TST56 Welded Joints Examples 12.13 Edit

Welded joints examples
Celsius355 NH
Welded Joints Examples
Contents
CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
RHS T-Joint Moment in Plane 03

CHS Gap K-Joint 09
CHS Overlap K-Joint
12
RHS Gap K-Joint
15
RHS Overlap K-Joint
21
RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint 23
RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7
29
RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 102.7 33
RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint 36
CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint 41
CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint 46
UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint
52
RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane
References are generally to Tata Steel publication Design of Welded Joints (unless otherwise stated).
RHS 150 x 150 x 8
Reference
N1,Ed = 19.2 kN
Mip,1,Ed = 54 kNm
90
Np,Ed = 350 kN
Mip,0,Ed = 16.6 kNm
N0,Ed = 136 kN
SHS 150 x 150 x 10
All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210 Mip,0,Ed = 35.8 kNm
Dimensions
b0 = 150 mm
h0 = 150 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
b1 = 150 mm
h1 = 150 mm
t1 = 8.0 mm
Validity limits check

Chord:
(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 38 (Class 1 or 2 compression)
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (150-3 x 10)/10 = 12
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (150-3 x 10)/10 = 12
PASS
PASS
b0/t0 35
h0/t0 35
b0/t0 = 150/10 = 15
h0/t0 = 150/10 = 15
PASS
PASS
b1/t1 = 150/8 =18.75

h1/t1 = 150/8 =18.75
PASS
PASS
Compression brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti 35
5.3.1 Figure 37
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
Compression brace:
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (150-3 x 8)/8 = 15.75
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (150-3 x 8)/8 = 15.75
PASS
PASS
0.25 bi/b0 1.0
b1/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0
PASS
0.5 h0/b0 2.0
h0/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0
PASS
0.5 hi/bi 2.0
h1/b1 = 150/150 = 1.0
PASS
30 i 90
1 = 90
PASS
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
Reference
5.3.3
Axial: Chord face failure (deformation)

(valid when 0.85)
b1 150
=
= 1 .0
b 0 150
check not required
6.3
Although this check is not required in this particular case, the chord end stress
factor calculation for is shown below for information as it includes moments;
RHS chord end stress factor, kn
RHS chord most compressive
stress, 0,Ed;
0 ,Ed =
N0 ,Ed
A0
Mip,0 ,Ed
Wel ,ip,0
Mop,0 ,Ed
5.3.2.1
Wel ,op,0
Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
RHS chords use most compressive chord stress.
2
A0 = 54.9 cm = 5490 mm
0,Ed =
136 1000
54.9 10 2
35.8 1000 1000

236 10 3
0,Ed = 176.47 N / mm 2
Chord factored stress ratio, n;
176.47
n = 0,Ed =
fy 0 355
5.3.2.1
n = 0.497
Using formulae:
Using graph:
For n > 0 (compression):

k n = 1. 3
0 .4 n
k n = 1 .3
0.4 0.497
1 .0
5.3.2.1
but kn 1.0
From graph, for = 1.0;
1 .0
kn = 1.0
k n = 1.101 but 1.0 k n = 1.0

(However, not required in this case as chord deformation not critical as >0.85)
5.3.2.1
Fig. 38
Reference
5.3.3
Axial: Chord shear

(valid for X-joints with Cos 1 > h1/h0)
required.
Axial: Chord side wall buckling

(valid when = 1.0)
N1,Rd =
k n fb t 0
sin 1
As this is a T-joint with 1 = 90 this check is not
5.3.3
= 1.0 check required
2 h1
sin + 10 t 0 / M5
1
5.3.3
Chord side wall buckling strength, fb

For compression brace, T-joint:
h0
1
t 2 sin
i
0
= 3.46
E
f y0
= 3.46
150
10
5.3.2.3
2
where: E = 210000 N/mm
1
sin 90
6.1 (For E)
= 0.589
210000
355
Using formulae:
Using graph:
From EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1.2, flexural buckling

reduction factor, ;
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 6.1
From EN 1993-1-1:2005, table 6.1, = 0.21 (curve a)
(EN 1993-1-1)
6.3.1.2
( ( ) )
= 0.5 (1 + 0.21 (0.589 0.2) + 0.589 ) = 0.714
= 0.5 1 + 0.2 + 2
but
1.0
+ 2 2
but
1.0
0.714 + 0.714 2 0.589 2

= 0.895
fb = f y 0
5.3.2.3
Fig. 40
= 0.895
(for T- and Y-joints with compression in bracing)
fb = 0.895 355 = 318 N/mm
N1,Rd =
From graph, for

= 0.589 ;
1.0 318 10
sin 90
2 150
+ 10 10 / 1.0
sin
90
5.3.2.3
Reference
Axial: Chord punching shear
(valid when 0.85 1 1/)
5.3.3
b0
150
=
= 7. 5
2 t0
2 10
0.85 1.0 1
6.3
1
= 0.867
7. 5
Check not required

Axial: Bracing failure (effective width)
(valid when 0.85)
5.3.3
= 1.0
6.3
check required
N1,Rd = fy1 t1 (2 hi 4 t1 + 2 beff ,i ) / M5
5.3.3
where:
beff ,i =
10 t 0 fy 0 t 0
bi
b0
fyi ti
beff ,i =
10 10 355 10
150 = 125 mm
150
355 8
but
5.3.2.2
beff ,i bi
but
beff ,i 150 mm
beff,i = 125 mm
N1,Rd = 355 8 (2 150 4 8 + 2 125 ) / 1.0
N1,Rd = 1471 kN
>
19.2 kN PASS
Moment in plane: Chord face failure (deformation)

(valid when 0.85)
b1 150
=
= 1 .0
b 0 150
check not required
5.3.5.1
6.3
Reference
Moment in plane: Chord side wall crushing
(valid when 0.85 < 1.0)
b1 150
=
= 1 .0
b0 150
5.3.5.1
check required
6.3
Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 f yk t 0 (h1 + 5 t 0 )2 / M5
5.3.5.1
where:
fyk = fy0
5.3.2.4
(for T-joints)
2
fyk = 355 N/mm
Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 355 10 (150 + 5 10 )2 / 1.0

Mip,1,Rd = 71 kNm
>
54 kNm PASS
Moment in plane: Bracing failure (effective width)

(valid when 0.85 < 1.0)
b1 150
=
= 1 .0
b 0 150
5.3.5.1
check required
6.3
b
Mip,1,Rd = fy1 Wpl,ip,1 1 eff ,1 b1 (h1 t1) t1 / M5
b1
5.3.5.1
where:
3
Wpl,ip,1 = 237 cm = 237000 mm

beff,1 = 125 mm
125
Mip,1,Rd = 355 237000 1
150 (150 8 ) 8 / 1.0
150
Mip,1,Rd = 74.1 kNm
>
54 kNm PASS
Summary
Axial joint resistance for brace 1 limited by chord side wall buckling and
moment in plane resistance by chord side wall crushing resistance.
Axial joint resistance,
N1,Rd = 1272 kN
Moment in plane joint resistance,
Mip,1,Rd = 71 kNm
>
>
19.2 kN PASS
54 kNm PASS
Interaction check
When more than one type of force exists, e.g. axial and moments in plane, an
interaction check is required;
Ni,Ed
Ni,Rd
Mip,i,Ed
Mip,i,Rd
Mop,i,Ed
Mop,i,Rd
1 .0
As there are no moments out of plane;
19.2 54
0
+
+
= 0.776
1272 71 Mop,i,Rd
0.776
1.000
PASS
(for RHS chords)
Reference
2.3
CHS Gap K-Joint
CHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
N2,Ed = - 400 kN
N1,Ed = 500 kN
CHS 139.7x5.0
CHS 114.3x3.6
40
45
45
N0,Ed = 1636 kN
CHS 219.1x12.5
All material CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
Np,Ed = 1000 kN
Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension.

