Edexcel

1.
The diagram shows an object falling through air. The object is acted on by two
forces A
and B whose directions are shown by the arrows. The value of each force is shown.

(a) Name the type of force represented by:

(i) A
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(1)
(ii) B
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(1)
(b) Give two reasons why the forces A and B are not a Newtons Third Law pair.
1 .......................................................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................................................
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(2)
(c) State the size and direction of the resultant of forces A and B.
Size ............................................................................................................................
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(1)
Direction ....................................................................................................................
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(1)
(d) The mass of the falling object is 6.0 kg. Calculate its acceleration.
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(2)
(e) After some time the object falls with a steady speed. Draw an arrow on the
diagram below to show the direction of each of the two forces acting on the object.
Next to each arrow write the value of the force that it represents.

2.

(a) A train moves with a constant velocity of 30 m/s for 10 s before decelerating
uniformly to rest in a further 15 s.
Draw a velocitytime graph on the axes below.

(2)
(b) State the property of a velocitytime graph that can be used to determine the
distance
travelled by the train.
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(1)
(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the train.
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(3)

3.

(a) The diagram shows part of a light bulb.

Explain the process of convection.

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(3)
(b) Light bulbs eventually fail when the filament evaporates. Experiments in
weightless
conditions show that light bulbs fail sooner than they do in normal conditions.
Explain why this is so.
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(2)

4.

(a) The diagram shows two steel railway lines and the gap between them.

Explain why the gap becomes smaller as the temperature of the railway lines
increases.
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(1)
(b) In the diagram below a bimetallic strip, made of iron and copper welded
together, bends when heated.

Explain why the strip bends upwards as shown.

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(2)
(c) The diagram shows part of an electric heater where a bimetallic strip controls
the heater temperature. The adjustable contact can be moved vertically up or
down. When the bimetallic strip touches the adjustable contact the heater switches
off.

To increase the temperature setting of the heater, should the adjustable contact be
moved up or down?
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(1)

5.
(a) A plastic bag contains air. What causes the air molecules to exert a pressure on
the inside of the bag?
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(2)
(b) The graph shows how air pressure varies with height.

A mountaineer on the top of Mount Everest seals some air in a plastic bag. The
volume of the plastic bag is 0.00060 m3. The height of Mount Everest is 9.0 km.

(i) What is the air pressure at a height of 9.0 km?

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(1)
(ii) The air pressure at sea level is 100 kPa. Calculate the volume of the
plastic bag
when the mountaineer returns to sea level.
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(2)
(iii) State two assumptions that you have made in your calculation.
1 .......................................................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................................................
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(2)

6.

The Sun emits huge numbers of protons which travel at high speeds in all
directions. Some of these protons travel towards the Earth.
(a) What is meant by the term electric current?
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(1)
(b) Why does the movement of these protons result in a current between the Earth
and the Sun?
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(1)
(c) The SOHO space satellite travels in an orbit between the Earth and the Sun.
One of its instruments measures the charge passing through each square metre of
space. On one occasion 5.40 106 C passes in one minute.
Calculate the average current passing through each square metre of space during
this one minute.
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(2)
(d) On another occasion the activity of the Sun increases and the speed of these
protons
doubles. What effect, if any, will this have on the current measured by the SOHO
satellite?
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(2)

8.

The diagram shows a cell connected to a copper wire which passes vertically
through a horizontal card. When the current is turned on, magnetic field lines are
produced around the wire.

(a)
current.

(i) Add an arrow to the wire AB to show the direction of the conventional
(1)

(ii) Add an arrow to one of the magnetic field lines to show the direction of
the magnetic field.
(1)
(b)

(i) What is shown by the direction of a magnetic field line?

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(1)

(ii) How can the shape and direction of one of the field lines on the horizontal
card
be demonstrated?
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(4)

9.

(a) Why is it not possible to see an alpha particle?

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(1)
(b) The diagram shows the tracks produced by an alpha source placed in a cloud
chamber.

(i) What are the tracks made from?

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(1)
(ii) What property of radioactive particles is responsible for the production of
the tracks?
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(1)
(iii) List two features of the tracks shown that can be used to confirm that
they were produced by alpha particles.
1 .......................................................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................................................
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(2)
(c) Give one reason why this type of cloud chamber is unsuitable for observing the
tracks of beta or gamma radiation.
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(1)

11.

The diagram shows an arrangement that can be used to measure the focal length
of a converging lens by making a single measurement. The screen is level with the
front of the ray box.

(a) Describe the adjustment needed before making the measurement.

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(2)
(b) What is the single measurement needed?
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(1)
(c) The image produced on the screen is real. List two other properties of this
image.
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2 .................................................................................................................................
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(2)

1.

(a) Define the following terms:

(i) momentum
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(1)
(ii) kinetic energy
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(1)
(iii) gravitational potential energy.
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(1)
(b) An object moves down a slope with constant acceleration. Its initial speed is
0.30 m/s and after 0.20 s its speed is 1.2 m/s. Calculate the distance travelled by
the
object during this time.
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(2)
(c) The diagram shows part of a chain reaction.

A ball B of mass 0.020 kg rolls down a slope. It collides with a ball C of mass 0.010
kg. C is suspended by a string. The speed of B just before it collides with C is 1.2
m/s. After collision the balls stick together and rise to their highest position at X
before falling back again.
Show that the speed of the two balls immediately after collision is 0.80 m/s.
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(3)
(d)
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the two balls after collision.
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(2)
(ii) In rising to X the two balls have increased their gravitational potential
energy.
What is the value of this increase?
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(1)
(iii) Calculate the vertical height by which the two balls rise.
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(2)
(e) Students try to determine the constant speed of B along the horizontal surface
before it collides with C.
(i) State two problems that might arise using a ticker-timer and tape to
determine the speed of B.
1 .......................................................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) State a method by which the speed of B could be determined.
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(1)
(f) In the next part of the chain reaction the balls at X strike a uniform block of
wood which begins to topple and moves from position Y to position Z before falling
back again.

For the chain reaction to continue the block of wood must topple over completely.
(i) What is meant by the term centre of gravity?
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(1)
(ii) Draw two lines to locate the centre of gravity of the block in position Z.
Mark
the centre of gravity with a dot labelled G.
(1)
(iii) Explain why the block in position Z will not topple over completely.
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(1)
(iv) State one change that could be made to the start of the chain reaction in
(c) to
make the toppling of this block more likely.
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(1)

3.

(a) A portable electrical generator can provide 720W of electrical power at 240 V
a.c. It uses a petrol engine which consumes 0.35 litres of petrol in 30 minutes.
(i) Calculate the current produced when the generator supplies 720W.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the electrical energy transferred in 30 minutes at this power.
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(3)
(iii) One litre of petrol contains 29 MJ (29 000 000 J) of chemical energy.
Calculate the chemical energy in 0.35 litres of petrol.
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(1)

(iv) Use your answers to (ii) and (iii) to calculate the efficiency of this
generator.
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(2)
(b) The 240 V a.c. output from this 720W generator is fed to a transformer which
can then produce an output of 12 V a.c.
(i) If the transformer is ideal, what is its maximum output power? Give a
reason for your answer.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the maximum current that can be produced at 12 V.
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(2)
(iii) This ideal transformer has 2400 turns on the primary coil. Calculate the
number of turns on the secondary coil.
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(3)

4.
The ray diagram shows two converging lenses arranged as an astronomical
telescope.

(a) Parallel rays of light from a distant star are refracted by the objective lens to
form an
image as shown.
(i) What is meant by the term refraction?
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(1)
(ii) Explain why light rays are refracted as they enter and then leave a glass
lens.
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(3)
(iii) What distance on a scale diagram could be measured to find the focal
length of
the objective lens? Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(iv) Is the image formed by the objective lens real or virtual? Give a reason
for your
answer.
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(2)
(v) The eyepiece lens acts as a magnifying glass. Is the image observed
through the
eyepiece lens upright or inverted? Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(b) In a particular telescope the magnification depends on the focal length of the
eyepiece lens. The table below shows the magnification produced by different
eyepiece lenses.

(i) On the grid opposite, plot a graph of magnification (y-axis) against focal
length
of eyepiece lens (x-axis). Draw a smooth curve through the points.
(5)

(ii) Use your graph to find the focal length of the eyepiece lens which would
produce a magnification of 50.
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(1)
(iii) On the grid show clearly how you used the graph to obtain your answer.
(1)
(iv) The magnification of a telescope can be calculated using the equation
below.

Use the data in the table on page 12 to calculate a value for the focal length of the
objective lens of this telescope.
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(3)

5.

(a) The diagram shows a bar magnet which is released and falls freely through a
flat circular coil. As the magnet falls an e.m.f. is induced in the flat circular coil
which is connected to an electronic recorder.

(i) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced as the magnet falls through the coil.
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(2)
(ii) The electronic recorder displays the induced e.m.f. as a voltagetime
graph, as shown below. The two peaks show the time at which first the N
pole and then the S pole pass through the coil.

Give a reason why the e.m.f. of the first peak is positive and the second is
negative.
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(1)
(iii) The bar magnet is 8.0 cm long. The time between the two peaks is 25 ms
(0.025 s).
Calculate the average speed of the bar magnet as it passes through the coil.
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(2)
(b) A student decides to investigate how the average speed of another bar magnet
depends
on the height from which it is dropped.
Describe how the student would perform this investigation using the apparatus
shown.
Your account should include:

(i) One additional piece of apparatus that would be needed.

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(1)
(ii) Three measurements that must be taken.
1 .......................................................................................................................
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3 .......................................................................................................................
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(3)
(iii) A description of how the apparatus would be used.
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(5)
(iv) The headings and units of a table suitable for recording the
measurements.
(2)

(v) A labelled sketch graph to show the expected results.

(2)
(c) State and explain one change you would expect in the appearance of the peaks
if the
height was increased.
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(2)

3. (a) Heat energy transfer can take place by the process of convection.
Name two other heat energy transfer processes.
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(2)
(b) The diagram below shows how the process of convection leads to a breeze coming
off
the sea during daytime.

During this process the air above the land is heated by the sun and the warm air
rises.
(i) Explain why warm air rises.
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(1)
(ii) Define specific heat capacity.
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(1)
(iii) The land is hotter than the sea. Which has the greater specific heat capacity, land
or sea?
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(1)

7. Two identical lamps, a voltmeter and three ammeters are connected as shown.

(a) The ammeter A1 reads 0.50 A. What will ammeters A2 and A3 read?
A2 ...................................................................................................................................
A3 ...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) What will voltmeter V1 read?
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(1)
(c) Calculate the resistance of one of the lamps.
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(2)
(d) What will a voltmeter read if it is connected across any one of the ammeters?
Give a reason for your answer.
Reading ..........................................................................................................................
Reason ............................................................................................................................
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(2)

11. The diagram shows a ray of light passing through and out of a semi-circular glass
block.

(a) Give a reason why the incident ray does not change direction as it enters the glass
block at X.
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(1)
(b) The ray makes an angle of 30
with the normal at the straight face of the
block. If the refractive index of this glass is 1.8, calculate the angle between the
emergent ray and the normal.
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(3)
(c) Show, by calculation, that when the angle that the incident ray makes with
the straight face is increased to 35 total internal reflection occurs.
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(2)

IGCSE
10
A rotating-coil generator consists of a rectangular coil of wire that rotates at
constant speed
between the poles of a permanent magnet.
Figs. 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 show views from one end of the coil, when the coil is in
different
positions.

Fig. 10.1
Fig. 10.2
Fig. 10.3
(a) Which diagram shows the coil in the position where
(i) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is at its
maximum, .................................................
(ii) the induced e.m.f. in the coil is
zero? .................................................................. [2]
(b) On Fig. 10.4, sketch the graph of e.m.f. against time, for two complete
rotations of the coil.

Fig. 10.4
[4]

11
Fig. 11.1 shows a cathode-ray tube connected to external voltage supplies
and switches. The
terminals labelled H.T. are connected to a high voltage source.

Fig. 11.1
(a) When the cathode becomes hot it releases electrons.
What name is used to describe the release of electrons by heating?
............................................................................................................................................
...[1]
(b) (i) Which switch should be closed to make the cathode become hot?
switch = ...............................................................
(ii) Which switch should then be closed to obtain a beam of electrons along CD?
switch = ...............................................................
(iii) Which switch should then be closed to deflect the beam of electrons downwards?
switch = ...........................................................[2]
(c) What must be done in order to deflect the beam of electrons upwards, instead of
downwards?
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...[1]

12 (a) Complete the following definition of radioactive half-life.

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time taken
for .....................................................
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...[2]
(b) Fig. 12.1 shows how the count rate from a sample of radioactive material changes
with time.

Fig. 12.1
(i) Use Fig. 12.1 to find the half-life of the radioactive material.
half-life = ....................................................... s [1]
(ii) Use the graph to find how long it takes for the count rate to decrease from 30 counts
/ s to
10 counts / s.
time taken = ....................................................... s [1]
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to find how long it takes for the count rate to
decrease
from 30 counts / s to 5 counts / s.
time taken = ....................................................... s [2]

8 The components in Fig. 8.1 are connected in a circuit.

Fig. 8.1
(a) Complete the following sentence.
The components in the circuit of Fig. 8.1 are connected in .................................... with
each
other. [1]
(b) On Fig. 8.1, draw
(i) an arrow to show the direction of the conventional current in the circuit,
(ii) a voltmeter connected to measure the potential difference across R. [2]
(c) (i) State the name of the component represented by this symbol:

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(ii) What is the purpose of this component in the circuit?
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(d) The top ammeter reads 1.5 A. The voltmeter reads 6.0 V.
(i) State the reading of the bottom ammeter. ................................ A [1]
(ii) Calculate the resistance of R.
resistance = .......................................................... [4]
(e) A piece of low resistance wire is carelessly allowed to connect P and Q.
State which component could be damaged when this happens.
............................................................................................................................................
.. [1]

11 Fig. 11.1 shows a tube for producing cathode rays, connected to two voltage supplies
and
switches.

Fig. 11.1
(a) Which switch has to be closed in order to make the filament release electrons?
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(b) (i) Explain why closing the switch in (a) makes the filament release electrons.
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(ii) What name do we give to this means of electron release?
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(c) State and explain what will happen to the released electrons when both switches are
closed.
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CIE
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a car moving along a horizontal road.

Fig. 8.1
The car has mass 800 kg. At one point in its motion, when the combined forces of air
resistance and friction acting backwards are 400N, its acceleration is 1.4m/s2.
(a) Calculate the forward driving force required to accelerate the car.
forward driving force = ....................................... [3]
(b) With the engine working at constant full power, the cars acceleration decreases as it
goes faster.
Explain why this is so.
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7 Fig. 7.1 shows a ripple tank being used to investigate waves on water.

Fig. 7.2 full scale

Fig. 7.1
The dipper moves up and down 20 times in one second. Fig. 7.2 shows, to full scale, a
sideways view of the wave on the surface of the water at one instant.
(a) (i) Determine the wavelength of the wave in Fig. 7.2.
wavelength =

(ii) Calculate the speed of the water wave. State clearly the equation you use.
speed =
[4]
(b) The dipper is now made to move up and down 40 times in one second. The speed of
the water wave is unchanged.
(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw the sideways view of the new wave.
(ii) State the value of the new wavelength of the wave.
wavelength =
[2]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil drum floating in water. Force F is the force acting upwards on the
bottom surface of the drum caused by the pressure in the water.

Fig. 3.1
(a) On Fig. 3.1 draw and label an arrow X to show the force exerted by the air on the top
surface of the drum, and an arrow W to show the weight of the drum. [1]
(b) Atmospheric pressure is 100 000 Pa and acts on the top surface of the drum and on
the water surface.
(i) State the formula that relates pressure, force and area.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) The drum has a top surface of area 0.30m2.
Calculate the force that the air exerts on this surface.
force = .......................................
(iii) The pressure in water increases by 10 000 Pa for each metre increase in depth
below the surface.
The bottom surface of the drum is 0.8m below the water surface.
Calculate the total pressure in the water at this depth.
pressure = ................................
[5]

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a transformer connected to an alternating current supply. The primary
coil
has 50 turns and the secondary coil 100 turns. Both coils are made of insulated copper
wire and are wound on a soft-iron core.

Fig. 5.1
(a) State
(i) why the coils are made of copper,
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(ii) why the core is made of soft iron,
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(iii) the cause of the magnetic field in the soft-iron core.
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[4]
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the variation of the output voltage of the transformer with time.

Fig. 5.2
The number of turns on the secondary coil is increased to 150, but the number of turns
on the primary coil and the input voltage are unchanged.
On Fig. 5.2, draw the variation with time of the output voltage after this increase. [2]

7 Using a microscope, smoke particles can be seen moving inside a glass tube. They
appear
as tiny spots of light that move in various directions. The air molecules inside the glass
tube
cannot be seen with the aid of the microscope. The apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1
(a) State why a microscope is needed to see the smoke particles.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why the smoke particles appear as spots of light.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) On the diagram below draw a path taken by one smoke particle over a period of time.

[1]
(d) (i) State what makes the smoke particles move in this way.
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(ii) Explain what the movement of the smoke particles tells us about the movement of
the air molecules that cannot be seen.
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[3]