Seismic Design and Detailing - pp151-176

Adam C Abinales
f.asep, pice
Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

5.
Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance
5.2.5 Seismic Shear Forces in Beams and Columns.

Columns
Shear failure in reinforced concrete members is regarded as brittle failure. Therefore, in designing
earthquake-resistant structures, it is important to provide excess shear capacity over and above
that corresponding to flexural failure. The code requirements are based on the strong columnweak beam concept. Hence plastification of the critical regions at the ends of the beams will have
to be considered as a possible loading condition.
The shear force is then computed based on the moment resistances in the developed plastic
hinges, labeled as probable moment resistance MPR, developed when the longitudinal flexural steel
enters into the hardening stage. Consequently, the computation of the probable moment
resistance, 1.25fy, is used as the stress in the longitudinal reinforcement. In order to absorb the
energy that can cause plastic hinging, the earthquake-resistant frame has to be ductile in part
through confinement of the longitudinal reinforcement of the columns and the beam-column joints
and in part through the provision of the excess shear capacity.
Figure 5.6 shows the deformed geometry of
and the seismic moment and shear forces for
a beam subjected to gravity loading and
reversible sidesway. (a) sidesway to the left;
(b) sidesway to the right.
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5.

The seismic shear forces are
+
+ MPR
MPR
1.4D + 1.7L
+
l
2
+
M + MPR 1.4D + 1.7L
VR = PR
l
2
VL =
where l = span, L and R subscripts = left and right ends, and MPR = probable moment strength at
the end of the beam based on steel reinforcement tensile strength of 1.25fy and strength reduction
factor = 1.0. These instantaneous moments MPR should be computed on the basis of equilibrium
of moments at the joint where the beam moments are equal to the probable moments of resistance.
The shear forces in the columns are computed in a similar manner, so the horizontal Ve at top and
bottom of the column is
M + MPR 2
Ve = PR1
h
except that end moments for columns (MPR1 and MPR2) need not be greater than the moments
generated by the MPR of beams framing into the beam-column joint, where h = column height, and
the subscripts 1 and 2 indicate the top and bottom column end moments, respectively, as seen in
Figure 5.7.
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5.
Figure 5.7 Seismic moments and shears at

column ends: (a) joint moments; (b) sway to
right; (c) sway to left.
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5.
5.2.6 Strong Column-Weak Beam Concept.

Concept
As previously discussed in 5.2.2, the strong column-beam concept is ensured by the following
inequality:
6
Mcol Mbeam
5
For a joint subjected to reversible base shear forces, as shown in Figure 5.8, the above equation
becomes
6
(Mn+ + Mn )col (Mn+ + Mn )beam
5
where
= 0.90 for beams, 0.65 for

tied columns, and 0.70 for
spiral columns.
For beam-columns,
= 0.90 to 0.65.
Figure 5.8 Seismic moment summation at

beam-column joint: (a) sidesway to the left;
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(b) sidesway to the right.
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5.
5.2.7 Design of Confining Reinforcement for Beam-Column Connection.

Connection
Transverse reinforcement in the form of closely spaced hoops (ties) or spirals has to be adequately
provided. The aim is to produce adequate rotational capacity within the elastic hinges that may
develop as a result of the seismic forces.
For column spirals, the minimum volumetric ratio of the spiral hoops needed for the concrete
core confinement cannot be less than the larger of:
0.12 f ' c
s
or
fyh
whichever is greater, where
Ag
f'
1 c
Ach fyh
s 0.45
s = ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the core volume measured out-to-out.

Ag = gross area of the column section.
Ach = core area of section measured to the outside of the transverse reinforcement.
fyh = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement.
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5.

For column rectangular hoops, the cross-sectional area within spacing s cannot be less than
the larger of:
f'
Ash 0.09shc c or
fyh
whichever is greater, where
A
f'
Ash 0.3 shc g 1 c
Ach fyh
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including cross ties) within
spacing s and perpendicular to dimension hc.
hc = cross-sectional dimension of column core measured center-to-center of confining
reinforcement.
hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoops or cross-ties on all faces of the column.
Ach = cross-sectional area of structural member, measured out-to-out transverse
reinforcement.
s = spacing of transverse reinforcement within length lo. Whose value should not exceed
150mm and need not be taken less than 100mm.
smax = one-quarter of the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the member, 6 times
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement.
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5.