Dimensions
d0 = 219.1 mm
t0 = 12.5 mm
d1 = 139.7 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
d2 = 114.3 mm
t2 = 3.6 mm

10 d0/t0 50
5.1.1 Figure 27
d0/t0 = 219.1/12.5 = 17.53
PASS
d0/t0 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)

2
2
70 = 70 [(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
17.53 < 46.34
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
di/ti 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression brace)

2
2
70 = 70 [(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 < 46.34
PASS
di/ti 50
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94

d2/t2 = 114.3/3.6 = 31.75
PASS
PASS
0.2 di/d0 1.0
d1/d0 = 139.7/219.1 = 0.64

d2/d0 = 114.3/219.1 = 0.52
PASS
PASS
-0.55 d0 e +0.25 d0
-0.55 x 219.1 e +0.25 x 219.1

-120.5 e +54.8
e = 0 mm
PASS
g t1 + t2
t1 + t2 = 5 + 3.6 = 8.6 mm
g = 40 mm
PASS
30 i 90
1 = 45
2 = 45
PASS
PASS
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
CHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
Chord face failure (deformation)
Compression brace (1):
Chord face failure, N1,Rd =
k g k p f y0 t 0 2
d
1.8 + 10.2 1
sin 1
d0
/ M5
5.1.3
Gap/lap function, kg
d0
219.1
=
= 8.764
2 t0
2 12.5
6.3
Using formulae:
Using graph:
0.024 1.2
k g = 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 1.33 )
5.1.2.2
Note: g is positive for a gap and negative for an overlap
0.024 8.764 1.2

k g = 8.764 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5 40 / 12 .5 1.33 )
from graph;
k g = 1.761
kg = 1.761
g/t0 = 40/12.5 = 3.2

5.1.2.2
Fig.29
CHS chord end stress factor, kp

CHS chord least compressive applied factored stress, p,Ed;
p,Ed =
Np,Ed
A0
Mip,0,Ed
Wel,ip,0
Mop,0,Ed
5.1.2.1
Wel,op,0
CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.
p,Ed =
1000 1000
81.1 10 2
= 123.30 N/mm 2
Chord factored stress ratio, np;
p,Ed
np =
f y0
Using formulae:
For np > 0 (compression):
10
123.30
=
= 0.347
355
Using graph:
kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np)
but 1.0
k p = 1 0.3 0.347 (1 + 0.347 ) but 1.0
from graph;
k p = 0.860
kp = 0.860
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.1
Fig.28
CHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
N1,Rd =
1.761 0.860 355 12.5

sin 45
139.7
1.8 + 10.2
/ 1.0
219.1
N1,Rd = 986 kN
Tension brace (2):

sin 1
N1,Rd
N 2,Rd =
sin 2
5.1.3
sin 45
986
sin 45
N 2,Rd =
N 2,Rd = 986 kN
Chord punching shear

(valid when di d0 2 t0)
5.1.3
di d0 2 t0
di 219.1 2 x 12.5 = 194.1 mm
d1 = 139.7 mm
< 194.1 mm check chord punching shear
d2 = 114.3 mm
< 194.1 mm check chord punching shear
Ni,Rd =
f y0
t 0 di
1 + sin i
2 sin 2 i
/ M5
Brace (1):
N1,Rd =
355
12.5 139.7
1 + sin 45
2 sin 2 45
/ 1. 0
N1,Rd = 1919 kN
Brace (2):
N 2,Rd =
355
12.5 114.3
1 + sin 45
2 sin 2 45
/ 1 .0
N 2,Rd = 1570 kN
Joint strength dictated by chord face failure for both bracings;
11
Brace 1 joint resistance ,
N1,Rd = 986 kN
N 2,Rd = 986 kN
>
>
500 kN PASS
400 kN PASS
CHS Overlap K-Joint
CHS Overlap K-Joint
N2,Ed = - 400 kN
N1,Ed = 500 kN
CHS 139.7x5.0
e = - 42.2
Reference
CHS 114.3x3.6
- 45
45
45
N0,Ed = 1636 kN
Np,Ed = 1000 kN
CHS 219.1x12.5
All material CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension
Dimensions
d0 = 219.1 mm
t0 = 12.5 mm
d1 = 139.7 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
d2 = 114.3 mm
t2 = 3.6 mm
5.1.1 Figure 27

10 d0/t0 50
d0/t0 = 219.1/12.5 = 17.53
PASS
d0/t0 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)

2
2
70 = 70 [(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
17.53 < 46.34
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
di/ti 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression brace)

2
2
70 = 70 [(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 < 46.34
di/ti 50
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94

d2/t2 = 114.3/3.6 = 31.75
PASS
PASS
0.2 di/d0 1.0
d1/d0 = 139.7/219.1 = 0.64

d2/d0 = 114.3/219.1 = 0.52
PASS
PASS
-0.55 d0 e +0.25 d0
-0.55 x 219.1 e +0.25 x 219.1

-120.5 e +54.8
e = -42.2 mm
PASS
25% ov 100%
30 i 90
12
PASS
ov = |g| sin i /di x 100%

ov = 45 sin 45/114.3 x 100%
ov = 27.8%
PASS
PASS
1 = 45
2 = 45
PASS
PASS
CHS Overlap K-Joint
Reference
Chord face failure (deformation)
N1,Rd =
Chord face failure,
k g k p fy 0 t 0 2
d
1.8 + 10.2 1 / M5
sin 1
d
0
5.1.3
Gap/lap function, kg
d0
219.1
=
= 8.764
2 t0
2 12.5
6.3
Using formulae:
Using graph:
0.024 1.2
k g = 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 1.33 )
5.1.2.2
Note: g is positive for a gap and negative for an overlap
0.024 8.764 1.2

k g = 8.764 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5 ( 45 ) / 12 .5 1.33 )

k g = 2.024
from graph;
g/t0 = -45/12.5 = -3.6
5.1.2.2
Fig. 29
kg = 2.024

p,Ed =
Np,Ed
A0
Mip,0,Ed
Wel,ip,0
Mop,0,Ed
5.1.2.1
Wel,op,0
CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.
p,Ed =
1000 1000
81.1 10 2
= 123.30 N/mm 2
p,Ed
np =
f y0
Using formulae:
123.30
=
= 0.347
355
Using graph:
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.1
13
kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np)
but 1.0
k p = 1 0.3 0.347 (1 + 0.347 ) but 1.0
from graph;
k p = 0.860
kp = 0.860
5.1.2.1
Fig. 28
CHS Overlap K-Joint
Reference
N1,Rd =
2.024 0.860 355 12.5 2

139.7
1.8 + 10.2
/ 1.0
sin 45
219.1
N1,Rd = 1134 kN
Tension brace (2):

N 2,Rd =
sin 1
N1,Rd
sin 2
N 2,Rd =
sin 45
1134
sin 45
5.1.3
N 2,Rd = 1134 kN
Chord punching shear check not required for overlapping bracings
Localised shear check for overlapping bracings not required as overlap not greater
than 60%.
Therefore, joint strength dictated by chord face failure for both bracings;
14
N1,Rd = 1134 kN
N 2,Rd = 1134 kN
>
>
500 kN PASS
400 kN PASS
RHS Gap K-Joint
RHS Gap K-Joint
N1,Ed = 650 kN
SHS 120 x 120 x 5
Reference
N2,Ed = - 650 kN
40
45
45
5
Np,Ed = 1000 kN
N0,Ed = 1920 kN
SHS 200 x 200 x 10
All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210
Dimensions
b0 = 200 mm
h0 = 200 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
b1 = 120 mm
h1 = 120 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
b2 = 120 mm
h2 = 120 mm
t2 = 5.0 mm
5.3.1 Figure 37

Chord:
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
PASS
PASS
b0/t0 35
h0/t0 35
b0/t0 = 200/10 = 20
h0/t0 = 200/10 = 20
PASS
PASS
b1/t1 = 120/5 =24

h1/t1 = 120/5 =24
PASS
PASS
Compression brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti 35
Compression brace:
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21
Tension brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti 35
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
PASS
b2/t2 = 120/5 =24

h2/t2 = 120/5 =24
PASS
PASS
b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6

b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6
PASS
PASS
0.1+0.01 b0/t0 bi/b0 1.0 0.1+0.01 b0/t0 = 0.3

b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6
b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6
PASS
PASS
bi/b0 0.35
15
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
RHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
0.5 h0/b0 2.0
h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0
PASS
0.5 hi/bi 2.0
h1/b1 = 120/120 = 1.0

h2/b2 = 120/120 = 1.0
PASS
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 200 e +0.25 x 200

-110.0 e +50.0
e = +5.0 mm
PASS
30 i 90
1 = 45
2 = 45
PASS
PASS
g t1 + t 2
40 5 + 5 = 10 mm
PASS
0.5 b0(1-) g 1.5 b0(1-)
g = 40 mm
= (b1+b2+h1+h2)/(4 b0)
= (120+120+120+120)/(4x200) = 0.6
0.5 x 200(1-0.6) g 1.5 x 200(1-0.6)
40 mm g 120 mm
PASS
e = 5 mm
-0.55 x 200 e +0.25 x 200
-110 e +50
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
Chord face failure (deformation) brace 1

5.3.3

Ni,Rd =
16
8 .9 k n f y 0 t 0 2
sin i
b 1 + b 2 + h1 + h 2
4 b0
/ M5
5.3.3
RHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
RHS chord most compressive applied factored stress, 0,Ed;
0 ,Ed =
N0 ,Ed
A0
Mip,0 ,Ed
Wel ,ip,0
Mop,0 ,Ed
5.3.2.1
Wel ,op,0
0,Ed =
1920 1000
74.9 10 2
= 256.34 N/mm 2
256.34
n = 0,Ed =
fy 0 355
5.3.2.1
n = 0.722
Using formulae:
Using graph:

