by launching an ultrasonic pulse
into one end of the specimen, and recording the waveform arriving at the other end of the specimen using the
set-up illustrated in Fig. 1. This process was repeated at
various curing times of the embedding concrete. During
each test, the input pulses to drive the emitting transducer were generated via the function generator from
previously saved signals. For each curing time, pulses
in the frequency range from 20 to 100 kHz were used.
The bandwidth of the excitation pulses was approximately 20 kHz. Tuning of frequency within this range
could be accomplished by using either the R6 transducer or the R15 transducer at the emitting end. These
transducers have the versatility of varying the central
frequency of their output signal in tune with the central
frequency of the excitation pulse. A A30 transducer was
used at the receiving end. It should be noted that,
although the excitation pulses had a bandwidth of
approximately 20 kHz, the spectral content of the received signals included components outside of this
bandwidth due to the sensitivity of the transducer beyond the central frequency. The notion for performing

Fig. 3. Schematics of test specimens.

V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

Table 1
Specimens of grouted rock bolts used
Specimen
#

Bolt
length
(mm)

Bolt
diameter
(mm)

Grouted
length
(mm)

Concrete
diameter
(mm)

1
2
3

2000
500
1200

19.5
19.5
19.5

0
500
500

140
140

tests as the concrete cured around the bolts was based

on the fact that the physical properties of the concrete,
such as the compressive strength, the acoustic impedance and the bulk modulus progressively increase with
the curing time. It is also noteworthy that the bond
between the bolt and the concrete is expected to increase with the curing time. Thus, by conducting tests
as the concrete cured, it is possible to study the effects
of the varying physical conditions surrounding the rock
bolts on the L(0,1) mode propagating along the bolts.
The experimental work on the free bolt was carried
out using frequencies in the same range of 20 to 100
kHz. The results are used as a base of comparison for
those from the grouted bolts. An understanding of the
ultrasonic wave characteristics in a free bolt is vital to
the investigation of the behavior of the L(0,1) wave
mode under the more complicated conditions in grouted
bolts. For a partially grouted rock bolt, which is composite structure with an embedded length and a free
length, it is imperative to understand the characteristics
of guided waves in both the grouted length and the free
length. In addition, during the early curing period of the
grout, the bolt is only weakly bonded to the embedding
concrete and therefore the bolt behaves almost like a
free bolt.
To monitor the physical properties of the embedding
concrete at various curing times, two parameters, namely the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the
wave velocity in concrete were used. The latter is
directly related to the acoustic impedance of the concrete, which is defined as the product of the density of
the concrete and the wave velocity, and is conventionally used as a measure of how well two materials are
matched acoustically. In the case of grouted rock bolts,
as the surrounding concrete cures, its acoustic impedance is expected to increase due to the increase of wave
velocity, while at the same time, the acoustic impedance
of the grouted bolt stays constant.
For UCS tests of the concrete, concrete cubes
were cast in standard 2-inch molds. A total of 4
sets, each comprised of 3 such cubes were molded
in order to obtain an average of 3 UCS tests at each
curing time.