Additionally, if the thickness of the concrete outside the confining transverse reinforcement
exceeds 100mm, additional transverse reinforcement has to be provided at a spacing not to
exceed 300mm. The concrete cover on the additional reinforcement should not exceed
100mm.
The confining transverse reinforcement in columns should be placed on both sides of a
potential hinge over a distance lo. The largest of the following three conditions governs the
length lo:
(a) depth of member at joint face
(b) one-sixth of the clear span
(c) 450mm
Increase lo by 50% or more in locations of high axial loads and flexural demands such as the
base of a building.
When transverse reinforcement is not provided throughout the column length, the remainder
of the column length has to contain spiral or hoop reinforcement with spacing not exceeding
the smaller of 6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bars or 150mm.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

For beam confinement, the confining transverse reinforcement at beam ends should be
placed over a length equal to twice the member depth h from the face of the joint on either
side or of any other location where plastic hinges can develop. The maximum hoop spacing
should be the smallest of the following four conditions:
(a) one-fourth effective depth d
(b) eight times diameter of longitudinal bars
(c) 24 times diameter of the hoop
(d) 300mm
however, the Code requires that confining reinforcement spacing need not exceed 100mm.
Figure 5.9 summarizes typical detailing requirements for a confined column.
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5.
Figure 5.9 Typical detailing of seismically reinforced column: (a) spirally confined; (b) confined with
rectangular hoops; (c) cross-sectional detailing of ties. X 350mm. Consecutive cross ties have 90
hooks on opposite sides.
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5.

Reduction in confinement at joints: a 50% reduction in confinement and an increase in the
minimum tie spacing to 150mm are allowed by the code if a joint is confined on all four faces
by adjoining beams with each beam wide enough to cover three-quarters of the adjoining
face.
The yield strength of reinforcement in seismic zones (particularly zone 4) should not exceed
410 MPa.
Horizontal Shear in Beam-Column Connection
Test of joints and deep beams shave shown that shear strength is not as sensitive to joint (shear)
reinforcement as for that along the span. On this basis, the code has assumed the joint strength as
a function of only the compressive strength of the concrete and requires a minimum amount of
transverse reinforcement in the joint. The effective area Aj in Figure 5.10 should in no case be
greater than the column cross-sectional area.
The minimal shear strength of the joint should not be taken greater than the forces Vn specified
below for normal-weight concrete.
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Rev1 04-04 / CE573-160
Adam C Abinales
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5.
Figure 5.10 Seismic effective area of joint.

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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Reduction in confinement at joints: a 50% reduction in confinement and an increase in the
minimum tie spacing to 150mm are allowed by the code if a joint is confined on all four faces
by adjoining beams with each beam wide enough to cover three-quarters of the adjoining
face.
The yield strength of reinforcement in seismic zones (particularly zone 4) should not exceed
410 MPa.
Horizontal Shear in Beam-Column Connection
Test of joints and deep beams shave shown that shear strength is not as sensitive to joint (shear)
reinforcement as for that along the span. On this basis, the code has assumed the joint strength as
a function of only the compressive strength of the concrete and requires a minimum amount of
transverse reinforcement in the joint. The effective area Aj in Figure 5.10 should in no case be
greater than the column cross-sectional area.
The minimal shear strength of the joint should not be taken greater than the forces Vn specified
below for normal-weight concrete.
Confined on all faces by beams framing into the joint:
Vn 1.66 f ' c Aj
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Confined on three faces or on two opposite faces:
Vn 1.25 f ' c Aj
All other cases:
Vn 1.0 f ' c Aj
A framing beam is considered to provide confinement to the joint only if at least three-quarters of
the joint is covered by the beam.
The value of allowable Vn should be reduced by 25% if lightweight concrete is used. Some test data
indicate that the value of Vn for all other cases is unconservative when applied to corner joints. Aj =
effective cross-sectional area within a joint in a plane parallel to the plane of reinforcement
generating shear at the joint. The code assumes that the horizontal shear in the joint is determined
on the basis that the stress in the flexural tensile steel = 1.25fy.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
5.2.8 Design of Confining Reinforcement for Beam-Column Connection.

