Dwi Aries Himawanto, PANEL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WASTE AT LOW FREQUENCY AND

HIGH FREQUENCY VARIATION DUE TO THE LEVEL OF INORGANIC MATERIALS

PANEL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WASTE AT LOW FREQUENCY

AND HIGH FREQUENCY VARIATION DUE TO THE LEVEL OF INORGANIC
MATERIALS
Dwi Aries Himawanto
Teknik Mesin Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta
Jl. Ir. Sutami no. 36A Surakarta E-mail : dwi_ah@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to determine the basic characteristics of sound
absorption coefficient of acoustic materials are made with organic and inorganic waste.
The variable in this study is the change in composition of organic and inorganic material.
Making pengahncuran sample begins with basic material and continuing with the
manufacture of cylindrical samples with dimeter 10 cm for the later specimens tested by
using the method of characteristic acoustic impedance tube and tested for compressive
strength using a Universal Testing Machine.
From the research that has been done can be concluded that at low frequency the greater
the content of inorganic material, the greater the coefficient absorbsinya. At high
frequencies, 100% organic material has the highest sound absorption coefficient, where
the greater frequency coefficient absorbsinya also increasingly rising.
Key words: noise, absorbent material, absorption coefficient, municipal waste

INTRODUCTION
Along with the development of
technology, environmental problems are
beginning to feel the noise problem,
particularly in urban environments. Noise
is closely related to one's health, which can
cause a person's health. One effort that can
be done to reduce noise, especially in the
room is to install a noise absorbing
material (acoustic panels). But the noise
absorbing material (acoustic panels) are
available in the market today most are still
relatively
expensive
and
less
environmentally friendly.
On the other hand, today's environmental
problems are also felt more disturbing is
garbage, especially also the urban
environment. So far most of the work done

in handling municipal waste in Indonesia is

how to dispose of waste to the place of
final disposal (landfill). But new problems
will arise again when the ability of TPA is
not already in balance again with the waste
generated.
Based on the description above, it is
interesting to conduct research on urban
waste utilization for alternative noise
absorbing material. It is expected that with
the utilization of urban waste to alternative
noise absorbing material to give a solution
to environmental problems concerning
noise and litter, especially in urban
environments.
LITERATURE REVIEW

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Dwi Aries Himawanto, PANEL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WASTE AT LOW FREQUENCY AND
HIGH FREQUENCY VARIATION DUE TO THE LEVEL OF INORGANIC MATERIALS

According to Attenborough (1994)

weakening of the sound generated by a
porous material depends on the flow
resistance and porosity. Meanwhile
Voronina (1999) in his research about the
level of ease of transmission of sound in
porous materials with low porosity, reveals
that the porosity and pore diameter is an
important parameter in determining the
transmissibility sound in the material.
Later research using porous metal
materials for low frequency noise
reduction performed by Avilova (2001)
obtained good results for frequencies
below 200 Hz.
Craig and Smith (2000) to analyze noise
reduction on the plate parallel panel.
Theoretical approach based on energy
distribution analysis was developed by
Craig and Smith. Meanwhile, Fuchs et al
perform laboratory tests with Compound
Buffle Absorber (CBA) for low frequency
noise below 100 Hz.
Miasa and Srivijaya (2004) in his research
about the nature of the acoustic noise
barrier of paper and plastic, said that the
noise damper made of paper and plastic
(including paper and plastic) have the
ability to reduce noise better than plants
with the ability to flow resistance can be
adjusted.
Yahya et al (2004) also developed a cell
acoustic resonator composed of a number
of pyramids. Tues acoustic by name
SPACYX potential for use in low
frequency noise reduction, because in
addition to having a high absorption value,
also shifts the effective catchment area
catchment area of cells to a lower
frequency range.
BASIC THEOR

Sound Waves
The word noise has two definitions,
namely: (1) physically, the sound is a
distortion
of
pressure,
particle
displacement in an elastic medium such as
air and (2) physiologically, the sound is the
sensation of hearing loss caused by
physical irregularities described above
(Doelle, 1993).
When sound strikes a boundary of the
medium in its path, then the energy in
sound waves can be transmitted, absorbed
or reflected by these limits. In general, all
three occur in different degrees, depending
on the type of limits passed (Lord, 1980).
Acoustic Materials
According to Lewis and Douglas (1993)
acoustic materials can be divided into three
basic categories, namely: (1) absorbing
material (absorbing material), (2) barrier
material (barrier material), (3) material
damping (damping material).
In general, naturally absorbing material is
resistive, fibrous (fibrous), permeable
(porous) or in special cases is an active
resonator. When sound waves hit the
absorbing material, then some sound
energy will be absorbed and converted into
heat. The amount of absorption of sound in
the otherwise absorbing material with
absorption coefficient (). Absorption
coefficient () is expressed in a number
between 0 and 1. Absorption coefficient
value of 0 states there is no sound energy
is absorbed and absorption coefficient
value of 1 states that a perfect absorption.
An effective barrier material having the
general nature of solid mass. Most
effective barrier material also has a high
degree of internal damping, which is
qualitatively expressed by the value of
enervation. Material damping is usually a
layer of polymer plastic, metal, epoxy, or
20

Dwi Aries Himawanto, PANEL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WASTE AT LOW FREQUENCY AND
HIGH FREQUENCY VARIATION DUE TO THE LEVEL OF INORGANIC MATERIALS

glue a relatively thin which can be used to is the waste that can not be described or
coat an object. The parameters used to explained naturally through the difficult
describe the isolation or the ability to stop process of physical, chemical and
the sound is the transmission coefficient . biological. Nondegradable refuse is usually
Transmission coefficient is defined as the derived from inorganic materials, synthetic
ratio of sound power transmitted through a materials and other hard materials, such as
material effect on the sound power that metal, glass, plastic, wood, ceramics and
comes. The small value of the others (Bahar, 1986).
transmission, then the better the insulating
properties.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Garbage
Material
Trash is the substances or objects that are 1. Municipal waste from the type of
not used anymore, either waste originating organic (paper and leaves) and the type of
from households or from the factory as the inorganic (plastic and glass / bottle).
rest of the industrial process (Apriadji, 2. Natural adhesive made from starch
1990).
starch.
In general, the waste can be divided into Equipment
two groups, namely an easy-biodegradable 1. Tools enumerator / simple crusher
waste (degradable refuse) and the garbage 2. Digital Balance AND EK 200 G
that is not easily biodegradable or not 3. Electric stove
(nondegradable
refuse). 4. Simple presses Tools
Degradable garbage refuse that is easy to 5. Stopwatch
decompose naturally through a process of 6. Caliper
physical, chemical and biological. Usually 7. A set of test equipment acoustics
this type garbage comes from organic characteristic impedance tube model type
materials, such as waste vegetable and from Bruel & Kjaer 4206 is located in the
fruits, leaves, food scraps, paper, dead Central Physics Laboratory UNS
animals and others. Nondegradable refuse 8. Press tester
Table 1. Sample Test Data
Komposisi
Berat
Tebal
Diameter
Sampel
Organik
Anorganik
(gr)
(cm)
(cm)
Daun
Kertas
Plastik
1
50 %
50 %
2
45 %
45 %
5%
3
35 %
35 %
15 %
How to Retrieving Data
Data collection was done by measuring
and recording the test sample. The ways in
travel in the manufacture of test samples
are as follows:
1. Collection Phase Materials
2. Phase Cleaning Materials

Kaca
101,06
1,57
9,91
5%
101,75
1,55
9,93
15 %
101,79
1,51
9,94
3. Drying Phase Materials
4. Enumeration Materials
5. Sample Preparation Acoustic Panel
6. Characteristics of Test Samples
acoustics Acoustic Panels
7. Mechanical Characteristics Test Sample
Acoustic Panels

21

Dwi Aries Himawanto, PANEL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WASTE AT LOW FREQUENCY AND
HIGH FREQUENCY VARIATION DUE TO THE LEVEL OF INORGANIC MATERIALS

RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
Sound Absorption Coefficient at Low
Frequency
Tests on low to medium frequency, ie at a
frequency of 0000-1000 Hz. The variation
of the sample used was material
composition of organic and inorganic
waste, ie 100% 0% organic-inorganic,
organic-90% 10% 70% inorganic and
organic-30% inorganic. Based on test
results, obtained graphs that explain the
relationship of absorption coefficient
against frequency. The graph in Figure 1
shows that 70% of the organic composition
of the sample has the highest sound
absorption coefficient followed the sample
composition of 90% and 100% organic.
Based on these results, it can be said that
the greater the content of inorganic
material, absorbsinya coefficient also
increased. Although there is an increase in
the absorption coefficient along with the
increasing content of inorganic material,
but not so significant improvement (still
below 40%).

The graph in Figure 2 shows that 100% of

organic samples had the highest
compressive strength. So it can be said that
samples of 100% has the highest density
(lowest porosity) and 70% of organic
samples had the lowest density (highest
porosity). This is what is thought to cause
the sample of 100% organic sound has the
lowest uptake and 70% of organic samples
of the most high.
If the sound absorption coefficient of the
three samples compared with the sound
absorption coefficient octaf gypsum board
on the band center frequency, it turns out
70% of organic samples had an average
absorption coefficient is greater than the
absorption coefficient of the gypsum
board. This can be seen in table 2. The
three test samples have not been there that
get the treatment continued, so it is
probable that the sound absorption ability
can still be increased again by providing
treatment, thus eventually expected to be
used as an alternative to gypsum board
material

Table 2. Sound Absorption Coefficient Comparison Test Samples with Gypsum

Board
Frekuensi, Hz
Material
Rata-rata
125
250
500
1000
Sampel 100% organik
0,09 0,03 0,05 0,11
0,07
Sampel 90% organik
0,11
0,04 0,06 0,11
0,08
Sampel 70% organik
0,11
0,04 0,09 0,15
0,098
Gypsum board in thick 0,15 0,1
0,05 0,04
0,085

22

Figure 1. Absorption
Coefficient at Low Frequency.

Figure 3. Absorption Coefficient at High

Frequency

CONCLUSION
1. The greater the content of inorganic
material in the sample, the coefficient
absorbsinya also increasing at low
frequencies.
2. At high frequencies, 100% organic
material has the highest sound absorption
coefficient, where the greater frequency
100% Organik
90% Organik
70% Organik
coefficient absorbsinya also increasingly
Figure 2. Sample Compressive Strength
rising.
3. The greater the content of inorganic
Sound Absorption Coefficient at High material in the sample cause the strong
Frequency
compression on the downside.
At high frequencies, the test is performed
on the frequency range 1000-6300 Hz. PERSANTUNAN
From the test results obtained are This paper is partly the result of research
presented in the graph in Figure 3. From activities Facilitation Program Applied
the graph can be known acoustic Research Department of Education and
characteristics of each test sample. In the Culture of Central Java Province in 2006,
sample of 100% organic, it appears that the the Research Team to thank the
greater the frequency, the greater the Department of Education and Culture of
coefficient absorbsinya well. But the Central Java Province, which has funded
opposite result is given in the sample of this research, the Research Team would
90% and 70% organic. Thus the sample of also like to thank you Haryadi Setya
100% organic is more suitable for Raharja for his help during the research
applications at high frequencies, eg for work.
noise damping in space operators in the
industry. Where these conditions, noise
which occurs usually at high frequency.

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