83

Wave velocity in concrete was measured at various

curing times on a separate cylindrical specimen measuring 0.43 m in length and 0.10 m in diameter. The
testing configuration for this specimen is the same as
the one shown in Fig. 2.
All the specimens used in this research were cast in
accordance with the ASTM Standard C192. The small
cubes for UCS tests were also stored in moist plastic
bags until testing. After extensive analysis of the
recorded data, it was decided that all the recorded
waveforms from the experiments should be filtered by
applying a bandwidth of 20 kHz at each testing frequency before the arrival times could be estimated
(Madenga, 2004; Madenga and Zou, 2004). Increased
bandwidth did not change much the waveforms and
reduction of bandwidth to 10 kHz did not result in
significant change in the estimated wave arrival times.
Filtering of the waveforms was necessary in order to
minimize the effects of velocity dispersion. The filtering process was accomplished in two steps: (a) highpass filtering at 10 kHz below the central frequency of
the excitation pulse, and (b) low-pass filtering at 10
kHz above the central frequency of the excitation pulse.
The sequence of the two steps could be reversed without affecting the results. It is worth noting that one-step
filtering process with a bandpass filter could cause
significant distortion to the filtered waveforms. After
filtering, arrival times were estimated visually by
dzooming inT at the first arriving wave packet.
5. Results
5.1. Wave velocity in free bolt
In Fig. 4, the measured wave velocities from the 2-m
long free bolt are compared with the theoretical dispersion curve of the L(0,1) mode in a steel bar of the same
diameter. In this Figure, two curves for the same experimental measurements are shown, one for the raw
waveforms, and the other for the filtered waveforms. As
can be observed, the curve after filtering is in good
agreement with the theoretical curve in the frequency
range from 20 to 70 kHz, after which it diverges
somewhat. These results are explained by the fact
that, when a given waveform is filtered, the resulting
waveform inevitably includes some frequency components outside the desired ideal bandwidth, although
such components would be of relatively small amplitudes. Since low frequency waves are expected to
propagate faster than higher frequency waves (Fig. 1),
the filtered waveforms in the range from 70 to 100 kHz
exhibit higher than anticipated velocities because of

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V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

Fig. 4. Experimental and theoretical group velocity for the L(0,1) wave mode in a free steel bolt of 19.5 mm diameter.

some low frequency components still included in these

waveforms. Overall, the measured wave velocities from
the experiments fit well with the theoretical velocities,
thus demonstrating the successful excitation of the
L(0,1) mode in the experiments.
5.2. Effects of testing frequency at various curing times
With an understanding of the velocity dispersion of
the L(0,1) in the free bolt, data from grouted specimens
were analyzed. As with the free bolt, waveforms from
the grouted specimens were also filtered using a bandwidth of 20 kHz at each test frequency. Fig. 5 presents
the experimentally obtained group velocity of the

L(0,1) mode as a function of test frequency at various

embedding concrete curing times for Specimen # 2,
which was fully grouted in concrete. At all frequencies
the group velocities at the beginning of curing are
assumed to be equal to those in the free bolt. As
shown, lower frequencies, from 20 to 75 kHz were
highly sensitive to the curing time, while frequencies
in the range from 75 to 100 kHz were less sensitive. It
is well understood that in the early stages of curing, the
concrete had very low mechanical strength, which increased with the curing time. The results in Fig. 5
therefore indicate that at low frequencies, the L(0,1)
mode is more sensitive to the material properties surrounding the rock bolts. Thus, any attempt to test the

Fig. 5. L(0,1) mode velocity as a function of frequency at various curing times for Specimen # 2 (fully grouted bolt).

V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

85

Fig. 6. Comparison of wave velocities in Specimen # 2 and the grouted segment of Specimen # 3 at 1-day curing time.

grout quality of rock bolts with ultrasonic waves should

be conducted using low frequencies, ideally in the
range from 20 to 75 kHz.
The charts in Figs. 68 give a comparison, at curing
times of 1, 8 and 31 days, respectively, of wave velocities in Specimen # 2 with those in the grouted length of
Specimen # 3, which was only partially grouted. The
grouted length is the same for both specimens. The
velocity in the grouted segment of Specimen # 3 was
computed using the following procedure:
(a) The velocity in the ungrouted segment of the
specimen is assumed to be the same as in the

free bolt. Using the results after filtering shown

in Fig. 4, the travel time in the ungrouted segment of Specimen # 3 was calculated for each
test frequency.
(b) The travel time obtained from step (a) was
then subtracted from the total travel time measured in Specimen # 3 at each test frequency
to determine the travel time in the grouted
segment.
(c) The grouted length of Specimen # 3 was then
divided by the travel times obtained from step (b)
to determine the travel velocities in the grouted
segment.

Fig. 7. Comparison of wave velocities in Specimen # 2 and the grouted segment of Specimen # 3 at 8-day curing time.

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V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

Fig. 8. Comparison of wave velocities in Specimen # 2 and the grouted segment of Specimen # 3 at 31-day curing time.

The results were compared with those obtained from

Specimen # 2, the fully grouted specimen. As can be
seen in Figs. 68, good agreement was obtained in
wave velocities between the two specimens at all curing
stages.
It needs to be pointed out that the results from our
initial analysis of the unfiltered raw data were totally
meaningless and beyond explanation. Only after filtering can the above results be obtained. The results also
demonstrated the importance of understanding the guided wave properties in free bolts and grouted bolts in the
analysis of the wave velocities.

5.3. Effects of curing time on wave velocity

One set of results from Specimen # 2 is selected here
to demonstrate the effects of curing time at test frequencies of 100 and 30 kHz. The results are presented
in Fig. 9 where the bulk wave velocity in the concrete
and the concrete UCS results are also shown. It can be
seen that as the concrete cured , the velocity for the 30
kHz wave in the grouted bolt decreased gradually from
its highest level at the beginning (as a free bolt) and
becomes relatively stable after approximately 2 weeks.
It reached a lower level after 4 weeks, nearly the same

Fig. 9. Effects of curing time on (a) group velocity in a grouted bolt, (b) longitudinal bulk velocity in concrete, and (c) concrete UCS.

V. Madenga et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 59 (2006) 7987

as the bulk velocity in the concrete. At the same time,

as the concrete hardened, the concrete became stronger
and its UCS and the bulk wave velocity increased. This
further indicates that the wave velocity in the grouted
bolt will vary with the grout quality. The higher the
grout quality, the lower the wave velocity in the grouted
bolt. Its value will be between that for the free bolt and
that for the surrounding materials. Thus it may be
possible to use group velocity of the L(0,1) mode in a
grouted bolt as a measure of the physical properties of
the medium surrounding the bolt.
At a frequency 30 kHz, the bulk velocity in the
concrete is also expected to be much lower than that
at 100 kHz (not shown).

87

echo set-up to understand the echoes of the guided

waves and identify the potential parameters that will
enable field monitoring of rock bolts to be done. Moreover, the applicability of the L(0,1) mode velocity as a
measure of grout quality should also be investigated.
Acknowledgement
This research was partially funded by a Discovery
Grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The authors thank the technician in the Mining and Metallurgical Engineering at
Dalhousie University for his assistance with the laboratory work.

6. Discussions and conclusions

References
The experimental techniques used in this work
proved to be accurate and valid as demonstrated by
the good agreement between the experimentally determined group velocities and the theoretical velocities for
the L(0,1) mode.
Both the curing time and the wave frequency have
effects on the group velocity of the L(0,1) mode in a
grouted rock bolt. At the low end of the test frequency
range, the group velocity of this mode decreased by as
much as 47.7% from the velocity of 4975 m/s in a free
bolt to 2600 m/s in a bolt grouted in fully cured
concrete. In contrast, at 100 kHz only a moderate
decrease from 4640 m/s to 4200 m/s (about 9.5%)
was exhibited by this mode when conditions changed
from a free bolt to a bolt embedded in fully cured
concrete.
It has been shown that the somewhat complicated
results from the partially grouted bolt can be unraveled
when this type of bolt is considered to be a composite
structure made up of two discrete components: a free
segment and an embedded segment.
It has been demonstrated that the meaningful information from guided waves may be hidden in the raw
data if broad frequency bandwidths are used since the
velocity of guided waves can vary substantially with
frequency.
This research demonstrated that it may be possible to
use the L(0,1) mode velocity as a measure of the physical
properties of the medium surrounding a rock bolt.
Finally, it should be noted that the ultimate goal of
this research is come up with a non-destructive technique by which the grout quality of rock bolts can be
measured in the field. Understanding the guided waves
in grouted bolts is only the first step. There are plenty of
opportunities for further research such as using a pulse-

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