Connection
Example Problem 5.3. Design the transverse confining reinforcement of joint A in a ductile
moment-resisting frame of a building as shown in the figure below. The structure is situated in
seismic zone 4. The following design criteria applies to the building frame as:
Joint
B
Joint
A
600
All beams are 300mm x 600mm with 4-25 longitudinal bars top and bottom and columns are
400mm x 600mm. Stirrup size is 12.
Column size
400mm x 600mm
600
4-25 bars top and

bottom.
7500
FRAME ELEVATION
21 kN/m
wL =
36 kN/m
MPR =
460 kN-m
fc =
27.6 MPa
fy =
410 MPa
3600
600
All beams are 300mm

x 600mm with
wD =
600
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
600
Check the web shear reinforcement along beam span outside the inelastic zone. Consider the
figure of isolated joint A below showing schematic of the lines of action of the beam-column joint
forces.
Column size
FRAME ELEVATION
600
h2 /2 =1800
7500
h1 /2 =1800
600
4-25 bars top and

bottom.
3600
600
All beams are 300mm

x 600mm with
col
Joint
A
Vu
MEQ
Vcol
Shear forces at beam-column joint.

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5.

depth of reinforcement, d = 600-(40+12+25/2) = 535.5 mm
reinforcement, As = 4*491 = 1964 mm2
longitudinal steel ratio, :
A
1964
= s =
bd 300(535.5)
= 0.0122 < 0.025
Mn = 1.25 As fy d MPR
2
where
1.25 As fy 1.25(1964)(410)
=
a=
0.85 f ' c b 0.85(27.6)(300)
wD = 21 kN/m
wL = 36 kN/m
MA
MB
Ln = 7500
VA
VB
Beam AB Equilibrium
a = 143 mm, then

143
Mn = 1.25(1964)(410) 535.5
/1000000
2
Mn = 467.039 kN - m > MPR = 460 kN - m

therefore, 4-25 bars at top and bottom are sufficient.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Determine the beam transverse confining reinforcement in the inelastic zone of plastic hinging.
Using the following equations for seismic shear forces:
wD = 21 kN/m
M + MB 1.4D + 1.7L 1
VL = A
+

2
ln

VL =
460 + 460 1.4(157.5) + 1.7(270) 1

+
7.5
2
0.75
wL = 36 kN/m
MA
VL = 575.667 kN
Computing shear strength provided by the concrete beam,
(1/ 6)( 27.6 )(300)(535.5)
Vc = (1/ 6) f ' c bw d =
1000
Vc = 140.664 kN
Calculate the nominal shear force at a distance d from the
MB
Ln = 7500
VA
VB
Beam AB Equilibrium
VDA = 21(7.5/2) = 78.75 kN

VLA = 36(7.5/2) = 135 kN
face of the column support,

575.667(7.5 / 2 0.5355)
Vn =
(7.5 / 2)
Vn = 493.462 kN
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Then, the nominal shear strength to be resisted by the reinforcement,
Vs = Vn Vc = 493.462 140.664
Vs = 352.798 kN
Using 12 hoops, Av = 2(113) = 226 mm2, the required spacing is
s=
Av fy d (226)(410)(535.5)
=
352.798(1000)
Vs
s = 140 mm
These confining hoops shall be placed over beam within a distance of lo = 2h = 2(600) = 1200 mm
and shall be spaced not to exceed the least value of
(d/4) = 535.5/4 = 133 mm.. Governs, say 100 mm
(8*smallest longitudinal bar db) = 8(25) = 200 mm
(24*hoop diameter) = 24(12) = 288 mm or
(maximum spacing of ) = 300 mm
Therefore, within lo = 1200mm, use 12 hoops and crossties at 100 mm c-c over this distance.
Further, use 12 closed hoops at 150 mm c-c beyond critical section, then increase spacing to d/2
= 535.5/2 = 267 mm, say 250 mm approaching midspan and stop stirrups at Vc/2.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Determine the confining reinforcement in the column in beam-column joint. Calculate the joint
shear strength. Column shear forces should not exceed those base on the probable end moment
strengths MPR of the beams framing into the joint.
MPR
460
Vcol =
=
h1 / 2 + h2 / 2 3.60 / 2 + 3.60 / 2
Vcol = 127.778 kN
then Vn = As fy Vcol =
(1964)(410)
127.778
1000
Vn = 677.462 kN
and this Vn 1.25 f ' c Aj
where Aj = 400(600) = 240,000 mm2, then allowable
1.25 27.6 (240,000)

1000
Vn = 1576.071kN > actual Vn = 677.462 kN
Vn =
Hence, the confined column joint is adequate to resist the seismic shear.
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5.