0 .4 n
0.4 0.722
k n = 1 .3
0.6
k n = 1. 3
but kn 1.0
but
b0
200
=
= 10
2 t0
2 10
N1,Rd =
8.9 0.819 355 10 2 10 120 + 120 + 120 + 120
/ 1 .0
sin 45
4 200
N1,Rd = 694 kN
17
1.0
5.3.2.1
Fig. 38
kn = 0.819
k n = 0.819
5.3.2.1
6.3
RHS Gap K-Joint
Chord shear between bracings check brace 1
Ni,Rd =
f y 0 A v,0
3 sin i
Reference
/ M5
5.3.3
where:
for RHS bracings:
1
=
1+
4g
=
1+
3 t02
4 40 2
= 0.212
5.3.2.5
3 10 2
Av,0 = (2 h0 + b0) t0
5.3.2.5
A v,0 = (2 200 + 0.212 200 )10 = 4424 mm2
Ni,Rd =
355 4424
3 sin 45
/ 1. 0
N1,Rd = 1282 kN
Bracing Effective width brace 1
Ni,Rd = f yi t i (2 h i 4 t i + b i + b eff ) / M5
5.3.3
where:
beff ,i =
10 t 0 fy 0 t 0
bi
b0
fyi ti
beff ,i =
10 10 355 10
120 = 120 mm
200
355 5
but
beff ,i bi
beff,i = 120 mm
Ni,Rd = 355 5 (2 120 4 5 + 120 + 120 ) / 1.0

N1,Rd = 817 kN
18
5.3.2.2
but
beff ,i 120 mm
RHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
5.3.3
Chord punching shear brace 1

(valid when 1 1/)
1 1/
0.6 1 1/10 = 0.9 mm
Ni,Rd =
check chord punching shear
2 hi
+ bi + b e, p,i / M5
3 sin i sin i
fy 0 t 0
5.3.3
where:
b e,p,i =
10 t 0
bi
b0
be,p,i =
10 10
120 = 60 mm
200
but
b e,p,i bi
5.3.2.2
but
b e,p,i 120 mm
be,p,i = 60 mm
Ni,Rd =
355 10 2 120
+ 120 + 60 / 1.0
sin
45
3 sin 45
N1,Rd = 1506 kN
Summary - brace 1
Joint strength for brace 1 dictated by chord face deformation.
Brace 1 joint resistance,
N1,Rd = 694 kN
>
650 kN PASS
Brace 2
Repeat brace resistance formulae for brace 2.
Note: As both braces are of same geometry, brace 2 resistance will be the same:
19
Chord face deformation,
N 2,Rd = 694 kN
Chord shear check,
N 2,Rd = 1282 kN
Bracing effective width,
N 2,Rd = 817 kN
Punching shear,
N 2,Rd = 1506 kN
N 2,Rd = 694 kN
>
650 kN PASS
RHS Gap K-Joint
Reference
5.3.3
Chord axial load resistance in gap
Check:
N0,gap,Rd N0,gap,Ed
N 0,gap,Rd = (A 0 A v,0 ) f y 0 + A v,0 f y 0
1 V0,Ed / Vpl,0,Rd
)2 / M5
5.3.3
where:
2
A0 = 74.9 cm = 7490 mm
Av,0 = 4424 mm
5.3.2.5
V0,Ed = max( |N1,Ed| sin 1 , |N2,Ed| sin 2)
5.3.3
V0,Ed = max( |650| sin 45 , |-650| sin 45) = max (459.6, 459.6)
V0,Ed = 459.6 kN
Vpl,0,Rd =
Vpl,0,Rd =
A v,0 ( fy 0 / 3 )
5.3.3
(EN 1993-1-1)
6.2.6 (2)
M0
4424 (355 / 3 )
= 906.7 kN
1 .0
460 Horz
460 Horz
- 650
650
1000
460
N0,gap,Ed = 1460
Np,Ed = 1000
1000
460
460
N0,Ed = 1920
Change of chord axial force in K-joint
N0,gap,Ed = max (Np,Ed + N1,Ed cos 1, N0,Ed + N2,Ed cos 2)

N0,gap,Ed = max (1000 + 650 cos 45, 1920 + (-650) cos 45)
N0,gap,Ed = max (1460, 1460) = 1460 kN
N0,gap,Rd = (7490 4424 ) 355 + 4424 355 1 (459.6 / 906.7 )2 / 1.0
N0,gap,Rd = 2442 kN
20
>
1460 kN PASS
5.3.3
RHS Overlap K-Joint
RHS Overlap K-Joint
N1,Ed = 600 kN
-50.1
N2,Ed = - 600 kN
SHS 120 x 120 x 5
70
45
Reference
45
N0,Ed = 1849 kN
Np,Ed = 1000 kN
SHS 200 x 200 x 10
All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210
Dimensions
b0 = 200 mm
h0 = 200 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
b1 = 120 mm
h1 = 120 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
b2 = 120 mm
h2 = 120 mm
t2 = 5.0 mm
5.3.1 Figure 37

Chord:
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
Compression brace:
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 33 (Class 1 compression)
33 = 33 (235/fy0) = 33(235/355) = 26.85
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21
Tension brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti 35
PASS
PASS
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
PASS
b2/t2 = 120/5 =24

h2/t2 = 120/5 =24
PASS
PASS
0.25 bi/b0 1.0
b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6

b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6
PASS
PASS
0.5 h0/b0 2.0
h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0
PASS
0.5 hi/bi 2.0
h1/b1 = 120/120 = 1.0

h2/b2 = 120/120 = 1.0
PASS
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 200 e +0.25 x 200

-110.0 e +50.0
e = -50.1 mm
PASS
ov = |g| sin i /h i x 100%

ov = 70 sin 45/120 x 100%
ov = 41.2%
PASS
bi/bj = 120/120 = 1.0
PASS
25% ov
bi/bj 0.75
21
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
RHS Overlap K-Joint
Reference
Bracing Effective width Overlapping brace, i (2)
5.3.3
Note: Only the overlapping brace (i) need be checked. The resistance of the
overlapped brace (j) is based on an efficiency ratio to that of the overlapping
brace.
Overlapping brace, i (2):
For 25% ov < 50%
Ni,Rd = fyi ti beff ,i + be,ov + 2 hi ov 4 ti / M5

50
5.3.3
where:
beff ,i =
10 t 0 fy 0 t 0
bi
b0
fyi ti
beff ,i =
10 10 355 10
120 = 120 mm
200
355 5
but
beff ,i bi
5.3.2.2
but
beff ,i 120 mm
beff,i = 120 mm
b e,ov =
b e,ov =
10 t j
bj
f yj t j
f yi t i
bi
but
b e,ov b i
10 5 355 5
120
120
355 5
but
5.3.2.2
b e,ov 120
b e,ov = 50 mm
41.2
Ni,Rd = 355 5 120 + 50 + 2 120

4 5 / 1 .0
50
Ni,Rd = N 2,Rd = 617 kN
>
600 kN PASS
Bracing Effective width Overlapped brace, j (1)
N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
5.3.3
where:
2
Aj = A1 = 22.7 cm = 2270 mm
2
2
Ai = A2 = 22.7 cm = 2270 mm
N j,Rd = 617
(2270 355 )
(2270 355 )
Ni,Rd = N1,Rd = 617 kN
22
>
600 kN PASS
RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint
Reference
ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
N1,Ed = 500 kN
CHS 114.3 x 6.3

N2,Ed = - 500 kN
g = 85
45
45
e = 23.3
Np,Ed = 1212 kN
SHS 200 x 200 x 10
N0,Ed = 1920 kN
Dimensions
b0 = 200 mm
h0 = 200 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
d1 = 114.3 mm
t1 = 6.3 mm
d2 = 114.3 mm
t2 = 6.3 mm

Chord:
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38(235/355) = 30.92
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
PASS
PASS
b0/t0 35
h0/t0 35
PASS
PASS
Compression brace:
(d1/t1 50 (Class 1 or 2 compression)
50 = 50 (235/fy0) = 50(235/355) = 40.7
d1/t1 = 114.3/6.3 = 18.1 40.7
PASS
Tension brace:
di/ti 50
d2/t2 = 114.3/6.3 = 18.1
PASS
d1/b0 = 114.3/200 = 0.57

d2/b0 = 114.3/200 = 0.57
PASS
PASS
0.4 di/b0 0.8
23
b0/t0 = 200/10 = 20
h0/t0 = 200/10 = 20
5.3.1 Figure 37
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
(EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
0.5 h0/b0 2.0
h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 200 e +0.25 x 200

-110.0 e +50.0
e = +23.0 mm
PASS
30 i 90
1 = 45
2 = 45
PASS
PASS
g t1 + t 2
85 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6 mm
PASS
Reference
Chord face failure (deformation) brace 1

Ni,Rd =
8.9 k n fy 0 t 0 2 d1 + d2 + d1 + d2
/ M5
sin i
4 b0
5.3.3

RHS chord most compressive applied factored stress, 0,Ed;
0 ,Ed =
N0 ,Ed
A0
Mip,0 ,Ed
Wel ,ip,0
Mop,0 ,Ed
Wel ,op,0
5.3.2.1
0,Ed =
1920 1000
74.9 10 2
= 256.34 N/mm 2
256.34
n = 0,Ed =
fy 0 355
n = 0.722
24
5.3.2.1
Using formulae:
Using graph:

0 .4 n
0.4 0.722
k n = 1 .3
0.6
5.3.2.1
but kn 1.0
k n = 1. 3
1.0
but
b0
200
=
= 10
2 t0
2 10
N1,Rd =
5.3.2.1
Fig. 38
kn = 0.819
k n = 0.819
Reference
6.3
8.9 0.819 355 10 2 10 114.3 + 114.3 + 114.3 + 114.3
/ 1.0
sin 45
4 200
N1,Rd = 661 kN......661
= 519 kN
4
Chord shear between bracings check brace 1
Ni,Rd =
f y 0 A v,0
3 sin i
/ M5
5.3.3
where:
for CHS bracings:
=0
Av,0 = (2 h0 + b0) t0
A v,0 = (2 200 + 0 200 )10 = 4000 mm 2
Ni,Rd =
355 4000
3 sin 45
/ 1 .0
N1,Rd = 1159 kN......
25
= 910 kN
4
5.3.2.5
5.3.2.5
Reference
Bracing Effective width brace 1
Ni,Rd = fyi t i (2 di 4 t i + di + beff ) / M5
5.3.3
where:
b eff ,i =
10 t 0 f y 0 t 0
di
b0
f yi t i
b eff ,i =
10 10 355 10
120 = 95.2 mm
200
355 6.3
but
5.3.2.2
b eff ,i di
but
b eff ,i 120 mm
beff,i = 95.2 mm
Ni,Rd = 355 6.3 (2 114.3 4 6.3 + 114.3 + 95.2) / 1.0

N1,Rd = 923 kN.....
= 725 kN
4
5.3.3
Chord punching shear brace 1

(valid when 1 1/)
1 1/
0.6 1 1/10 = 0.9 mm
Ni,Rd =
check chord punching shear
2 di
sin + di + b e, p,i / M5
3 sin i
i
fy 0 t 0
5.3.3
where:
b e,p,i =
10 t 0
di
b0
b e,p,i =
10 10
114 .3 = 57 .2 mm
200
but
5.3.2.2
b e,p,i di
but
b e,p,i 120 mm
be,p,i = 57.2 mm
Ni,Rd =
355 10 2 114.3
+ 114.3 + 57.2 / 1.0

3 sin 45 sin 45
N 1,Rd = 1434 kN ........
= 1126 kN
4
Summary - brace 1
Joint strength for brace 1 dictated by chord face deformation.
26
N1,Rd = 519 kN
>
500 kN PASS
Reference
Brace 2
Repeat brace resistance formulae for brace 2.
Note: As both braces are of same geometry, brace 2 resistance will be the same:
Chord face deformation,
N2,Rd = 519 kN
Chord shear check,
N2,Rd = 910 kN
Bracing effective width,
N2,Rd = 725 kN
Punching shear,
N2,Rd = 1126 kN
N2,Rd = 519 kN
>
500 kN PASS
Chord axial load resistance in gap
Check:
N0,gap,Rd N0,gap,Ed
N 0,gap,Rd = (A 0 A v,0 ) f y 0 + A v,0 f y 0
where:
1 V0,Ed / Vpl,0,Rd
)2 / M5
5.3.3
A0 = 74.9 cm = 7490 mm
2
Av,0 = 4000 mm
V0,Ed = max( |N1,Ed| sin 1 , |N2,Ed| sin 2)
5.3.2.5
5.3.3
V0,Ed = max( |500| sin 45 , |-500| sin 45) = max (354,354 )

5.3.2.2
V0,Ed = 354 kN
Vpl,0,Rd =
Vpl,0,Rd =
27
A v,0 ( fy 0 / 3 )
M0
4000 (355 / 3 )
= 819.8 kN
1 .0
5.3.3
(EN 1993-1-1)
6.2.6 (2)
Reference
354 Horz
354 Horz
500
- 500
1212
354
N0,gap,Ed = 1566
Np,Ed = 1212
1212
354
354
N0,Ed = 1920
Change of chord axial force in K-joint
N0,gap,Ed = max (Np,Ed + N1,Ed cos 1, N0,Ed + N2,Ed cos 2)

N0,gap,Ed = max (1212 + 500 cos 45, 1920 + (-500) cos 45)
N0,gap,Ed = max (1566, 1566) = 1566 kN
N0,gap,Rd = (7490 4000 ) 355 + 4000 355 1 (354 / 819.8 )2 / 1.0
N0,gap,Rd = 2520 kN
28
>
1566 kN PASS
5.3.3
7 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KJoint 82.7

Reference
-109.1
ALL MATERIAL;
Nj,Ed = 500kN
Ni,Ed = - 400kN
CHS 114.3 x 6.3
CHS 114.3 x 6.3

e = - 19.5
30
60
RHS 200 x 100 x 10

N0,Ed = 1636kN
Np,Ed = 1000kN
NOTE: BRACE j USUALLY DESIGNATED COMPRESSION AND BRACE i TENSION.

Dimensions
h0 = 100.0 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
fu,j = 470 N/mm
b0 = 200.0 mm
ti = 6.3 mm
di = 114.3 mm
tj = 6.3 mm
dj = 114.3 mm
fu,i = 470 N/mm
(fu,i & fu,j from EN10210-1:2006 Table A.3)

For Eccentricity;
sin i sin j h
dj
di
+
+ g
e=
0
2 sin i 2 sin j
sin i + j 2
where g =
ov di
100 sin i
82.7 114.3
100 sin (60)
g = 109.1 mm
g=
29
6.5 Figure 57
114 .3
sin (60 ) sin (30 ) 100
114 .3
e=
+
+ ( 109 .1)
sin
60
sin
30
2
(
)
(
)
sin (60 + 30 )
Reference
e = 19 .5 mm

2
b0/t0 38 (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)

2
2
38 = 38 [(235/fy0)] = 38(235/355) = 25.15
b0/t0 = 200.0/10.0 = 20.0 < 25.15
PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
(Table 5.2)
dj/tj 50 (Class 1 for compression brace)

2
2
50 = 50 [(235/fy0)] = 50(235/355) = 33.10
dj/tj = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 < 33.10
PASS
di/ti 50 (Tension Brace)
di/ti = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 50
PASS
0.4 di/b0 0.8
di/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57

dj/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57
PASS
PASS
0.5 h0/ b0 2.0
h0/ b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.50
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 100.0 e +0.25 x 100.0

-55 e +25
e = -19.5 mm
PASS
ov 25%
ov = |g| sin I /di x 100%

ov = 109.1 sin 60/114.3 x 100%
ov = 82.7%
PASS
30 I 90
j = 30
I = 60
PASS
PASS
di/dj 0.75
di/dj = 114.3/114.3 = 1.0
PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
(Table 5.2)
PASS
5.3 Figure 37
Brace Effective Width;

Overlapping brace (i):
N i,Rd = f yi t i (d i + d e ,ov + 2 d i 4 t i ) / M 5
5.3.3
where:
de,ov =
30
fyj t j
10
di but de,ov di
d j / t j fyi ti
5.3.2.2
Reference
de,ov =
10
355 6.3
114 .3 but de,ov 114 .3

114 .3 / 6.3 355 6.3
de,ov = 63 but 114 .3 de,ov = 63mm
Ni,Rd = 355 x 6.3 x (114.3 + 63 + 228.6 25.2) / 1.0
N i,Rd = 851 kN ----- 851 4 = 668 kN
> 400 kN
PASS

Overlapped Brace (j):
N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
5.3.3
where:
A j = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

A i = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2
N j,Rd = 668
(2140 355 )
(2140 355 )
N j,Rd = 668 kN
>
500 kN
PASS
Overlapping Bracings Shear Check For CHS Bracings;

Vertical component of Ni,Ed & N j,Ed;
31
Ni,v,Ed = Ni,Ed sin (i ) & N j,v,Ed = N j,Ed sin ( j )
Ni,v,Ed = 400 sin (60) = 346.4 kN
N j,v,Ed = 500 sin (30) = 250 kN
As
toe
vert.
component
346.4 250
100 = 27.8%
346.4
brace vertical component > 20%
diff . =
difference between
needs welding.
hidden
Shear Check valid when 80% < ov < 100% and overlapped brace hidden toe welded;
Ni,Ed cos i + N j
,Ed
Reference
cos j .......... .
100 ov
2di + deff ,i ti
f
100
f
2d j + c s deff , j t j
u, j
u,
1
...... i
+
4 3
sin i
sin j
3
M5
where :
deff ,i =
10t 0 fy,0 t 0
di
b0
fy,i ti
but di
deff ,i =
10 10 355 10
114.3
200
355 6.3
but 114.3
5.3.3
5.3.2.2
deff ,i = 91.4 114.3 deff ,i = 91.4 mm
where :
deff , j =
10t 0 fy,0 t 0
dj
b0
fy, j t j
deff , j =
10 10 355 10
114.3
200
355 6.3
5.3.2.2
but d j
but 114.3
deff , j = 91.4 114.3 deff , j = 91.4 mm
where :
c s = 2 (hidden toe welded)
5.1.3
Ni cosi + Nj cos j ...........
100 82.7
(2 114.3) + 91.4 6.3
470 100
470 ((2 114.3) + 2 91.4) 6.3 1
......
4 3
sin (60)
sin (30)
3
1
= 1307 kN
32
400 cos (60) + 500 cos ( 30) = 633 kN
1307 kN
PASS
8 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KJoint 102.7

Reference
g = -135.5
ALL MATERIAL;
Nj,Ed = 500kN
Ni,Ed = - 400kN
CHS 114.3 x 6.3

CHS 114.3 x 6.3
e = - 30.6
60
30
RHS 200 x 100 x 10

N0,Ed = 1636kN
Np,Ed = 1000kN
NOTE: BRACE j USUALLY DESIGNATED COMPRESSION AND BRACE i TENSION.

Dimensions
h0 = 100.0 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
fu,j = 470 N/mm
b0 = 200.0 mm
ti = 6.3 mm
di = 114.3 mm
tj = 6.3 mm
dj = 114.3 mm
fu,i = 470 N/mm
(fu,i & fu,j from EN10210-1:2006 Table A.3)

For Eccentricity;
sin i sin j h
dj
di
+
+ g
e=
0
2 sin i 2 sin j
sin i + j 2
where g =
ov di
100 sin i
102.7 114.3
100 sin (60)
g = 135.5 mm
g=
33
6.5 Figure 57
114 .3
sin (60 ) sin (30 ) 100
114 .3
e=
+
+ ( 135 .5 )
sin
60
sin
30
2
(
)
(
)
sin (60 + 30 )
Reference
e = 30 .6 mm
2
b0/t0 38 (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)

2
2
38 = 38 [(235/fy0)] = 38(235/355) = 25.15
PASS
b0/t0 = 200.0/10.0 = 20.0 < 25.15
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
dj/tj 50 (Class 1 for compression brace)

2
2
50 = 50 [(235/fy0)] = 50(235/355) = 33.10
dj/tj = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 < 33.10
PASS
di/ti 50 (Tension Brace)
di/ti = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 50
PASS
0.4 di/b0 0.8
di/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57

dj/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57
PASS
PASS
0.5 h0/ b0 2.0
h0/ b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.50
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 100.0 e +0.25 x 100.0

-55 e +25
e = -30.6 mm
PASS
ov 25%
ov = |g| sin i /di x 100%

ov = 135.5 sin 60/114.3 x 100%
ov = 102.7%
PASS
30 i 90
j = 30
i = 60
PASS
PASS
di/dj 0.75
di/dj = 114.3/114.3 = 1.0
PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
5.3 Figure 37

Overlapping brace (i):
N i,Rd = f yi t i (d i + d e ,ov + 2 d i 4 t i ) / M 5
where ov 80%;
5.3.3
where:
de,ov =
fyj t j
10
di but de,ov di
d j / t j fyi ti
de,ov =
10
355 6.3
114 .3 but de,ov 114 .3

114 .3 / 6.3 355 6.3
de,ov = 63 but 114 .3 de,ov = 63 mm
34
5.3.2.2
Ni,Rd
= 355 x 6.3 x (114.3 + 63 + 228.6 25.2) / 1.0
Reference
N i,Rd = 851 kN -------> 851 4 = 668 kN > 400 kN PASS

Overlapped Brace (j):
N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
5.3.3
where:
A j = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

A i = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2
N j,Rd = 668
(2140 355 )
(2140 355 )
N j,Rd = 668 kN
>
500 kN
PASS
Overlapping Bracings Shear Check for CHS Bracings; where ov > 100%;
Ni,Ed cos i + N j
,Ed
......
where:
cos j .......... .
5.3.3
fu, j 3 d j + deff , j t j
1
4
sin j
M5
3
deff , j =
10 t0 fy,0 t 0
dj
b0
fy, j t j
but d j
deff , j =
10 10 355 10
114.3
200
355 6.3
but 114.3
5.3.2.2
deff , j = 91.4 114.3 deff , j = 91.4 mm
Ni,Ed cos i + N j
,Ed
......
cos j .......... .
470 (3 114 .3 + 91.4 ) 6.3

1
4
sin( 30 )
M5
3
Ni cos i + Nj cos j 673 kN

400 cos (60) + 500 cos ( 30) = 633 kN
35
673 kN
PASS
RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint
9 RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KTJoint

ALL MATERIAL;
N3,Ed = 150kN
N2,Ed = - 650kN
N1,Ed = 492kN
Brace 3
Brace 2
Brace 1
45
50
e = - 19.5
e1 = -50.0
e2= -40.4
RHSx 200
SHS 200 x 200
10.0x 100 x 10
NOTE: Brace j designated overlapped, Brace i overlapping

Brace 1 SHS is 90 x 90 x 5.0, Brace 2 and 3 is SHS 100 x 100 x 6.3
Dimensions
h0 = 200.0 mm
b0 = 200.0 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
M5 = 1.0
h1 = 90.0 mm
b1 = 90.0 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
A1 = 23.2cm2
h2 = 100.0 mm
b2 = 100.0 mm
t2 = 6.3 mm
A2 = 16.7cm2
h3 = 100.0 mm
b3 = 100.0 mm
t3 = 6.3 mm
A3 = 23.2cm2
This example is to show how to calculate a KT-Joint with SHS chord and braces. The method of
checking a KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section
profile. This example is for;
One diagonal brace opposite direction to the other two bracings

Both diagonal bracings overlapping
Rectangular chord and bracings
With this configuration, the joint can be checked like two separate K-joints. Please be aware that
different brace angle and overlap values may change how the joint is calculated and you should refer to
the Tata Design of Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make sure you are using the
correct method and formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as
a (from left to right) compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of Welded Joints literature.
36
Reference
Reference
GEOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
For Eccentricity; Brace 1 in relation to Brace 3;
b1
sin 1 sin 3 h0
b3
e1 =
+
+ g
2
sin
2
sin
1
3
sin (1 + 3 ) 2
Brace 1 to 3 overlap, ov = 50%;
where; g =
g1 =
ov bi
100 sin i
6.5 Figure 57
50.0 90.0
1
100 sin (45)
g1 = 63.6 mm
(gap is negative as its an overlap)
sin (45 ) sin (90 ) 200 .0

90 .0
100 .0
e1 =
+
+ ( 63 .6 )
2
2 sin ( 45 ) 2 sin (90 )
sin (45 + 90 )
= 50 .0 mm
For Eccentricity, Brace 2 in relation to Brace 3;
b2
sin 2 sin 3 h0
b3
e2 =
+
+ g
2
sin
2
sin
2
3
sin (2 + 3 ) 2
Brace 2 to 3 overlap, ov = 50%;
g2 =
6.5 Figure 57
ov b2
100 sin 2
where; g2 =
50.0 100
100 sin (50)
g2 = 65.3 mm
100 .0
sin (50 ) sin (90 ) 200 .0
100 .0
e2 =
+
+ ( 65 .3 )
(
)
(
)
2
sin
50
2
sin
90
2
sin (50 + 90 )
= 40 .4 mm
Validity limits check for both K-Joints

(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 38 (Class 1 or 2 for chord)
38 = 38 [(235/fy0)] = 38 (235/355) = 30.92
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 33 (Class 1 for compression braces)
37
5.3 Figure 37
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
33 = 33 [(235/fy0)] = 33 (235/355) = 26.85

(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (90-3 x 5)/5 = 15
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (90-3 x 5)/5 = 15
(b3-3 t3)/t3 = (100-3 x 6.3)/6.3 = 12.9
(h3-3 t3)/t3 = (100-3 x 6.3)/6.3 = 12.9
bi/ti
; hi/ti 35 (Tension Brace)
b2/t2 = 100.0/6.3 = 15.9

h2/t2 = 100.0/6.3 = 15.9
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
0.25 bi/b0 1.0
b1/b0 = 90.0/200.0 = 0.45

b2/b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.5
b3/b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.5
PASS
PASS
PASS
0.5 h0/ b0 2.0

0.5 hi/ bi 2.0
h0/ b0 = 200.0/200.0 = 1.0

h1/b1 = 90.0/90.0 = 1.0
h2/b2 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0
h3/b3 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
-0.55 h0 e +0.25 h0
-0.55 x 200.0 e +0.25 x 200.0

-110 e +50
e1 = -50 mm
e2 = -40.4 mm
PASS
PASS
ov 25%
Reference
ov,1 = |g| sin 1 /h1 x 100%

ov,1 = 63.6 x sin 45/90 x 100%
ov,1 = 50%
ov,2 = 65.3 x sin 50/100 x 100%
ov,2 = 50%
PASS
30 i 90
1 = 45
2 = 50
3 = 90
PASS
PASS
PASS
bi/bj 0.75
b1/b3 = 90.0/100.0 = 0.9

b2/b3 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0
PASS
PASS
PASS
6.5 Figure 57
Brace 1 & 3 as overlap K-Joint

Brace Effective Width Failure for 50% ov<80%;
N i,Rd = f yi t i (b eff ,i + b e ,ov + 2 h i 4 t i ) / M 5
5.3.3 (K- & NOverlap Sect)
where;
be,ov,1 =
38
10 t 3 fy 3 t 3
b1 but be,ov,1 b1
b3
fy1 t1
5.3.2.2
Reference
b e,ov ,1 =
10 6.3 355 6.3
90 .0 but b e,ov ,1 90 .0
100 .0
355 5.0
b e,ov ,1 = 71 .4 but 90 .0 b e,ov,1 = 71 .4 mm
where;
b eff ,1 =
b eff ,1 =
f y0 t 0
10 t 0
b 1 but b eff ,1 b 1
b0
f y1 t 1
10 10
200
355
10
355 5 . 0
5.3.2.2
90 but b eff ,1 90
b eff ,1 = 90 mm but b eff ,1 90 b eff ,1 = 90 mm

N1,Rd = 355 x 5.0 x (90.0 + 71.4 + 2 x 90 4 x 5.0)/1.0
N 1,Rd = 570 kN > 492 kN
PASS
For overlapped Brace (3):
where;
N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
A 3 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2

A1 = 16.7 cm2 = 1670 mm 2
(Tata Technical
Guide TST02)
(2320 355)
N3,Rd = 570
(1670 355)
N 3 ,Rd = 792kN > 150kN
PASS
Brace 2 & 3 as overlap K-Joint

Brace Effective Width Failure for 50% ov<80%;
b e,ov,2 =
39
10 t 3 f y 3 t 3
b 2 but b e,ov,2 b 2
b3
fy2 t 2
5.3.2.2
Reference
b e,ov ,2 =
10 6.3 355 6.3
100 .0 but b e,ov ,2 100 .0

100 .0
355 6.3
b e,ov ,2 = 63 but 100 .0 be,ov,2 = 63 mm
where;
b eff ,2 =
b eff ,2 =
f y0 t 0
10 t 0
b 2 but b eff ,2 b 2
b0
f y2 t 2
10 10
200
355
10
355 6 . 3
5.3.2.2
100 but b eff ,2 100
b eff ,2 = 79 .4 mm but b eff ,2 100 b eff ,2 = 79 . 4 mm

N2,Rd = 355 x 6.3 x (79.4 + 63 + 2 x 100 4 x 6.3) / 1.0
N 2 ,Rd = 709 kN > 650 kN
PASS
For Overlapped Brace (3):
where:
N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
A 3 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2

(Tata Technical
Guide TST02)
A 2 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2
N3,Rd = 709
(2320 355)
(2320 355)
N3,Rd = 709kN > 150kN
PASS
SUMMARY
Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces and then for the calculations, due to the
nature of the joint, it can be treated as two overlap K-Joints. This means Brace 3 (the vertical overlapped
brace) is checked twice in relation to Brace 1 and Brace 2 and must pass on both of these checks. It is
important to check the joint configuration and refer to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the
correct method and formulae is used.
40
10
CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint
ALL MATERIAL;
N3,Ed = 113kN
N1,Ed = 369kN
Brace 3
N2,Ed = - 488kN
Brace 2
g1,3 = 30mm
g2,3 = 52mm
Brace 1
45
30
CHS 193.7 x 10.0
e = - 19.5
512kN
RHS
e1 = 46.8mm
200 x 100 x 10
1087kN
e2 = 21.2mm
NOTE: Brace 1 CHS is 88.9 x 5.0, Brace 2 and 3 is CHS 101.6 x 6.3
Dimensions
d0 = 193.7 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
M5 = 1.0
d1 = 88.9 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
2
A1 = 13.2cm
d2 = 101.6 mm
t2 = 6.3 mm
2
A2 = 18.9cm
d3 = 101.6 mm
t3 = 6.3 mm
2
A3 = 18.9cm
This example is to show how to calculate a gap KT-Joint with CHS chord and braces. The
recommendations for an all-CHS gap KT-Joint are in EN1993-1-8 Table 7.6. The method of checking a
KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section profile. This
example is for;

Both diagonal bracings have a gap to the central brace
Circular chord and bracings
With this configuration, the joint capacity is based on the most highly loaded compression brace for
chord face failure and punching shear failure for each brace. Please be aware that different brace angle
and gap values may change how the joint is calculated and you should refer to the Tata Design of
Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make sure you are using the correct method and
formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as a (from left to right)
compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of Welded Joints literature.
41
Reference
Reference
Geometric Calculations
sin 1 sin 3 d0
d1
d3
e1 =
+
+ g
2 sin 1 2 sin 3
sin (1 + 3 ) 2
Brace 1 to 3 gap, g1 = 30mm;
sin (45 ) sin (90 ) 193 .7

88 .9
101 .6
e1 =
+
+ 30 .0
(
)
(
)
2
sin
45
2
sin
90
2
sin (45 + 90 )
= 46 .8 mm
sin 2 sin 3 d0
d2
d3
e2 =
+
+ g
2 sin 2 2 sin 3
sin (2 + 3 ) 2
Brace 2 to 3 gap, g2 = 52mm;
101 .6
sin (30 ) sin (90 ) 193 .7
101 .6
e2 =
+
+ 52 .0
(
)
(
)
2
sin
30
2
sin
90
2
sin (30 + 90 )
= 21 .2 mm

10 d0/t0 50
d0/t0 = 193.7/10.0 = 19.37
5.1.1 Figure 27
PASS
d0/t0 702 (Class 1 or 2 for chord)

702 = 70 [(235/fy0)]2 = 70 (235/355)2 = 46.34
PASS
d0/t0 = 19.37 46.34
di/ti 50
d1/t1 = 88.9/5.0 = 17.78

d2/t2 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13
d3/t3 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13
PASS
PASS
PASS
2
di/ti 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression bracings)
702 = 70 [(235/fy0)]2 = 70 (235/355)2 = 46.34
d1/t1= 17.78
PASS
PASS
d3/t3 = 16.13
42
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
0.2 di/d0 1.0
d1/d0 = 88.9/193.7 = 0.46

d2/d0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52
d3/d0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52
PASS
PASS
PASS
-0.55 d0 e +0.25 d0
-0.55 x 193.7 e +0.25 x 193.7

-106.5 e +48.4
e1 = 46.8 mm
e2 = 21.2 mm
PASS
PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
g t1 + t2 but 12t0
for g1,3 t1 + t3 = 5.0 + 6.3 = 11.3 mm

g2,3 t2 + t3 = 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6 mm
12t0 = 12 x 10.0 = 120 mm
g1,3 = 30 mm
g2,3 = 52 mm
30 i 90
but 12t0
but 12t0
Reference
PASS
PASS
1 = 45
2 = 30
3 = 90
PASS
PASS
PASS
Chord Face Failure (deformation);

Based on compression brace with most compressive load;
Compression brace (1);
N 1,Rd =
k g k p fy0 t 0 2
sin 1
d + d2 + d3
1 . 8 + 10 . 2 1
3 d0
/ M5
5.1.3 (K- & NJoints)
Gap/lap factor, kg;

Using Formulae:
0.024 1.2
k g = 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 1.33 )

where;
=
5.1.2.2 (kg)
d0
193 .7
=
= 9 .69
2 t 0 2 10 .0
6.3 ()
Note: (g) is positive for gap and negative for overlap.

Use the largest gap between two bracings having significant forces acting
in opposite direction.
Using Formulae:
0.024 9.691.2
k g = 9.69 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5 52 / 10 .0 1.33 )
k g = 1.70
43
Using Graph:
From graph;
g/t0 = 52/10.0 = 5.2
kg = 1.70
For graph
5.1.2.2 Fig. 29
Reference

p,Ed =
Np,Ed
A0
Mip,0,Ed
Wel,ip,0
Mop,0,Ed
5.1.2.1
Wel,op,0
Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments.

For CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.
p,Ed =
512 1000
57.7 10
= 88.7 N/mm2

Using formulae:
p,Ed 88.7
=
np =
= 0.25
fy0 355
Using graph:
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.1 (kp)
kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np)
but 1.0
kp = 1 0.3 0.25 (1 + 0.25) but 1.0
from graph;
kp = 0.91
k p = 0.91
N 1,Rd =
For graph
5.1.2.1 Fig. 28
1 . 70 0 . 91 355 10 . 0 2
88 . 9 + 101 . 6 + 101 . 6
1 . 8 + 10 . 2
/ 1 .0
sin 45
3 193 . 7
N1,Rd = 538kN > 369kN PASS
For this type of configuration (see 5.6.2 Figure 51(c));

N 1,Ed sin 1 + N 3 ,Ed sin 3 N 1,Rd sin 1
369 sin 45 + 113 sin 90 538 sin 45
374 kN 380 kN
44
PASS
5.6.2
Reference
N 2,Ed sin 2 N 1,Rd sin 1

448 sin 30 538 sin 45
244 kN 380 kN
PASS
Check for Chord Punching Shear failure;

Valid if:
di d0 2t0
where d0 2t0 = 193.7 (2 x 10.0) = 173.7 mm

d1 = 88.9 mm
d2 = 101.6 mm
d3 = 101.6 mm
5.1.3
Therefore check for Chord Punching Shear;

N i,Rd =
fy0
3
t 0 d1
1 + sin i
2 sin
5.1.3
/ M5
For Brace 1;
N 1,Rd =
355
3
10 . 0 88 . 9
N 1,Rd = 977 kN > 369 kN
1 + sin 45
2 sin 2 45
/ 1 .0
PASS
For Brace 2;
N 2,Rd =
355
3
10 . 0 101 . 6
N 2 ,Rd = 1963 kN > 488 kN
1 + sin 30
2 sin 2 30
/ 1 .0
PASS
For Brace 3;
N 3 ,Rd =
355
3
10 . 0 101 . 6
N 3 ,Rd = 654 kN > 113 kN
1 + sin 90
2 sin 2 90
/ 1 .0
PASS
Summary
Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces. The eccentricity values use both brace 1 and
2 (diagonals) in relation to brace 3 (the vertical brace). It is important to check the joint configuration and refer
to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the correct method and formulae is used. To re-iterate
this is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests.
45
CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint
11 CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KTJoint

ALL MATERIAL;
Reference
N3,Ed = 113kN
N2,Ed = - 488kN
N1,Ed = 369kN
Brace 3
Brace 2
Brace 1
45
e = - 19.5
e1 = -73.2mm
512kN
50
e2 = -60.4mm
1087kN
RHS 200 x 100CHS

x 10193.7 x 10.0
NOTE: Brace j designated overlapped, Brace i overlapping

Brace 1 CHS is 88.9 x 5.0, Brace 2 and 3 is CHS 101.6 x 6.3
Dimensions
d0 = 193.7 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm
M5 = 1.0
d1 = 88.9 mm
t1 = 5.0 mm
A1 = 13.2 cm2
fu1 = 470 N/mm2
d2 = 101.6 mm
t2 = 6.3 mm
A2 = 18.9 cm2
fu2 = 470 N/mm2
d3 = 101.6 mm
t3 = 6.3 mm
A3 = 18.9 cm2
fu3 = 470 N/mm2
This example is to show how to calculate an overlap KT-Joint with CHS chord and braces. Please be
aware that there are no recommendations for an overlap KT- Joint in EN1993-1-8 or elsewhere as far
as Tata Steel is aware. This is a Tata Steel method and is included in the Tata Steel Design of Welded
Joints literature. It is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests. The method of
checking a KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section
profile. This example is for;

Both diagonal bracings overlapping
Circular chord and bracings
With this configuration, the joint capacity is based on the most highly loaded compression brace for
chord face failure. Please be aware that different overlap values may change how the joint is calculated
and you should refer to the Tata Design of Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make
sure you are using the correct method and formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen
at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as a (from left to right) compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of
Welded Joints literature. Due to one of the braces falling within the limits (overlapping percentage) for
the localised brace-to-chord shear check, this calculation has also been completed.
46
fu values taken
from Product
Standard
EN10210-1
Table A.3 as
required by UK
National Annex
Reference
Geometric Calculations
sin 1 sin 3 d0
d1
d3
e1 =
+
+ g
2 sin 1 2 sin 3
sin (1 + 3 ) 2
Brace 1 to 3 overlap, ov = 71.6%;
where; g =
g1 =
ov d1
100 sin 1
6.5 Figure 57
71.6 88.9
1
100 sin (45)
g1 = 90 mm
sin (45 ) sin (90 ) 193 .7

88 .9
101 .6
e1 =
+
+ ( 90 .0 )
2
2 sin ( 45 ) 2 sin (90 )
sin (45 + 90 )
= 73 .2 mm
sin 2 sin 3 d0
d2
d3
e2 =
+
+ g
2 sin 2 2 sin 3
sin (2 + 3 ) 2
Brace 2 to 3 overlap, ov = 65.2%;
ov d2
100 sin 2
where; g2 =
g2 =
6.5 Figure 57
65.2 101.6
100 sin (50)
g2 = 86.5 mm
101 .6
sin (50 ) sin (90 ) 193 .7
101 .6
e2 =
+
+ ( 86 .5 )
(
)
(
)
2
sin
50
2
sin
90
2
sin (50 + 90 )
= 60 .4 mm

10 d0/t0 50
d0/t0 = 193.7/10.0 = 19.37
5.1.1 Figure 27
PASS
d0/t0 702 (Class 1 or 2 for chord)

702 = 70 [(235/fy0)]2 = 70 (235/355)2 = 46.34
d0/t0 = 19.37 46.34
PASS
47
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
di/ti 50
d1/t1 = 88.9/5.0 = 17.78

d2/t2 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13
d3/t3 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13
PASS
PASS
PASS
2
di/ti 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression bracings)
702 = 70 [(235/fy0)]2 = 70 (235/355)2 = 46.34
d1/t1= 17.78
PASS
d3/t3 = 16.13
PASS
0.2 di/d0 1.0
d1/b0 = 88.9/193.7 = 0.46

d2/b0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52
d3/b0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52
-0.55 d0 e +0.25 d0
-0.55 x 193.7 e +0.25 x 193.7

-106.5 e +48.4
e1 = -73.2 mm
e2 = -60.4 mm
ov 25%
30 i 90
Reference
(EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
PASS
PASS
PASS
5.1.1 Figure 27
PASS
PASS
6.5 Figure 57
ov,i = |g| sin i /di x 100%

ov,1 = 90.0 x sin 45/88.9 x 100%
ov,1 = 71.6%
ov,2 = 86.5 x sin 50/101.6 x 100%
ov,2 = 65.2%
PASS
1 = 45
2 = 50
3 = 90
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
Chord Face Failure (deformation);

Compression brace (1);
N 1,Rd =
k g k p fy0 t 0 2
sin 1
d
1 . 8 + 10 . 2 1 / M 5
d0
5.1.3 (K- & NJoints)
Gap/lap factor, kg;

Using Formulae:
0.024 1.2
k g = 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 1.33 )

where;
=
d0
193 .7
=
= 9 .69
2 t 0 2 10 .0
Note: (g) is positive for gap and negative for overlap

Use the smallest overlap for (g)
48
5.1.2.2 (kg)
6.3 ()
Reference
Using Formulae:
0.024 9.691.2
k g = 9.69 0.2 1 +
1 + exp (0.5 ( 86 .5 ) / 10 .0 1.33 )
k g = 2.15
Using Graph:
From graph;
g/t0 = -86.5/10.0 = -8.7
kg = 2.15
For graph
5.1.2.2 Fig. 29

p,Ed =
Np,Ed
A0
Mip,0,Ed
Wel,ip,0
5.1.2.1
Mop,0,Ed
Wel,op,0
Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments.

For CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.
p,Ed =
512 1000
57.7 102
= 88.7 N/mm2

Using formulae:
p,Ed 88.7
=
np =
= 0.25
fy0 355
Using graph:
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.1 (kp)
but 1.0
kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np)
kp = 1 0.3 0.25 (1 + 0.25) but 1.0
from graph;
kp = 0.91
k p = 0.91
N 1,Rd =
For graph
5.1.2.1 Fig. 28
2 . 15 0 . 91 355 10 . 0 2
88 . 9
1 . 8 + 10 . 2
/ 1 .0
sin 45
193 . 7
N 1,Rd = 637 kN > 369 kN
PASS
Tension Brace (2);

N 2 ,Rd =
sin 1
N 1,Rd
sin 2
N 2,Rd =
sin 45
637
sin 50
N2,Rd = 588kN > 488kN
5.1.3
PASS
Chord Punching shear not required for overlapping bracings

49
Localised Brace-to-Chord Shear Check for overlapped Joints;
Reference
Although this failure mode check was included as a corrigendum in section 7.1.2 (6) of EN 1993-1-8, no
equations have been included in tables 7.2, 7.10, 7.21 or 7.24. In their absence, the following criteria for
adequacy of the shear connection may be used. They are based on research by CIDECT but expressed using
EN1993-1-8 symbols.
Modified equation only applicable when brace 3 is the overlapped brace (j) and diagonals 1 and 2 overlap (i).
For KT-Joint overlap joint check 60% < ov,1 or ov,2 < 100%;
( N 1,Ed cos 1 N 2,Ed cos 2
f u1
4 3
fu3
3
100 ov ,1

100

(c s1 d eff ,3
+ N 3 ,Ed cos 3 ) .......
2 d 1 + d eff ,1 t 1
+ u2
sin 1
3
100 ov ,2

100

5.1.3
(Modified for
three braces)
2 d 2 + d eff ,2 t 2
........
sin 2
+ c s 2 d eff ,3 ) t 3
1

sin 3
M5
where Brace Effective Width (overlapping braces);

d eff ,i =
fy0 t 0
12 t 0
d i but d eff ,i d i
d0
f yi t i
d eff ,1 =
12 10 . 0 355 10 . 0
88 . 9 but d eff ,1 88 . 9
193 . 7
355 5 . 0
d eff ,1 = 110 . 1 but d eff ,1 88 . 9

d eff ,1 = 88 . 9 mm
d eff ,2 =
12 10 . 0 355 10 . 0
101 . 6 but d eff , 2 101 . 6

193 . 7
355 6 . 3
d eff ,2 = 100 but d eff ,2 101 . 6

d eff ,2 = 100 mm
50
5.1.2.3
where Brace Effective Width (overlapped brace);
Reference
d eff , j =
fy0 t 0
12 t 0
d j but d eff , j d j
d0
f yj t j
d eff ,3 =
12 10 . 0 355 10 . 0
101 . 6 but d eff ,3 101 . 6

193 . 7
355 6 . 3
5.1.2.3
d eff ,3 = 100 but d eff ,3 101 . 6

d eff ,3 = 100 mm
Assume the hidden toes of braces 1 & 2 are NOT welded therefore;
c s1 = 1
5.1.3
c s 2 = 1 (If hidden toe /s welded c s = 2 )
Therefore;
(369 cos 45 ( 488 ) cos 50 + 113 cos 90 ) .......

100 71 . 6
2 88 . 9 + 88 . 9 5 . 0
100
470
470
4 3
sin 45
3
470
3
(1 100
100 65 . 2
2 101 . 6 + 100 6 . 3
100
........
sin 50
+ 1 100 ) 6 . 3 1 . 0
sin 90
1 .0
575 kN
(267467 + 380971 + 341907

4
575 kN
(989745
4
575 kN
778 kN PASS
) 1 .0
Summary
Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces. The eccentricity values use both brace 1 and
2 (diagonal) in relation to brace 3 (the vertical overlapped brace). The localised brace-to-chord shear check
has been completed due to the high overlap. Please note that even if one brace is within limits for the braceto-chord shear check, the check will still have to be calculated. In this example both diagonal braces overlap
within the limits for the shear check. The brace-to-chord shear check equation sees the addition of the
horizontal loads of the 3 bracings, the 2 angled braces having loads that result in the same horizontal
direction. This means the brace 2 load (negative tension load) had to be subtracted so that the doublenegative created a positive result so that the equation calculated correctly. It is important to check the joint
configuration and refer to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the correct method and
formulae is used. To re-iterate this is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests.
51
12 UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Reference
MATERIAL;
BRACES: CELSIUS S355 to EN 10210
UB CHORD: ADVANCE S355 to EN 10025
N1,Ed = 150 kN
N2,Ed = -150 kN
SHS 100 x 100 x 6.3

g = 165.8mm
45
45
Np,Ed = 250 kN
UB 305 x 127 x 48 (S355)
N0,Ed = 462 kN
Dimensions
b0 = 125.3 mm
h0 = 311.0 mm
tw = 9.0 mm
tf = 14.0 mm
dw = h0 2 x (tf r0) = 265.2 mm
r0 = 8.9 mm
h1 = 100.0 mm
b1 = 100.0 mm
t1 = 6.3 mm
h2 = 100.0 mm
b2 = 100.0 mm
t2 = 6.3 mm
52
5.7.1 Figure 55
(EN1993-1-1
Table 5.2)
Chord: Web;
dw/tw 38 (Class 1 or 2 compression)
38 = 38 (235/fy0) = 38 (235/355) = 30.92
dw/tw = 265.2/9 = 29.5
dw 400 dw = 265.2
Chord: Flange;
cf/tf 10 (Class 1 or 2 compression)
10 = 10 (235/fy0) = 10 (235/355) = 8.1
cf = (b0 2r0 - tw)/2 = (125.3 2 8.9 9)/2 = 49.25
cf/tf = 49.25/14.0 = 3.52
PASS
Compression and Tension brace:

hi/ti = 100/6.3 = 15.87
hi/ti 35
bi/ti = 100/6.3 = 15.87
bi/ti 35
hi/bi = 1.0
hi/bi = 100/100 = 1.0
PASS
PASS
PASS
Compression brace:
(b1 3t1)/t1 ; (h1 3t1)/t1 38 (Class 1 or 2 compression)
38 = 38 (235/355) = 30.92
(b1 3t1)/ t1 = (100 3 6.3)/6.3 = 81.1/6.3 = 12.87
PASS
PASS
PASS
(EN1993-1-1
Table 5.2)
g t1 + t2 = 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6

g = 165.8 (zero eccentricity)
1 = 45
30 1 90
2 = 45
30 2 90
Reference
PASS
PASS
PASS
Chord Web Yielding;

N 1,Rd =
where
f y 0 t w b w ,i
sin i
b w ,i
/ M5
5.7.4
hi
+ 5 (t f + r 0 )
sin i
b w ,1 =
but 2 t i + 10 (t f + r 0 )
100
+ 5 (14 . 0 + 8 . 9 )
sin 45
bw,1 = 255.92
5.7.2
but 2 6 . 3 + 10 (14 . 0 + 8 . 9 )
but 241.6
bw,1 = 241.6 mm and bw,2 = bw,1 as same brace and angle dimensions.
Therefore;
N 1,Rd =
355 9 . 0 241 . 6
/ 1 . 0 = 1092 kN
sin 45
and N2,Rd = N1,Rd as same brace and angle dimensions

PASS
1092 > 150 kN
Chord Shear;
N i,Rd =
where
f y0 A v0
3 sin i
/ M5
5.7.4
Av,0 = A0 (2 - ) x b0 x tf + (tw + 2r) x tf
5.7.3
where
=
1
2
1 + 4 g
3 tf2
1
2
1 + 4 165 . 8
3 14 . 0 2
= 0.073
Av,0 = 6120 (2 - 0.073) x 125.3 x 14.0 + (9.0 + 2 x 8.9) x 14.0

2
Av,0 = 3114.9 mm
53
5.7.3
Reference
N 1,Rd =
355 3114 . 9
3 sin 45
/ 1 .0
N 1,Rd = 903 kN

PASS
903kN > 150 kN
Bracing Effective Width;

N i,Rd = 2 f yi t i p eff ,i / M 5
5.7.4
Check if Bracing Effective Width required
(Page 60 Welded Joints Literature);
g / tf 20 - 28
165.8 / 14.0 20 28 (100+100+100+100/4 x 125.3)
11.8 -2.4
where
Check Effective Width;
peff,i = tw + 2r + 7tf x (fy0 / fyi)
5.7.2
but bi + hi 2ti for K or N gap joints

peff,1 = 9.0 + 2 x 8.9 + 7 x 14.0 x (355/355)
but 100 + 100 2 x 6.3
peff,1 = 124.8 but 187.4
and peff,2 = peff,1 as same brace and angle dimensions
N 1,Rd = 2 355 6 . 3 124 . 8 1 . 0
PASS
558kN > 150kN

Chord Axial Force Resistance in gap;
N 0,gap ,Rd = (A 0 A v ,0 ) f y 0 + A v ,0 f y 0 1
where
V 0,Ed = max N 1,Ed sin 1 , N 2,Ed sin 2
V 0,Ed = max 150 sin 45 , 150 sin 45

54
/ M5
V 0,Ed
V pl ,0,Rd
5.7.4
5.7.4
Vo,Ed = 106.1kN
where
Vpl,0,Rd =
A v ,0 f y 0 /
M0
Reference
3
) = 3141 .8 (355 / 3 )
1 .0
5.7.4
Vpl,0,Rd = 643.9kN
N 0 ,gap ,Rd = (6120 3141 . 8 ) 355 + 3141 . 8 355
106 . 1
1
/ 1 .0
643 . 9
N0,gap,Rd = 2077kN
check;
N0,gap,Rd N0,gap,Ed
150kN
150kN
250kN
250.0
+106.1
356.1
Therefore;
N0,gap,Ed = 356.1kN
2077kN 356.1kN
55
PASS
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information contained in this brochure is
accurate, neither Tata Steel Europe Limited, nor
its subsidiaries, accept responsibility or liability
for errors or for information which is found to be
misleading.
Copyright 2013
Tata Steel Europe Limited
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Welded joints examples

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment in Plane 03

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

RHS 150 x 150 x 8

Validity limits check

b1/t1 = 150/8 =18.75

0.25 bi/b0 1.0

b1/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0

0.5 h0/b0 2.0

h0/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0

0.5 hi/bi 2.0

h1/b1 = 150/150 = 1.0

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Axial: Chord face failure (deformation)

check not required

35.8 1000 1000

For n > 0 (compression):

k n = 1.101 but 1.0 k n = 1.0

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Axial: Chord shear

Axial: Chord side wall buckling

As this is a T-joint with 1 = 90 this check is not

Chord side wall buckling strength, fb

where: E = 210000 N/mm

From EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1.2, flexural buckling

From EN 1993-1-1:2005, table 6.1, = 0.21 (curve a)

0.714 + 0.714 2 0.589 2

fb = 0.895 355 = 318 N/mm

From graph, for

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Check not required

Moment in plane: Chord face failure (deformation)

check not required

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 f yk t 0 (h1 + 5 t 0 )2 / M5

fyk = 355 N/mm

Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 355 10 (150 + 5 10 )2 / 1.0

Moment in plane: Bracing failure (effective width)

Wpl,ip,1 = 237 cm = 237000 mm

Mip,1,Rd = 74.1 kNm

Axial joint resistance,

Moment in plane joint resistance,

Welded Joints Examples

RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

As there are no moments out of plane;

(for RHS chords)

Welded Joints Examples

CHS Gap K-Joint

CHS Gap K-Joint

Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension.

Validity limits check

d0/t0 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)

di/ti 70 (Class 1 or 2 for compression brace)

d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94

0.2 di/d0 1.0

d1/d0 = 139.7/219.1 = 0.64

-0.55 x 219.1 e +0.25 x 219.1