Determine the column confinement in the inelastic zone.
column d = 600 - (40+12+25/2) = 535.5 mm
At the Aj plane, the nominal shear strength provided by concrete is given also as
Vc = (1/ 6) f ' c bd =
(1/ 6)( 27.6 )(400)(535.5)

1000
Vc = 187.552 kN
then, the nominal shear strength to be resisted by confinement is
Vs = Vn Vc = 677.462 187.552
Vs = 489.91kN
Using 12 hoops, Av = 2(113) = 226 mm2, the required spacing is
s=
Av fy d (226)(410)(535.5)
=
489.91(1000)
Vs
s = 101mm
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Determine the greater value of the following expressions.
where
hc = column core dimension measured c-c of confining reinforcement
hc = 600 2(40+12) = 496 mm
Ash 0.09shc
f 'c
or
fyh
f'
A
Ash 0.3 shc g 1 c
Ach fyh
try spacing s = 90 mm
27.6
= 270 mm2 or
410
400 * 600 27.6
Ash 0.3(90)(496)
= 570 mm2 - -- > controls
1
264 * 496 410
Check with the maximum spacing, the least value of
Ash 0.09(90)(496)
(smaller column dimension/4) = 400/4 = 100 mm.. governs

(6*longitudinal bar diameter) = 6(25) = 150 mm
(maximum spacing of ) = 100 mm or
350 hx < 150 mm
sx = 100 +
3
> 100 mm
sx = 100 +
350 (496 64.5) / 2

= 144 mm
3
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake

Resistance
hc = 496
296
Determine the distance lo over which these confinements

shall be placed in the column of both sides of potential hinge
and shall be the largest of
600
400
8-25
12 @ 90mm
(depth of the member h) = 600 mm

(beam clear span over 6) = 7500/6 = 1250 mm or
governs
14 spaces @
90mm = 1260mm
(minimum of ) = 450 mm
4-25
Hence, provide 12 hoops and 12 crossties at 90 mm c-c

over the distance of say lo = 1250 mm.
12 @ 100mm
4-25
12 spaces @
100mm =
1200mm
150
150
50
12 @ 90mm
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
5.2.9 In-situ Concrete Detailing General Requirements.

Requirements The following notes and associated detail
drawings have been compiled to enable the elements of reinforced concrete structures to be
detailed in a consistent and satisfactory manner for earthquake resistance. These details should be
satisfactory in regions of medium and high seismic risk in so far as they reflect the present stateof-the-art. However considerable uncertainty exists regarding effective details for some members,
particularly columns and beam-columns connections. In low risk regions, relaxations may be
made to the following requirements, but the principles of lapping, containment and continuity must
be retained if adequate ductility is to be obtained.
Laps.
Laps Laps in earthquake resisting frames must continue to function while the members or
joints undergo large deformations. As the stress transfer is accomplished through the
concrete surrounding the bars, it is essential that there be adequate space in a member to
place and compact good quality concrete.
Laps should preferably not be made in regions of high stress, such as near beam-to-column
connections, as the concrete may become cracked under large deformations and thus
destroy the transfer of stress by bond. In regions of high stress, laps should be considered
as an anchorage problem rather than a lap problem, i.e. the transfer of stress from one bar to
another is not considered; instead the bars required to resist tension should be extended
beyond the zone of expected large deformations in order to develop their strength by
anchorage.
Laps should preferably be staggered but where this is impracticable and large numbers are
lapped at one location (I.e. columns) adequate links or ties must be provided to minimize the
possibility of splitting in concrete. In columns and beams even when laps are made in
regions of low stress at least two links should be provided as shown in the details.
Code provisions on laps are given in NSCP Section 412.15 to 412.20.
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5.

Anchorage.
Anchorage Satisfactory anchorage may be achieved by extending bars as straight lengths,
or by using 90 and 180 bends, but anchorage efficiency will be governed largely by the state
of stress of the concrete in the anchorage length. Tensile reinforcement should not be
anchored in zones of high tension. If this cannot be achieved, additional reinforcement in the
form of links should be added, especially where high shear exists, to help to confine the
concrete in the anchorage length. It is especially desirable to avoid anchoring bars in the
panel zone of beam-column connections. Large amounts of the reinforcement should not be
curtailed at any one location. See NSCP Section 412 for development and splices of
reinforcement.
Bar bending.
bending The code has adopted standardization of bar shapes but due attention must be
made to the bearing stresses in bends. The bearing stress inside a bend in a bar which does
not extend or is not assumed to be stressed beyond a point four times the bar size past the
end of the bend need not be checked, as the longitudinal stresses developed in the bar at the
bend will be small. See NSCP Section 407.2 through 407.407.4 for details of reinforcement.
The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bar should be calculated as
F
1.5 f ' c
bearing stress fp = t
r 1+ 2 / ab
where
Ft =
tensile force due to ultimate loads in a bar or group of bars, N
r =
internal radius of the bend, mm
diameter of the bar or, in bundle, the diameter of a bar of equivalent area, mm
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5.

ab = center-to-center distance perpendicular to the plane of the bend between bars or
groups of bars for a particular bar or group of bars in contact, respectively, mm
Concrete cover.
cover
Minimum cover to reinforcement as set forth in NSCP Section 407.8.1.
Concrete quality.
quality The minimum recommended 28-day compressive strength, fc for structural
concrete is 20 N/mm2.
The use of lightweight aggregates for structural purposes in seismic zones should be very
cautiously proceeded with, as many lightweight concretes prove very brittle in earthquakes.
Appropriate advice should be sought in order to obtain a suitably ductile concrete. It cannot
be over-emphasized that quality control, workmanship and supervision are of the utmost
importance in obtaining earthquake-resistant concrete.
Reinforcement quality.
quality For adequate earthquake resistance, suitable quality of reinforcement
must be ensured by both specification and testing. As the properties of reinforcement vary
greatly between manufacturers, much depends on knowing the source of the bars, and on
applying the appropriate tests.
The following points should be observed:
- Adequate minimum yield stress may be ensured by specifying steel to an appropriate
standard (PNS 49 or ASTM A615).
- Grades of steel with fc in excess of 410 N/mm2 may not be permitted in areas of high
seismic risk, but slightly greater strengths may be used if adequate ductility is proven by
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5.

- Cold worked steel are not recommended in high seismic risk areas.
- Steel of higher strength than that specified should not be substituted on site.
- The elongation test is particularly important for ensuring adequate steel ductility. In
PNS 49 or ASTM A615 appropriate requirements are set out for steels conforming to
those standards.
- Bending tests are most important for ensuring sufficient ductility of reinforcement in
the bend condition. In PNS 49 or ASTM A615 appropriate requirements are set out for
steels conforming to those standards.
- Minimum bend radius for bars as set forth in NSCP Section 407.3.
- Resistance to brittle fracture should be checked by a notch toughness test conducted
at the minimum service temperature, where this is less than about 3-5C.
- Strain-age embrittlement should be checked by re-bend tests.
- Welding of reinforcing bars may cause embrittlement and needs special consideration.
- Galvanizing of reinforcing bars may cause embrittlement and needs special
consideration.
- Welded steel fabric (mesh) is unsuitable for earthquake resistance because of its
potential brittleness. However, it may be used for the control of shrinkage in nonstructural elements such as ground slabs.
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Adam C Abinales

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

5.2.5 Seismic Shear Forces in Beams and Columns.

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-151

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

M + MPR 1.4D + 1.7L

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-152

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Figure 5.7 Seismic moments and shears at

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-153

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

5.2.6 Strong Column-Weak Beam Concept.

= 0.90 for beams, 0.65 for

Figure 5.8 Seismic moment summation at

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-154

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

5.2.7 Design of Confining Reinforcement for Beam-Column Connection.

whichever is greater, where

s = ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the core volume measured out-to-out.

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-155

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

whichever is greater, where

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-156

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-157

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-158

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-159

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-160

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Figure 5.10 Seismic effective area of joint.

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-161

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-162

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-163

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures