Curso de Ingls para Hispanohablantes

Recursos del Idioma para Estudiantes y Profesores

Tiempos Verbales
Simple Tenses

Progressive Tenses

(1) Present

(4) Past Perfect

(7) Conditional

What happens?

What had happened?

What would happen?

(2) Past

(5) Future

(8) Past Conditional

What happened?

What will happen?

What would have happened?

(3) Present Perfect

(6) Future Perfect

(9) Modal Verbs

What has happened?

What will have happened?

What (can, could...) happen?

What happens ? ----------- Qu pasa

Affirmative--------

V2

V3

I go to the office - Voy a go

went

gone

You come from

Brazil - Tu vienes de

came

come

bought

bought

lived

lived

worked

worked

sell

sold

sold

do

did

done

give

gave

given

Subject + V1

V1

la oficina

come

Brasil

She buys
everything - Ella compra buy
todo

They live in
Chicago - Ellos viven en live
Chicago

We work
here - Nosotros trabajamos work
aqu

Negative---------Subject + don't/doesn't +
V1
I don't sell
anything - No vendo
nada

You don't do that

work - T no haces ese
trabajo

He doesn't give the

orders - l no da las
rdenes

She doesn't visit

anybody - Ella no visita a visit

visited

visited

travel

traveled

traveled

bring

brought

brought

Do you take the books

take
? - Llevs los libros ?

took

taken

What does he
say ? - Qu dice l ?

said

said

accepted

accepted

believed

believed

nadie

They don't travel

anywhere- Ellos no
viajan a ninguna parte

Interrogative----Do/does + subject + V1 ?
Do I bring the
beer ? - Traigo la
cerveza ?

say

Does she accept

presents ? Acepta ella accept
regalos ?

Do they believe in
God ? Creen ellos en

believe

Dios ?

Simple Present: To go
Affirmative
I go
You go
He goes
She goes
It goes
We go
You go
They go

Negative
I don't go
You don't go
He doesn't go
She doesn't go
It doesn't go
We don't go
You don't go
They don't go

Interrogative
Do I go ?
Do you go ?
Does he go ?
Does she go ?
Does it go ?
Do we go ?
Do you go ?
Do they go ?

Affirmative-------Subject + V2

V1

V2

V3

I went to the office - Yo iba ( fui) a la oficina

go

went

gone

You came from Brazil - Tu viniste (venas) de Brasil

come

came

come

She bought everything - Ella compr (compraba ) todo

buy

bought bought

They lived in Chicago - Ellos vivieron (vivan) en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We worked here - Nosotros trabajamos (trabajbamos) aqu

work

worked worked

I didn't sell anything - No vend (no venda) nada

sell

sold

sold

You didn't do that work - Tu no hiciste (no hacas) ese trabajo

do

did

done

He didn't give the orders - l no di (no daba) las rdenes

give

gave

given

She didn't visit anybody - Ella no visit (no visitaba) a nadie

visit

visited

visited

Negative----------Subject + didn't + V1

They didn't travel anywhere - Ellos no viajaron (no viajaban) a ninguna travel
parte

traveled traveled

Interrogative-----Did + subject + V1 ?
Did I bring the beer ? - Traje (traa) la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Did you take the books ? - Llevaste (llevabas) los libros ?

take

took

taken

What did he say ? - Qu dijo (deca) l ?

say

said

said

Did she accept presents ? - Acept (aceptaba) ella regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Did they believe in God ? - Creyeron (crean) ellos en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Simple Past: To go
Affirmative
I went
You went
He went
She went
It went
We went
You went
They went

Negative
I didn't go
You didn't go
He didn't go
She didn't go
It didn't go
We didn't go
You didn't go
They didn't go

Interrogative
Did I go ?
Did you go ?
Did he go ?
Did she go ?
Did it go ?
Did we go ?
Did you go ?
Did they go ?

Affirmative--------Subject + have / has + V3

V1

V2

V3

I have gone to the office - Yo he ido a la oficina

go

went

gone

You have come from Brazil - Tu has venido de Brasil

come

came

come

She has bought everything - Ella ha comprado todo

buy

bought bought

They have lived in Chicago - Ellos han vivido en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We have worked here - Nosotros hemos trabajado aqu

work

worked worked

I haven't sold anything - No he vendido nada

sell

sold

sold

You haven't done that work - Tu no has hecho ese trabajo

do

did

done

He hasn't given the orders - l no ha dado las rdenes

give

gave

given

She hasn't visited anybody - Ella no ha visitado a nadie

visit

visited

visited

Negative----------Subject + haven't / hasn't + V3

They haven't traveled anywhere- Ellos no han viajado a ninguna parte travel

traveled traveled

Interrogative-----Have/has + subject + V3 ?
Have I brought the beer ? - He trado la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Have you taken the books ? - Has llevado los libros ?

take

took

taken

What has he said ? - Qu ha dicho l ?

say

said

said

Has she accepted presents ? Ha ella aceptado regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Have they believed in God ? Han ellos credo en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Simple Present Perfect: To go

Affirmative
I have gone
You have gone
He has gone
She has gone
It has gone
We have gone
You have gone
They have gone

Negative
I haven't gone
You haven't gone
He hasn't gone
She hasn't gone
It hasn't gone
We haven't gone
You haven't gone
They haven't gone

Interrogative
have I gone ?
have you gone ?
has he gone ?
has she gone ?
has it gone ?
have we gone ?
have you gone ?
have they gone ?

Affirmative--------Subject + had + V3

V1

V2

V3

I had gone to the office - Yo haba ido a la oficina

go

went

gone

You had come from Brazil - Tu habas venido de Brasil

come

came

come

She had bought everything - Ella haba comprado todo

buy

bought bought

They had lived in Chicago - Ellos haban vivido en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We had worked here - Nosotros habamos trabajado aqu

work

worked worked

I hadn't sold anything - No haba vendido nada

sell

sold

sold

You hadn't done that work - Tu no habas hecho ese trabajo

do

did

done

He hadn't given the orders - l no haba dado las rdenes

give

gave

given

She hadn't visited anybody- Ella no haba visitado a nadie

visit

visited

visited

They hadn't traveled anywhere- Ellos no haban viajado a ninguna

travel

traveled traveled

Had I brought the beer ? - Haba trado la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Had you taken the books ? - Habas llevado los libros ?

take

took

taken

What had he said ? - Qu haba dicho l ?

say

said

said

Had she accepted presents ? Haba ella aceptado regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Had they believed in God ? Haban ellos credo en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Negative----------Subject + hadn't + V3

parte

Interrogative-----Had + subject + V3 ?

Simple Past Perfect: To go

Affirmative
I had gone
You had gone
He had gone
She had gone
It had gone
We had gone
You had gone
They had gone

Negative
I hadn't gone
You hadn't gone
He hadn't gone
She hadn't gone
It hadn't gone
We hadn't gone
You hadn't gone
They hadn't gone

Interrogative
had I gone ?
had you gone ?
had he gone ?
had she gone ?
had it gone ?
had we gone ?
had you gone ?
had they gone ?

Affirmative--------Subject + will + V1

V1

V2

V3

I will go to the office - Ir a la oficina

go

went

gone

You will come from Brazil - Tu vendrs de Brasil

come

came

come

She will buy everything - Ella comprar todo

buy

bought bought

They will live in Chicago - Ellos vivirn en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We will work here - Nosotros trabajaremos aqu

work

worked worked

I will not (won't) sell anything - No vender nada

sell

sold

sold

You will not (won't) do that work - Tu no hars ese trabajo

do

did

done

He will not (won't) give the orders - l no dar las rdenes

give

gave

given

She will not (won't) visit anybody- Ella no visitar a nadie

visit

visited

visited

They will not (won't) travel anywhere- Ellos no viajarn a ninguna

travel

traveled traveled

Will I bring the beer ? - Traer la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Will you take the books ? - Llevars los libros ?

take

took

taken

What will he say ? - Qu dir l ?

say

said

said

Will she accept presents ? Aceptar ella regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Will they believe in God ? Creern ellos en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Negative----------Subject + will not (won't)+ V1

parte

Interrogative-----Will + subject + V1 ?

Simple Future: To go
Affirmative
I will go
You will go
He will go
She will go
It will go
We will go
You will go
They will go

Negative
I will not go
You will not go
He will not go
She will not go
It will not go
We will not go
You will not go
They will not go

Interrogative
Will I go ?
Will you go ?
Will he go ?
Will she go ?
Will it go ?
Will we go ?
Will you go ?
Will they go ?

Affirmative--------Subject + will have + V3

V1

V2

V3

I will have gone to the office - Habr ido a la oficina

go

went

gone

You will have come from Brazil - Tu habrr venido de Brasil

come

came

come

She will have bought everything - Ella habr comprado todo

buy

bought bought

They will have lived in Chicago -Habrn vivido en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We will have worked here - Habremos trabajado aqu

work

worked worked

I won't have sold anything - No habr vendido nada

sell

sold

sold

You won't have done that work - No habrs hecho ese trabajo

do

did

done

He won't have given the orders - No habr dado las rdenes

give

gave

given

She won't have visited anybody - No habr visitado a nadie

visit

visited

visited

They won't have traveled anywhere - No habrn viajado a ninguna

travel

traveled traveled

Will I have brought the beer ? - Habr trado la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Will you have taken the books ? - Habrs llevado los libros?

take

took

taken

What will he have said ? - Qu habr dicho l?

say

said

said

Will she have accepted presents ? -Habr aceptado regalos?

accept

accepted accepted

Will they have believed in God ? -Habrn credo en Dios?

believe believed believed

Negative----------Subject + won't have +V3

parte

Interrogative-----Will + subject + have + V3 ?

Simple Future Perfect: To go

Affirmative
I will have gone
You will have gone
He will have gone
She will have gone
It will have gone
We will have gone
You will have gone
They will have gone

Negative
I will not have gone
You will not have gone
He will not have gone
She will not have gone
It will not have gone
We will not have gone
You will not have gone
They will not have gone

Interrogative
Will I have gone ?
Will you have gone ?
Will he have gone ?
Will she have gone ?
Will it have gone ?
Will we have gone ?
Will you have gone ?
Will they have gone ?

Affirmative--------Subject + would + V1

V1

V2

V3

I would go to the office - Yo ira a la oficina

go

went

gone

You would come from Brazil - Tu vendras de Brasil

come

came

come

She would buy everything - Ella comprara todo

buy

bought bought

They would live in Chicago - Ellos viviran en Chicago

live

lived

We would work here - Nosotros trabajaramos aqu

work

worked worked

lived

Negative----------Subject + wouldn't + V1
I wouldn't sell anything - Yo no vendera nada

sell

sold

sold

You wouldn't do that work - Tu no haras ese trabajo

do

did

done

He wouldn't give the orders - l no dara las rdenes

give

gave

given

She wouldn't visit anybody - Ella no visitara a nadie

visit

visited

visited

They wouldn't travel anywhere - Ellos no viajaran a ninguna parte

travel

traveled traveled

Would I bring the beer ? - Traera yo la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Would you take the books ? - Llevaras los libros ?

take

took

taken

What would he say ? - Qu dira l ?

say

said

said

Would she accept presents ?- Aceptara ella regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Would they believe in God ? - Creeran ellos en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Interrogative-----Would + subject + V1 ?

Simple Conditional: To go
Affirmative
I would go
You would go
He would go
She would go
It would go
We would go
You would go
They would go

Negative
I would not go
You would not go
He would not go
She would not go
It would not go
We would not go
You would not go
They would not go

Interrogative
Would I go ?
Would you go ?
Would he go ?
Would she go ?
Would it go ?
Would we go ?
Would you go ?
Would they go ?

Affirmative--------Subject + would have + V3

V1

V2

V3

I would have gone to the office - Habra ido a la oficina

go

went

gone

You would have come from Brazil - Tu habras venido de Brasil

come

came

come

She would have bought everything - Ella habra comprado todo

buy

bought bought

They would have lived in Chicago - Ellos habran vivido en Chicago

live

lived

We would have worked here - Nosotros habramos trabajado aqu

work

worked worked

lived

Negative----------Subject + wouldn't have + V3

I wouldn't have sold anything - No habra vendido nada

sell

sold

sold

You wouldn't have done that work - T no habras hecho ese trabajo

do

did

done

He wouldn't have given the orders - l no habra dado las rdenes

give

gave

given

She wouldn't have visited anybody- Ella no habra visitado a nadie

visit

visited

visited

They wouldn't have traveled anywhere- Ellos no habran viajado a

travel

traveled traveled

Would I have brought the beer ? - Habra yo trado la cerveza?

bring

brought brought

Would you have taken the books ? - Habras tu llevado los libros?

take

took

taken

What would he have said ? - Qu habra dicho l?

say

said

said

Would she have accepted presents ? Habra ella aceptado regalos?

accept

accepted accepted

Would they have believed in God ? Habran ellos credo en Dios?

believe believed believed

ninguna parte

Interrogative-----Would + subject + have V3 ?

Simple Past Conditional: To go

Affirmative
I would have gone
You would have gone
He would have gone
She would have gone
It would have gone
We would have gone
You would have gone
They would have gone

Negative
I would not have gone
You would not have gone
He would not have gone
She would not have gone
It would not have gone
We would not have gone
You would not have gone
They would not have gone

Interrogative
Would I have gone ?
Would you have gone ?
Would he have gone ?
Would she have gone ?
Would it have gone ?
Would we have gone ?
Would you have gone ?
Would they have gone ?

Affirmative--------Subject + (can, could, must ...) + V1

V1

V2

V3

I must go to the office - Debo ir a la oficina

go

went

gone

You could come from Brazil - T podras venir de Brasil

come

came

come

She should buy everything - Ella debera comprar todo

buy

bought bought

They might live in Chicago - Ellos podran vivir en Chicago

live

lived

lived

We can work here - Nosotros podemos trabajar aqu

work

worked worked

I can not sell anything - No puedo vender nada

sell

sold

sold

You shouldn't do that work - Tu no deberas hacer ese trabajo

do

did

done

He shouldn't give the orders - l no debera dar las rdenes

give

gave

given

She can not visit anybody - Ella no puede visitar a nadie

visit

visited

visited

Negative----------Subject + (can, could...) + not V1

They couldn't travel anywhere - Ellos no podran viajar a ninguna parte travel

traveled traveled

Interrogative-----(can, could...) + subject + V1 ?

Should I bring the beer ? - Debera traer la cerveza ?

bring

brought brought

Could you take the books ? - Podras llevar los libros ?

take

took

taken

What must he say ? - Qu debe decir l ?

say

said

said

Might she accept presents ? - Podra ella aceptar regalos ?

accept

accepted accepted

Should they believe in God ? - Deberan ellos creer en Dios ?

believe believed believed

Modal Verbs + To go
Affirmative
I can go
I could go
I may go
I might go
I must go
I should go

Negative
I can not go
I could not go
I may not go
I might not go
I must not go
We should not go

Interrogative
Can I go ?
Could I go ?
May I go ?
Might I go ?
Must I go ?
Should I go ?

To Be: ser o estar To Have: haber o tener

Verbo To Be
TIEMPOS

Forma Afirmativa

Verbo To Have
Forma Negativa

Forma
Interrogativa

Present

I am a farmer

I have a farm

Past

You are tired

You have to rest

Present Perfect

He/ She/ It is sick

He/ She / It has fever

Past Perfect

We are musicians

We have instruments

Future (will)

You are shouting

You have to shut up

Fut (be+going to)

They are rich

They have money

Future Perfect

Traduccin

Conditional

Soy un granjero

Tengo una granja

Past Conditional

Ests cansado

Tens que descansar

(//) Est enfermo

(//) Tiene fiebre

Somos msicos

Tenemos instrumentos

(Uds) estn gritando

(Uds) tienen que callarse

Son ricos

Tienen dinero

Verbos Irregulares
(1) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 )
Simple Present
abide (abid)
arise (aris)
awake (auik)
be am/are/is
beat (bit)
become (bicm)
begin (bigun)
bend (bend)
bet (bet)
bind (bind)
Simple Present
come (cam)
creep (crip)
deal (dil)
dig (dig)
do (du)
draw (dro)
drink (drink)
drive (driv)

Simple Past
abode (abud)
arose (arus)
awoke (auuk)
was/were (us/ur)
beat (bit)
became (bikim)
began (bign)
bent (bent)
bet (bet)
bound (bund)
Simple Past
came (kim)
crept (crpt)
dealt (delt)
dug (dag)
did (did)
drew (dru)
drank (draank)
drove (druv)

Past Participle
abode (abud)
arisen (arsen)
awoke (auuk)
been (bin)
beaten (bten)
become (bicm)
begun (bign)
bent (bent)
bet (bet)
bound (bund)
Past Participle
come (cam)
crept (crpt)
dealt (delt)
dug (dag)
done (doon)
drawn (droon)
drunk (drank)
driven (drven)

Meanings
soportar
sublevarse subir
despertarse
ser o estar
golpear
convertise en
comenzar
doblar
apostar
atar
Meanings
venir
arrastrarse
tratar
cavar
hacer
dibujar, atraer
beber
conducir

eat (it)
fall (fol)
Simple Present
give (guv)
go (gu)
grind (grind)
grow (gru)
hang (jang)
have (jav)
hide (jid)
hit (jit)
hold (juld)
keep (kip)
Simple Present
put (put)
read (rid)
ride (rid)
ring (ring)
run (ran)
say (si)
see (si)
seek (sik)
sell (sel)
shake (shik)
sling (sling)
speak (spik)
spend (spend)
spin (spin)
stand (stand)
steal (stil)
stick (stik)
sting (sting)
strike (strik)

ate (it)
fell (fel)
Simple Past
gave (guiv)
went (unt)
ground (grund)
grew (gru)
hung (jaang)
had (jad)
hid (jid)
hit (jit)
held (jeld)
kept (kept)
Simple Past
put (put)
read (red)
rode (rud)
rang (raang)
ran (raan)
said (sed)
saw (so)
sought (sot)
sold (suld)
shook (shuk)
slung (slang)
spoke (spuk)
spent (spent)
spun (span)
stood (std)
stole (stul)
stuck (stak)
stung (stang)
struck (strak)

eaten (ten)
fallen (flen)
Past Participle
given (guven)
gone (gn)
ground (grund)
grown (grun)
hung (jaang)
had (jad)
hidden (jden)
hit (jit)
held (jeld)
kept (kept)
Past Participle
put (put)
read (red)
ridden (rden)
rung (rang)
run (ran)
said (sed)
seen (sin)
sought (sot)
sold (suld)
shaken (shiken)
slung (slaang)
spoken (spuken)
spent (spent)
spun (span)
stood (std)
stolen (stulen)
stuck (stak)
stung (stang)
struck (strak)

comer
caer
Meanings
dar
ir
moler
crecer
colgar
tener
esconder
golpear
sostener asir
guardar, mantener
Meanings
poner
leer
montar, andar en
sonar
correr
decir
ver
buscar
vender
sacudir
tirar arrojar
hablar
gastar
hilardar vueltas
ponerse (estar) de pie
robar
pegar (con cola), meter
picar pinchar
golpear pegar

strive (striv)
throw (zru)
tread (tred)
understand(stand)
wear (wer)
weave (wv)
weep (wip)
win (win)
wind (wind)
wring (ring)
write (rit)

strove (struv)
threw (zru)
trod (trod)

striven (strven)
thrown (zrun)
trodden (trden)

esforzarse
arrojar
pisar

understood (-std) understood (-std) entender

wore (wor)
wove (wov)
wept (wpt)
won (won)
wound (wund)
wrung (rang)
wrote (rut)

worn (worn)
woven (wven)
wept (wpt)
won (won)
wound (wund)
wrung (rang)
written (rten)

usar (ropa)
tejer
llorar
ganar
enrollar
estrujar
escribir

Verbos Modales
Can
May
Could
Might
p.ej. I can: (puedo/s)

Will
Would

Shall
Should

Must
Ought to

Affirmative: can

Negative: can't / cannot

Interrogative Can ...?

I can drive

I cannot read

Can you speak Spanish?

Puedo/s conducir

No puedo/s leer

Pods/sabs hablar espaol?

You can play chess

You can't say that

Can you play chess?

T puedes/sabes jugar al ajedrez

No puedes decir eso

Pods/Sabs jugar al ajedrez?

He can go if he wants

He can't finish this now

Can we tell you something?

l puede ir si quiere

l no puede terminar esto ahora

Podemos decirte algo?

That can be very difficult

Can she go out tonight?

Eso puede ser muy difcil

She can't read without

glasses

It can be raining

It cannot be so easy

Can it fly?

Puede estar lloviendo

(algo) No puede ser tan fcil

(algo)Puede volar?

We can do that very easily

We can't understand this

Can we start tomorrow?

Podemos hacer eso muy facilmente

No podemos entender esto

Podemos empezar maana?

Anybody can have bad luck

You can't be so crazy

Can I be with you?

Cualquiera puede tener mala suerte

No puedes estar tan loco

Puedo estar contigo?

The film can be very boring

They cannot live here

Can they stay with us?

El film puede ser muy aburrido

Ellos no pueden vivir aqu

Pueden ellos quedrse con nosotros?

Ella no puede leer sin anteojos

Puede ella salir esta noche?

Affirmative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

can

go
come
work
live
speak
...

Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

cannot
can't

go
come
work
live
speak
...

Interrogative

Can

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

go ?
come ?
work ?
live ?
speak ?
...

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Verbos Frasales
anterior <--- A - B - C - D - F - G - H - K - L - M - P - R - S - T - W ---> siguiente

1) ACCOUNT FOR - explicar-

4) ASK AFTER -preguntar por alguien-

2) ADD UP -tener sentido-

5) ASK FOR -preguntar por-

3) ALLOW FOR -tener en cuenta-

6) ASK OUT - invitar a salir-

Ejemplos
1) The storm accounts for the plane crash.

4) Susan is asking after your brother.

2) "I can't understand this. It doesn't add up".

5) He was very hungry

and asked me for something to eat.

3) All good fishermen allow for the posibility

of snake bites.

6) John likes Susan. He

will ask her out tonight.

1) BACK DOWN - echarse atrs

7) BREAK DOWN - averiarse, descomponerse

2) BACK OUT - romper una promesa

8) BREAK IN(TO) - entrar por la fuerza

3) BACK UP - apoyar

9) BREAK OUT - comenzar (una calamidad)

4) BACK UP - retroceder

10) BREAK UP - romper relaciones

5) BLOW UP - estallar

11) BRING UP - educar, criar

6) BLOW UP - llenar de aire, inflar

12) BRING UP - proponer, traer a colacin

Ejemplos
1) Susan threatened to leave, but later
she backed down and stayed.

7) Jack had a terrible day yesterday. His

car broke down on his way to work.

2) Bill's father promised to buy him a bicycle,

but he finally backed out of his promise.

8) Burglars broke into Jack's apartment while

he was on vacation.

3) If you decide to present that proposal,

I'll back you up .

9) The nation was happy until a terrible

war broke out.

4) Can you back your car up a little? It's

blocking my driveway !

10) Tom got very angry and broke up with

Susan.

5) The soldiers blew the bridge up . Nobody

can cross now.

11) His parents died, so he was brought up by

his grandfather.

6) Will you help me blow these

balloons up for the party?

12) A posible solution was brought up in the

last meeting.

1) CALL OFF - cancelar, suspender

11) COME ACROSS - encontrar, toparse con

2) CALL ON - visitar, acudir a

12) COME ALONG - acompaar

3) CALL UP - llamar por telfono

13) COME AWAY / OFF - desprenderse, soltarse

4) CARE FOR - gustar (se usa negando)

14) COME DOWN WITH - enfermarse de

5) CARRY ON - continuar , seguir

15) COME LOOSE - aflojarse

6) CARRY OUT - llevar a cabo, realizar

16) COME OVER - venir a la casa de uno

7) CATCH UP (WITH) - alcanzar

17) COME ROUND / TO - recobrar la conciencia

8) CHECK IN - registrarse ( en hotel , etc)

18) COUNT ON - contar con , confiar en

9) CHECK OUT - investigar

19) CUT BACK ON - reducir en consumo de

10) CHECK OUT OF - irse ( de un hotel, etc)

20) CUT UP - cortar en pedacitos

Ejemplos
1) The football match was called off due to
the heavy rain.

11) I came across an old friend yesterday.

2) If you have problems with your homework,

12) If you want, you can come along with us.
you can call on me.
3) Please, call me up when you finish that
report.

13) I caught the rope strongly with my hands,

but it came off.

4) I really like Brazil, but I

don't care much for its food.

14) Bob didn't come to work today. He came

down with the flu.

5) Although we are very tired, we must carry

on with this work.

15) The rope came loose, so the boat started to

drift away.

6) The work on the building was carried

out in only two months.

16) We are going to have a party at home

tonight. Will you come over?

7) Sally is so intelligent and so fast. It's really

hard to catch up with her.

17) She fainted, but fortunately she came

round very quickly.

8) He arrived at the hotel and checked in.

18) You can count on Jack. He is very honest.

9) I think this information is wrong. Could

you check it out ?

19) You are a little overweight. You should cut

back on the amount of fat in your meals.

10) He checked out of the hotel because he

didn't like the service.

20) In order to make this stew, cut up the meat

first.

1) DO AWAY WITH - abolir, eliminar

6) DRAW NEAR - acercarse

2) DO UP - abrochar, atar

7) DRAW UP - redactar

3) HAVE TO DO WITH - tener que ver con

8) DRAW UP - detenerse, pararse

4) DO WITHOUT - arreglrselas sin

9) DROP IN (ON) - dar un visita

5) DRAG ON - ser interminable

10) DROP OUT (OF) - abandonar, dejar de ir a

Ejemplos
1) The police are trying to do away
with crime in this city.

6) As summer draws near, people think about

going to the beach.

2) Bill's mother taught him how to do up his

shoelaces.

7) After they had agreed on the terms,

they drew up a contract.

3) That story has nothing to do with the real

facts.

8) Bill drew his car up when he saw children

crossing the street.

4) The refrigerator was empty, so I had to do

without breakfast that day.

9) Next week I will have a lot of free time.

Please, drop in anytime you want.

5) Time drags on when you are waiting for

something

10) Many young people are dropping out

of school nowadays.

1) FACE UP TO - hacer frente a

6) FEEL UP TO - sentirse capaz de

2) FALL BEHIND - quedarse atrs

7) FIGURE OUT - comprender, entender

3) FALL FOR - enamorarse de

8) FILL IN / UP - rellenar (formularios)

4) FALL THROUGH - fracasar (un plan)

9) FILL IN FOR - reemplazar, substituir

5) FEEL LIKE - tener ganas de

10) FIND OUT - averiguar, descubrir

Ejemplos
1) He had to face up to many problems during 6) This is a very difficult task. Do you feel up
his childhood.
to doing it ?
2) John was supposed to finish this work
today, but he fell behind.

7) Jane is still trying to figure out how to

solve the math problem.

3) Jack finds Mary to be very attractive. I

think he fell for her.

8) Your address is missing in the form. Can

you fill it in, please ?

4) I wanted to go fishing on Sunday, but my

plans fell through due to the bad weather.

9) The Professor Brown is not coming . Mrs

Smith will fill in for him today.

5) I don't feel like working today.

10) The firemen are trying to find out the

cause of the fire.

1) GET ALONG (WITH) - llevarse bien (con)

7) GIVE AWAY - regalar

2) GET BY - sobrevivir (financieramente)

8) GIVE IN - ceder, entregarse

3) GET OVER - recuperarse (de algo malo)

9) GIVE UP - rendirse, darse por vencido

4) GET THROUGH (WITH)- terminar, finalizar

10) GIVE UP - dejar de

5) GET TOGETHER - reunirse, juntarse

11) GO ALONG WITH - estar de acuerdo con

6) GET RID OF - deshacerse de, librarse de

12) GO ON (WITH) - continuar

Ejemplos
1) Dogs don't usually get along with cats.

7) You don't wear those shoes anymore. Why

don't you give them away?

2) The whole family had to get by on the

mother's salary.

8) The boxer cannot continue fighting. He

will give in at any moment.

3) John got over his illness very quickly.

9) You are about to finish the race. Don't give

up now!

4) Alice won't be able to get through with her 10) Mary is pregnant. She should give
project until next year..
up smoking.
5) The family got together to celebrate
Christmas.

11) That manager never goes along with the

workers' ideas.

6) Why don't you get rid of these old

magazines?

12) We have to go on with this work.

1) HAND IN - entregar

4) HANG UP - colgar (el telfono)

2) HAND OUT - distribuir

5) HOLD ON TO - agarrarse a, mantener

3) HANG ON - esperar

6) HOLD UP - asaltar

Ejemplos
1) I have to hand this report in tomorrow
morning.

4) I have to hang up now ! . My mother needs

to make a call .

2) The uncle is handing gifts out to his

nephews.

5) Although Mary lives in Japan now, she

still holds on to European customs.

3) Hang on , please !. I'll be with you in a

minute.

6) The convenience store was held up last

night.

1) KEEP ON - seguir, continuar

3) KNOCK OUT - dejar sin sentido

2) KEEP UP WITH - mantenerse al nivel de

4) KNOCK OVER - tirar, volcar, atropellar

Ejemplos
1) John will keep on working in that firm for two more years.
2) Laura is so smart and fast. It's really difficult to keep up with her!
3) The old lady knocked the thief out with her umbrella.
4) The car knocked the boy over. Now, he is at the hospital.

1) LAY OFF- despedir

10) LOOK BACK ON - recordar, mirar hacia atrs

2) LEAVE OUT - omitir, olvidar

11) LOOK DOWN ON - despreciar, menospreciar

3) LET DOWN - decepcionar , defraudar

12) LOOK FOR - buscar

4) LET IN - dejar entrar

13) LOOK FORWARD TO - esperar con ilusin

5) LET OUT - dejar salir

14) LOOK INTO - investigar

6) LET OFF - dejar ir (sin castigo)

15) LOOK OUT (FOR) - tener ciudado (de)

7) LET UP - amainar, disminuir

16) LOOK UP - buscar (una palabra, direccin etc)

8) LIVE UP TO - cumplir con, actuar de acuerdo a

17) LOOK UP - visitar

9) LOOK AFTER - cuidar

18) LOOK UP TO - respetar, admirar

Ejemplos
1) The company has laid off ten workers this
year.

10) Grandparents always look back on their

young days.

2) Jack left out his address in the form.

11) Jim is so arrogant. He looks down

on everybody less intelligent than him.

3) I trusted you, but you let me down!

12) Tom is looking for a new job.

4) Sally is knocking at the door. Let her in!

13) Billy is looking forward to going on

vacation to Europe.

5) Sally wants to leave. Let her out!

14) I think this report is wrong. Can you look

into it?

6) The judge felt sorry for the thief

and let him off.

15) Be careful !. Look out for snakes in this

area !

7) The rain started to let up.

16) Edward is looking up a word in the

dictionary.

8) Everybody thinks Robert is a good person.

He tries to live up to that reputation.

17) If you come to my city, don't forget

to look me up !

9) The nanny is looking after the children.

18) He is the smartest in the class.

Everybody looks up to him.

1) MAKE FOR - dirigirse a

5) MAKE UP - maquillarse

2) MAKE OFF WITH - robar, marcharse con

6) MAKE UP (WITH) - reconciliarse (con)

3) MAKE OUT - distinguir, descifrar, entender

7) MAKE UP FOR - compensar

4) MAKE UP - inventar, hacer

8) MIX UP - confundir, mezclar

Ejemplos
1) The plane was making for the airport.

5) Becky uses red lipstick and pink powder

to make up her face.

2) The maid made off with some of the china

from the dinning room.

6) Laura and his boyfriend had an argument

last night, but they made up today.

3) The ship was so far from the coast that

nobody could make out its nationality.

7) Bill couldn't visit Mary yesterday. So, he

brought her a gift to make up for it.

4) That writer makes up fantastic stories about 8) The teacher mixed me up with so much

life in the future.

information.

1) PART WITH - deshacerse de, regalar

10) PULL DOWN - derribar, demoler

2) PASS AWAY - morir

11) PULL OVER - detenerse a un lado de la calle

3) PASS OUT - distribuir, repartir

12) PULL THROUGH - salir adelante, recobrarse

4) PASS OUT - desmayarse

13) PUT AWAY - guardar, poner en su lugar

5) PICK ON - molestar - fastidiar

14) PUT BACK - poner donde estaba

6) PICK OUT - escoger

15) PUT OFF - posponer

7) PICK UP- recoger

16) PUT ON - ponerse (ropa, joyas etc)

8) PICK UP - pasar a buscar

17) PUT OUT - apagar (fuego, luces etc)

9) POINT OUT - indicar

18) PUT UP WITH - tolerar, aguantar

Ejemplos
1) These books are occupying too much space. 10) The construction workers will pull
I'll have to part with them.
down the old building.
2) My grandfather passed away five years
ago.

11) The policeman ordered the speeding driver

to pull over.

3) James was passing out new books to

everyone in class.

12) She was in a hard situation, but somehow

she pulled through.

4) Nancy passed out when she heard the bad

news.

13) The little boy's room is a mess. His mother

wants him to put his toys away.

5) Everyone in class picked on the new

student.

14) I took a book from the bookcase, but

I put it back at once.

6) Helen likes to pick out the best apples at

the supermarket.

15) We'll have to put off our meeting for the

next week.

7) I found a strange coin at the beach and

I picked it up.

16) I put on a warm coat because it was cold

outside.

8) Jane is going to the movies. Brian

will pick her up at 7:30 p.m.

17) The firemen put out the fire in less than an

hour.

9) The president pointed out the achievements 18) That noise is bothering me. I cannot put
of his goverment.
up with it any longer.

1) RIP OFF - estafar, cobrar demasiado

4) RUN INTO - encontrarse con

2) RUN ACROSS - encontrarse con

5) RUN OUT OF - quedarse sin

3) RUN AWAY - escapar

6) RUN OVER - atropellar con el auto

Ejemplos
1) " Don't buy anything in that store.
They'll rip you off "

4) Laura ran into Mary when she was at the

supermarket.

2) Jane ran across her old friend from school

at the supermarket.

5) They wanted to go to Europe, but they

had run out of money.

3) The thief tried to run away, but the police

caught him.

6) The car ran over the dog that crossed the

street.

1) SEE ABOUT - atender a, encargarse de

10) SHOW OFF - fanfarronear, presumir

2) SEND FOR - mandar a buscar

11) SHOW UP - aparecer

3) SET BACK - retrasar, demorar

12) SHUT UP - callar, silenciar

4) SET IN - comenzar

13) SLIP AWAY - escabullirse

5) SET OFF - partir

14) STAND FOR - significar, representar

6) SET OUT - partir

15) STAND OUT - sobresalir, destacarse

7) SET UP - establecer

16) STAND UP - dejar ( a alguien ) plantado

8) SETTLE DOWN - establecerce, adaptarse

17) STAND UP FOR - defender (verbalmente) a

9) SETTLE UP - pagar lo que se debe

18) STAND UP TO - hacer frente a

Ejemplos
1) Let's organize a party! You can see
about getting the groceries.

10) He always tries to impress people

by showing off.

2) Billy was feeling sick, so his mother sent

for the doctor.

11) We waited for her, but she didn't show up.

3) The workers' strike set back the completion

12) Be quiet!... Shut up!
of the new building.
4) People start to wear warm clothes when the
winter sets in.

13) When nobody was watching, he slipped

away.

5) The boat will set off early in the morning.

14) The letters U. N. stand for United

Nations.

6) All the sailors will set out in that boat

tomorrow.

15) That boy is so smart. He always stands

out in class.

7) That athlete set up a new world record.

16) John waited for Jane, but she didn't come.

She stood him up.

8) Brian likes this city. He is trying to settle

down .

17) Everyone criticized her. Nobody stood up

for her.

9) He won the lottery and was able to settle

up all his debts.

18) You have to be brave. You have

to stand up to that problem.

1) TAKE AFTER - parecerse a

11) TRY OUT - probar, poner a prueba

2) TAKE APART- desmontar, desarmar

12) TRY OUT FOR - tratar de ingresar a

3) TAKE CARE OF -cuidar

13) TURN DOWN - rechazar

4) TAKE OFF - despegar (un avin)

14) TURN IN - irse a la cama

5) TAKE OFF - quitarse (ropa)

15) TURN INTO - convertir en

6) TAKE UP - ocupar

16) TURN ON - prender, encender

7) TALK OVER - discutir

17) TURN OFF - apagar

8) THROW AWAY - tirar a la basura

18) TURN OUT TO BE - resultar ser

9) THROW UP - vomitar

19) TURN DOWN - bajar el volumen

10) TRY ON - probarse (ropa)

20) TURN UP - subir el volumen

Ejemplos
1) Mike takes after his father.

11) The technicians are trying out the new car.

2) I have to repair this TV. I have

to take it apart first.

12) Tim would like to try out for the baseball

team.

3) The nanny is taking care of the children.

13) Mike asked Jane out, but

she turned him down.

4) The plane is taking off at this moment.

14) I am tired and it is too late. I think I'll turn

in.

5) His T-shirt was so dirty. He had

to take it off.

15) This sofa turns into a bed.

6) The old piano takes up too much space.

They will move it somewhere else.

16) I was bored, so I turned the TV on.

7) This subject is important. We

must talk it over.

17) I got tired of watching TV, so

I turned it off.

8) He threw away all the things that he didn't

use.

18) The film seemed good at first, but

it turned out to be very boring.

9) He had drunk so much that he had to throw 19) The music is too loud.
up.
Please, turn it down
10) I like this T-shirt. Can I try it on ?

20) Could you turn the TV up. I can't hear it

1) WAIT ON - atender, servir

6) WIPE OUT - destruir completamente

2) WALK OUT ON - abandonar (novio/a)

7) WORK OUT - hacer ejercicio (en un gym)

3) WARM UP - entrar en calor

8) WORK OUT - resolver, elaborar

4) WATCH OUT (FOR) - tener ciudado (de)

9) WRITE DOWN - anotar, tomar apuntes

5) WEAR OUT - desgastar completamente

10) WRITE UP - redactar

Ejemplos
1) The salesgirl is waiting on the customer.

6) The small town was wiped out by the

tornado.

2) Sally is sad because her boyfriend walked

out on her.

7) Robert is in good shape because he works

out at the gym everyday.

3) Runners warm up before starting a race.

8) They have many problems in the company,

but they will work them out.

4) "If you go into the jungle, watch out

for tigers "

9) The reporter wrote down everything the

rock star had said.

5) I have worn these shoes out. I have to buy

another pair.

10) They have reached an agreement and now

they will write up the contract.

Voz Pasiva
Tiempos Simples

Tiempos Progresivos

Present

Past Perfect

Present Continuous

Past

Future

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Modals

Future Continuous

Frmula :

Subject + (am/are/is) + V3
Sentence

Translation

The products are inspected

Se inspeccionan los productos

Workers are replaced by robots

Se reemplazan los obreros por robots

Thieves are arrested

Se arresta a los ladornes

That car is washed very week

Se lava ese auto todas las semanas

He is asked to be quiet

Se le pide que est callado

He is told not to make noise

Se le dice que no haga ruido

A solution is found

Se encuentra una solucin

Those houses are painted every year

Se pintan esas casas todos los aos

I am given a good advice

Se me d un buen consejo

The student is ordered to leave the room

Se le ordena al estudiante que salga del aula

The kid is told not to cross the street

Se le dice al nio que no cruce la calle

I am asked to give a speech

Se me pide que d un discurso

A million copies are sold every year

Se venden un milln de copias todos los aos

The suspect is investigated

Se investiga al sospechoso

Bill is asked to pay what he owes

Se le pide a Bill que pague lo que debe

The murderer is sentenced to death

Se sentencia a muerte al asesino

Rules are changed

Se cambian las reglas

A skyscraper is built

Se construye un rascacielos

Reported Speech

Para cambiar una oracin de Direct Speech a Reported Speech, tendremos que tener
en cuenta
1. Verbos para reportar
2. Tiempos Verbales
3. Verbos Modales
4. Pronombres Personales
5. Referencias al Tiempo y al Lugar

Algunos Verbos Para Reportar

tell (tl) decir, contar
say (si) decir
ask (sk) preguntar, pedir
admit (admt) admitir
"OK, OK. Yeah. I broke that window"
He admitted that he had broken the window

agree (agri) estar de acuerdo

"Yeah, of course. I will give you the money"
He agreed to loan me some money

answer (nser) responder

"Oh, not now. I am too busy at this moment"

She answered that she was too busy at that moment

invite (invit) invitar

"Hey guys!. Don't you want to go to the beach with me?"
He invited us to go to beach with him

complain (complin) quejarse

"Oh, no. I have this terrible toothache again!"
He complained of a toothache

offer (fer) ofrecer

"I could help you with that math problem if you want"
She offered to help me with the math problem

suggest (soyst) sugerir

"It's a nice day. We could go to the country and have a picnic"
Bill suggested that we have a picnic

demand (dimnd) exigir

"I want to see the manager of this company inmediately!"
The man demanded to see the manager of the company

request (rikust) solicitar

"Excuse me, Madam. Could I use your telephone for a minute?"
He requested permission to use the woman's telephone

remind (rimind) hacer acordar

"Hey Bill. Don't forget to mail this letter today!"
Jack reminded Bill that he had to mail a letter that day

describe (discrib) describir

"The house is white. It has three bedrooms and a beautiful garden"
He described his house

confess (confs) confesar

"I must tell you something Jane... I love you with all my heart"
He confessed that he loved her

blame (blim) culpar

"It was your fault that I couldn't arrive on time"
The girl blamed the boy for her arriving late

propose (propus) proponer

"Sir, I think we should have a meeting this afternoon"
He proposed to have a meeting for that afternoon

refuse (rifis) rehusarse

"I won't do this job any longer"
He refused to continue working

congratulate (congrtchiulit) felicitar

"Congratulations Jack. Your performance was excellent!"
He congratulated Jack on giving a good performance at the theater

greet (grit) saludar

"Hi everybody"
Bill greeted everybody as he entered the room

introduce (introdis) presentar

"This is my mother. Her name is Nancy"
He introduced me to his mother

warn (urn) advertir

"Don't drink so much or you'll get drunk"
Bill warned Jack not to drink too much

insist (insst) insistir

"You must take me there!. Come on. I really want to go there!"
She insisted that she wanted to go

insult (inslt) insultar

"You... damned fat cow!. You ate all my cookies!"
She insulted her friend calling her a 'fat cow'

apologize (aployis) pedir disculpas

"I am very sorry for having insulted you in that way"
She apologized to her friend for having insulted her

thank (zenk) agradecer

"Thank you so much for your help, Mary"
Jack thanked Mary for her help

protest (protst) protestar

"Come on. It was not my fault. You are accusing the wrong person!"
The girl protested against the unfair accusation

threaten (zrten) amenazar

"If you don't give me the money, I will kill you"
The robber threatened to kill the man

advise (advis) aconsejar

"If you don't want to have problems with your health, you should stop smoking"

His doctor advised him to stop smoking

inquire (inkuir) preguntar

"Could you tell me where the main library is?"
She inquired the way to get to the library

praise (pris) elogiar

"I really think that the work you are doing is excellent"
Bill's boss praised him for the work he was doing

deny (dini) negar

"I don't know what you think, but I didn't break that window"
Billy denied that he had broken the window

assure (ashur) asegurar

"Don't worry. I will finish my work on time"
He assured me that he would finish his work on time

persuade (persuid) persuadir

"Come on. You'll have a great time a the party. Let's go!"
Jack persuaded Bill to go to the party

convince (convns) convencer

"Instead of going to France we should go to Brazil on vacation. It's cheaper, nearer and warmer"
She convinced her husband to go to Brazil instead of France

beg (beg) rogar, suplicar

"Oh please, Mom, please, let me go. I promise I'll be back before midnight!"
She begged her mother to let her go the party

dissuade (disuid) disuadir

"I don't think it is a good idea to fly now. The conditions are dangerous"
The man dissuaded him from flying under those weather conditions

confide (confid) confiar

"I am terribly afraid of storms"
He confided his fear about storms to his companion

recommend (rkomnd) recomendar

"I think you should take these shoes. They are very nice and have a good quality"
The salesgirl recommended that I buy those shoes

scold (skuld) regaar

"Look what you have done!. You broke the vase!. You must be more careful with things in the
house"
Jack's mother scolded him for breaking the vase

order (rder) ordenar

"Fire!!"
The sergeant ordered the soldiers to fire at the enemy

accuse (akis) acusar

"I saw you when you stole my money!"
The man accused his colleague of stealing his money

explain (explin) explicar

"I couldn't call you because there was no phone nearby"
He explained why he couldn't call me

mention (mnshon) mencionar

"By the way, I am a bit tired after this trip"
Bill mentioned that he was tired after the trip

compliment (cmplemnt) felicitar, piropear, hacer un cumplido

"Jane.What elegant you are tonight !"
The man complimented Jane on being so elegant that night

encourage (enkridch) alentar

"Come on. Don't quit now!. You are about to win the game"
Bill's father encouraged him to continue with the game

discourage (diskridch) desalentar

"It is cold and it is raining. I think you shouldn't go out tonight"
Mary's mother discouraged her from going out that night

console (consul) consolar

"Don't feel so bad. It is not so terrible to fail an exam. You'll pass it next time!"
Bill's companion tried to console him for having failed at the exam

Tiempos Verbales
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present

Simple Past

"I work in Argentina"

He said that he worked in Argentina

"I am a teacher"

He said that he was a teacher

Simple Past

Simple Past Perfect

"We saw a good film on TV"

They said that they had seen a good film on TV

"I was tired"

He said that he had been tired

Simple Perfect

Simple Past Perfect

"We have gone to that place before"

They said that they had gone to that place

before

"I have been here many times"

She said that she had been there many times

Simple Future

Simple Conditional

"I will visit my mother"

He said that he would visit his mother

"She will be happy to see me"

He said that she would be happy to see him

Simple Future perfect

Simple Conditional Perfect

"I will have arrived there by 5 pm"

He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm

"I will have sent all the products by tomorrow"

He said that he would have sent all the products

by tomorrow

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

"I am doing my job"

He said that he was doing his job

"We are living in New York"

They said that they were living in New York

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

"I was dancing with Mary"

He said that he had been dancing with Mary

"We were talking"

They said that they had been talking

Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

"I have been doing this for two years"

He said that he had been doing that for two

years

"We have been trying to phone him"

They said that they had been trying to phone

him

Future Continuous

Conditional Continuous

"I will be flying to Chicago"

He said that he would be flying to Chicago

"I will be staying at a good hotel"

He said that he would be staying at a good

hotel"

Future Perfect Continuous

Conditional Perfect Continuous

"I will have been selling books for two years"

He said that he would have been selling books

for two years

"I will have been having a good life"

He said that he would have been having a good

life

Verbos Modales
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

can

could

"I can stay here until Sunday"

He said he could stay there until Sunday

"I can do this alone"

He said that he could do that alone

may

might

"I may go fishing next weekend"

He said he might go fishing next weekend

"We may travel to Europe"

They said that they might travel to Europe

will

would

"I will stay here"

He said that he would stay there

"I will not go away"

He said that he wouldn't go away

must

had to

"I must work everyday"

He said he had to work everyday

"I must not arrive late"

He said he didn't have to arrive late

Tiempo y Lugar
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

now

then, at that moment

today

that day

tonight

that night

last night

the previous night, the night before

this morning

that morning

tomorrow

the next day, the following day

yesterday

the previous day, the day before

this week

that week

next week

the following week, the week after

last year

the previous year, the year before

next year

the following year, the year after

here

there

Conditional Sentences
Type

IF clause

Main Clause

Type I

Present

will/ can/ may /must + V1

Type II

Past

would/ could/ might + V1

Type III

Past Perfect

would/ could/ might + have V3

Habitual

Present

Present

Imperativo

Present

Imperative

Sentence

Translation

If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow Si est ocupado ahora, regresar maana

If I have time, I'll visit my parents this

afternoon

Si tengo tiempo, visitar a mis padres esta tarde

If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach Si est caluroso maana, iremos a la playa
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes

Si est fro, debes usar ropa abrigada

If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go

Si l no hace su tarea, no puede ir a la fiesta
to the party
If she doesn't call you, you can call her

Si ella no te llama, tu puedes llamarla

If you work hard, you may become a

millonaire someday

Si trabajas duro, puede que te conviertas en un

millonario algn da

If you spend more than you earn, you'll

become a poor man

Si gastas ms de lo que ganas, te convertirs en

un hombre pobre

If they don't invite you, you must not go

Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir

If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus

Si no nos apuramos, perderemos nuestro

autobus

If you pay now, you'll get a discount

Si pagas ahora, obtendrs un descuento

If they don't want to go out, they can stay

home

Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa

If you drink too much, you'll get drunk

Si bebes demasiado, te emborrachars

If you feel sick, you must stay in bed

Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama

If they don't come here, we'll have to go

there

Si ellos no vienen aqu, tendremos que ir all

There Be (impersonal)
ver + - ?
Conjugaciones

Significado

Ejemplos

THERE IS (singular)

HAY

There is a house

THERE ARE (plural)

HAY

There are two houses

THERE WAS (s)

HUBO, HABA

There was a party last night

THERE WERE (p)

HUBO, HABA

There were many people

THERE HAS BEEN (s)

HA HABIDO

There has been a hurricane

THERE HAVE BEEN (p)

HA HABIDO

There have been two hurricanes

THERE HAD BEEN

HABA HABIDO

There had been many problems

THERE WILL BE

HABR

There will be a party tonight

THERE IS GOING TO BE (s)

VA A HABER

There is going to be a celebration

THERE ARE GOING TO BE (p)

VA A HABER

There are going to be many guests

THERE WAS GOING TO BE (s)

IBA A HABER

There was going to be a party yesterday

THERE WERE GOING TO BE (p)

IBA A HABER

There were going to be many guests

THERE WILL HAVE BEEN

HABR HABIDO

There will have been much money

THERE WOULD BE

HABRA

There would be an orchestra

THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN

HABRA HABIDO

There would have been many musicians

THERE CAN BE

PUEDE HABER

There can be a fire

THERE COULD BE

PODRA/ PUDO HABER

There could be many injured people

THERE MAY BE

PUEDE HABER

There may be a storm

THERE MIGHT BE

PODRA HABER

There might be blackouts

THERE SHOULD BE

DEBERA HABER

There should be a warning

THERE MUST BE

DEBE HABER

There must be a way out

THERE HAS TO BE (s)

TIENE QUE HABER

There has to be a solution

THERE HAVE TO BE (p)

TIENE QUE HABER

There have to be several solutions

THERE HAD TO BE

TUVO/ TENA QUE

HABER

There had to be a cause

THERE COULD HAVE BEEN

PODRA/PUDO HABER
HABIDO

There could have been a mistake

THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN

PODRA HABER HABIDO There might have been an explosion

THERE SHOULD HAVE BEEN

DEBERA HABER
HABIDO

There should have been warnings

THERE MUST HAVE BEEN

DEBE HABER HABIDO

There must have been an error

THERE HAS TO HAVE BEEN (s)

TIENE QUE HABER

HABIDO

There has to have been a reason

THERE HAVE TO HAVE BEEN (p)

TIENE QUE HABER

HABIDO

There have to have been many reasons

THERE HAD TO HAVE BEEN

TUVO/TENA QUE
HABER HABIDO

There had to have been a purpose

going to (gonna)

I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are

Affirmative
going to come tomorrow
(gonna)

go next week
bring his sister
take her brother
be very easy
have a party

Traducin
Voy a venir maana
T vas a ir la prxima semana
l va a traer a su hermana
Ella va a llevar a su hermano
Va a ser muy fcil
Nosotros vamos a tener una fiesta

You are
They are

arrive early
leave late

Ustedes van a llegar temprano

Ellos se van a ir tarde

Negative
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not

going to
(gonna)

Traduccin
come tomorrow
go next week
bring his sister
take her brother
be very easy
have a party
arrive early
leave late

No voy a venir maana

T no vas a ir la prxima semana
l no va a traer a su hermana
Ella no va a llevar a su hermano
No va a ser muy fcil
No vamos a tener una fiesta
Ustedes no van a llegar temprano
Ellos no se van a ir tarde

Interrogative
Am I
Are you
Is he
Is she
Is it
Are we
Are you
Are they

going to
(gonna)

come tomorrow ?
go next week ?
bring his sister ?
take her brother ?
be very easy ?
have a party ?
arrive early ?
leave late ?

Traduccin
Voy a venir maana?
Vas a ir la prxima semana?
l va a traer a su hermana?
Ella va a llevar a su hermano?
Va a ser muy fcil?
Nosotros vamos a tener una fiesta?
Ustedes van a llegar temprano?
Ellos se van a ir tarde?

Ms ejemplos:
I am going to travel to Paris. (voy a viajar a Pars)
I am going to visit my grandmother (voy a visitar a mi abuela)
She is going to make a cake for me (ella va a hacer una torta para mi)
They are not going to remember that (ellos no se van a acordar de eso)
We are not going to go anywhere (nosotros no vamos a ir a ninguna parte)
Who is going to come today ? (Quin va a venir hoy?)
Are you going to buy a new car? (Vas comprar un nuevo auto?)

 Are they going to help you ? (Ellos te van a ayudar?)

What are you going to bring ? (Qu vas a traer?)
When is she going to arrive ? (Cundo va a llegar ella?)

Imperatives

La forma imperativa se usa para dar instrucciones, rdenes, sugerencias,

advertencias y consejos

En forma afirmativa
Come here - Ven aqu
Go there - And all
Open the door - Abr la puerta
Leave me alone - Dejme solo
Turn on the TV - Encend el televisor
Turn off the radio - Apag la radio
Be careful - S cuidadoso
Let me see that - Dejme ver eso
Call me up - Llamme por telfono
Finish that report - Termin ese informe
Sit down - Sentte

En forma negativa
Don't cross the street ! - No cruces la calle!
Don't say that ! - No digas eso!
Don't be so mean ! - No seas tan malo!
Don't fight ! - No peles!
Don't drink so much ! - No tomes tanto!
Don't invite so many people ! - No invites
tantas personas!

Don't make noise ! - No hagas ruido!

Don't interrupt ! - No interrumpas!
Don't drive so fast ! -No conduzcas tan
rpido!

Don't be late ! - No llegues tarde!

Don't come so early ! - No vengas tan
temprano!

Stand up - Levantte

Don't buy so many things ! - No compres

tantas cosas!

Let's
El Let's (let us) se usa para hacer una sugerencia en la cul uno mismo se incluye

Let's
Let's work - Trabajemos
Let's make a party - Hagamos una fiesta

Let's not
Let's not hurry - No nos apuremos
Let's not do that - No hagamos eso

Let's buy some beers - Compremos algunas Let's not waste time - No desperdiciemos
cervezas

tiempo

Let's play basketball - Juguemos al bsketbol Let's not wait any more - No esperemos ms
Let's go to the movies - Vayamos al cine
Let's not go so fast - No vayamos tan rpido
Let's eat some ice creams - Comamos
Let's not drink so much - No tomemos tanto
algunos helados

Let's take a walk - Tomemos un paseo

Let's consider this problem - Consideremos
este problema

Let's see what we can do - Veamos que

podemos hacer

Let's try to do it - Tratemos de hacerlo

Let's start with this - Comencemos con esto

Let's not talk about that - No hablemos de

eso

Let's not bother them - No los molestemos

Let's not interrupt - No interrumpamos
Let's not say anything - No digamos nada
Let's not argue again - No discutamos de
nuevo

Let's not be upset about it - No estemos

Let's finish that - Terminemos eso

molestos por ello

Agreement
Tambin (too) (so) --- Tampoco (either) (neither)

Affirmative (too) (so)

Negative (either) (neither)

I am hungry, and so are you.

I am hungry, and you are too.

I am not tired, and neither are my friends.

I am not tired, and my friends are not either.

My wife is a lawyer, and so am I.

My wife is a lawyer, and I am too.

My sister is not here, and neither are my

parents.
My sister is not here, and my parents are not
either.

She was here yesterday, and so was he.

She was here yesterday, and he was too.

They were not working, and neither was she.

They were not working, and she was not either.

They were working, and so was I.

They were working, and I was too.

She was not from Brazil, and neither are they.

She was not from Brazil, and they are not
either.

I can swim, and so can my brother.

I can swim, and my brother can too.

I can't play chess, and neither can you.

I can't play chess, and you can't either.

I could finish on time, and so could my

colleagues.

She couldn't see the film, and neither could I.

She couldn't see the film, and I couldn't either.

I could finish on time, and my colleagues could

too.
They might go fishing, and so might we.
They might go fishing, and we might too.

He might not stay longer, and neither might we.

He might not stay longer, and we might not
either.

We must work hard, and so must he.

We must work hard, and he must too.

We must not be late, and neither must you.

We must not be late, and you must not either.

I should study more, and so should you.

I should study more, and you should too.

I shouldn't drink so much, and neither should

you.
I shouldn't drink so much, and you shouldn't
either.

They will go to the movies, and so will I.

They will go to the movies, and I will too.

They won't attend the concert, and neither will

I.
They won't attend the concert, and I won't
either.

I would earn more, and so would my partner.

I would earn more, and my partner would too.

We wouldn't work on Sundays, and neither

would she.
We wouldn't work on Sundays, and she
wouldn't either.

Bill is going to rest, and so are his friends.

Bill is going to rest, and his friends are too.

Mary is not going to come, and neither are her

children.
Mary is not going to come, and her children
aren't either.

Jane studies German, and so do I.

Jane studies German, and I do too.

Susan doesn't know you, and neither do I.

Susan doesn't know you, and I don't either.

I like to go fishing, and so does my brother.

I like to go fishing, and my brother does too.

I don't like novels, and neither does my

girlfriend.
I don't like novels, and my girlfriend doesn't
either.

John cleaned the house, and so did his wife.

John cleaned the house, and his wife did too.

Bill didn't come, and neither did his brother.

Bill didn't come, and his brother didn't either.

Jack worked hard, and so did his colleagues.

Jack worked hard, and his colleagues did too.

Jack didn't bring anything, and neither did his

sister.
Jack didn't bring anything, and his sister didn't
either.

He has lived in this city for years, and so have

we.
He has lived in this city for years, and we have
too.

She has not seen that film yet, and neither has
her boyfriend.
She has not seen that film yet, and her
boyfriend hasn't either.

They have gone on vacation, and so has their

son.
They have gone on vacation, and their son has
too.

Billy has not finished his work yet, and neither

have his companions.
Billy has not finished his work yet, and his
companions haven't either.

I had heard a strange noise, and so had my

friend.
I had heard a strange noise, and my friend had
too.

He hadn't been there, and neither had his

family.
He hadn't been there, and his family hadn't
either.

They have time, and so do I.

They have time, and I do too.

They don't have money, and neither do we.

They don't have money, and we don't either.

Adjetivos
Contrastes

Comparativos & Adjetivos &

Superlativos
Verbos

Awake - despierto
Beautiful - hermoso
Big - grande
Bitter - amargo
Black - negro
Careful - cuidadoso
Dark - oscuro
Dead - muerto
Deep - profundo
Difficult - difcil
Dirty - sucio
Drunk - borracho
Expensive - caro
Far - lejano
Fast - rpido
Fat - gordo
Full - lleno
Glad - contento
Good - bueno
Happy - feliz
Hard - duro
Healthy - saludable

Adjetivos &
Adverbios

Contrastes
Asleep - dormido
Ugly - feo
Small - pequeo
Sweet - dulce
White - blanco
Careless - descuidado
Light - claro
Alive - vivo
Shallow - superficial
Easy - fcil
Clean - limpio
Sober - sobrio
Cheap - barato
Near - cercano
Slow - lento
Thin - flaco
Empty - vaco
Sad - triste
Bad - malo
Sorry - apenado
Soft - blando
Sick - enfermo

Adjetivos &
Sustantivos

Heavy - pesado
High - alto
Hot - caliente
Interesting - interesante
Late - tarde
Long - largo
New - nuevo
On - encendido
Past - pasado
Polite - corts, atento
Rich - rico
Right - derecho
Right - correcto
Rough - spero
Safe - seguro
Same - mismo
Simple - simple
Single - soltero
Straight - derecho
Strong - fuerte
Tall - alto
Thick - grueso
True - verdadero
Useful - til
Warm - clido
Wet - mojado
Wide - ancho
Young - joven

Light - liviano
Low - bajo
Cold - fro
Boring - aburrido
Early - temprano
Short - corto
Old - viejo
Off - apagado
Future - futuro
Rude - grosero
Poor - pobre
Left - izquierdo
Wrong - equivocado
Smooth - suave, liso
Dangerous - peligroso
Different - diferente
Complex - complejo
Married - casado
Crooked - torcido
Weak - dbil
Short - bajo
Thin - delgado
False - falso
Useless - intil
Cool - fresco
Dry - seco
Narrow - angosto, estrecho
Old - viejo

Adverbios
Se clasifican en adverbios de:
TIEMPO

LUGAR

FRECUENCIA

MODO

GRADO

ASERCIN

RACIOCINIO

After - despus
Afterwards - despus
Again - otra vez
Already - ya
Always - siempre
As soon as - tan pronto como
At last - al fin
Before - antes
Early - temprano
Ever - siempre, alguna vez
Finally - finalmente
First - primeramente
Formerly - anteriormente
Hereafter - despus
Last - por ltimo
Lastly - finalmente
Late - tarde
Lately - ltimamente
Latterly - ltimamente
Long - mucho tiempo
Meanwhile - entretanto

Never - nunca
Newly - recin
Next - luego
No longer - ya no
Now - ahora
Now and then - de vez en cuando
Often - a menudo
Presently - luego
Seldom - rara vez
Shortly - en breve
Since then - desde entonces
Sometimes - algunas veces
Soon - pronto
Then - entonces
Till now - hasta ahora
Today - hoy
Tomorrow - maana
Until now - hasta ahora
When - cuando
Yesterday - ayer
Yet - todava

Conjunciones

According to - de acuerdo a
After - despus que
Although - aunque, si bien
And - y
As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como
As if - como si

Namely - a saber
Neither... nor - ni... ni
Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
Nor - ni
Notwithstanding - no obstante
Or - o

As long as - mientras, con tal que

As soon as - en cuanto
As though - como si
As well as - adems de
Because - porque
Because of - debido a
Before - antes que
Both...and - tanto...como
But - pero
But - sino
Either... or - o... o
Even though - aunque
Except - excepto, salvo
For - porque
Furthermore - adems
However - sin embargo
If - si
In case of - en caso de
In order to - para
Moreover - adems, por otra parte

Or else - sino
Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no
Provided - siempre que , con tal de que
Providing - siempre que , con tal de que
Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que
So as to - para
So as not to - para no
So that - para que
Still - sin embargo, no obstante
Than - que ( en comparaciones )
Therefore - por lo tanto
Though - aunque
Unless - a menos que
Until - hasta que
Whenever - cada vez que, cuando
Whereas - siendo que, mientras
Whether - si
Whether... or - si... o
While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque
Yet - sin embargo, no obstante

According to (acrding tchu) - de acuerdo a

- Everything was done according to his instructions -- Todo fue hecho de acuerdo a sus
instrucciones

After (fter) - despus que

- He started to eat after he had washed his hands -- Comenz a comer despus de haberse
lavado las manos
- After he had eaten, he went to bed -- Despus de que haba comido, se fue a la cama

Although (oldu) - aunque, si bien - (although = though = even though)

- Although he was not tall, he was excellent at basketball -- Aunque no era alto, era excelente
para el baloncesto
- Although she appears to be happy, she is actually very sad -- Anque parece estar feliz, est
muy triste en realidad

And - y
- Bill buys things and sells them at a higher price -- Bill compra cosas y las vende a un precio
ms alto

As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como

- As the two boys walked down the street, they found a wallet -- Mientras los dos chicos
caminaban por la calle, encontraron una billetera
- As winter approaches, the temperature gets colder and colder -- A medida que se aproxima
el invierno, la temperatura se pone cada vs ms fra
- As she entered the restaurant, she saw us -- Cuando entr al restaurant, ella nos vi
- She acted as a crazy woman -- Ella actuaba como una loca
- He is not as intelligent as they think -- l no es tan inteligente como ellos piensan

As if - como si - (as if = as though)

- He acts as if he were rich -- l acta como si fuera rico
- They treat me as if they didn't know me -- Me tratan como si no me conocieran
- Bill started to shop as if he had won the lottery -- Bill comenz comprar como si hubiera
ganado la lotera
- They looked as if they hadn't slept for days -- Se vean como si no hubieran dormido desde
hace das

As long as (as lng as) - mientras, siempre que

- You can stay here as long as you work hard -- Te puedes quedar aqu mientras trabajes duro
- I will live in this city as long as I can -- Vivir en esta ciudad mientras pueda
- Nobody will know about this secret as long as you keep mum -- Nadie sabr de este secreto
mientras mantengas la boca cerrada

As soon as (as sn as) - en cuanto, tan pronto como

-- I will do this work as soon as I can -- Har con este trabajo tan pronto como pueda
-- She started to work as soon as she graduated from the university -- Comenz a trabajar
tan pronto como se gradu de la universidad

As though (as du) - como si - (as if = as though)

Ver " As if "

As well as - adems de
- My sister as well as John will go to the movies tomorrow -- Mi hermana, as como John,
irn al cine maana
- She is intelligent as well as kind -- Ella es inteligente adems de amable
- She works as well as she studies -- Ella trabaja adems de estudiar

Because (bics) - porque

- I don't want to go out because it is too cold -- No quiero salir porque est demasiado fro

Because of - debido a
- They stayed in because of the bad weather -- Ellos se quedaron en casa debido al mal
tiempo
- She can not play sports because of her illness -- Ella no puede practicar deportes debido a su
enfermedad

Before (bifr) - antes que

- Billy washed his hands before he started to eat -- Billy se lav sus manos antes de empezar
a comer
- He had trained for years before he decided to box professionally -- l haba entrenado
durante aos antes de decidirse a boxear profesionalmente

Both...and (buz...nd) - tanto...como

- He speaks both softly and clearly -- l habla tanto suavemente como claramente
- She plays both the piano and the harp -- Ella toca tanto el piano como el harpa

But - pero
- He spoke clearly, but I didn't understand him -- Habl claramente pero no lo entend
- She saw me, but she didn't recognize me -- Me vi pero no me reconoci

But - sino
- She is not from Argentina but from Brazil -- Ella no es de Argentina sino de Brazil
- He didn't work but he rested all day -- No trabaj sino que descanz todo el da

Either... or (der...or) - o... o

- Either start to work or quit this business -- O empezs a trajar o dejs este negocio
- He must be either very brave or very crazy -- l debe ser o muy valiente o muy loco
- You should either work or study -- T deberas, o trabajar, o estudiar

Even though (ven du) - aunque (although = though = even though)

- ver although

Except (excpt) - excepto, salvo

- They would go to Europe, except they have to go to Japan -- Iran a Europa salvo que
tengan que ir a Japn

For - porque
- We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside -- Tendremos que quedarnos en casa porque
est lloviendo afuera
- He didn't greet her, for he was very angry -- l no la salud porque estaba muy enojado
- She turned on the lights, for she was afraid of the dark -- Encendi las luces porque tena
miedo a la oscuridad

Furthermore (ferdermr) - adems - (furthermore = moreover)

- She doesn't want to study , and furthermore she doesn't want to work either -- Ella no
quiere estudiar y, adems, tampoco quiere trabajar
- He was a bad person, and furthermore he was very proud of that -- l era una mala
persona y, adems, estaba muy orgulloso de eso

However (jaover) - sin embargo - (however = nevertheless = notwithstanding)

- They were not having fun, however they stayed all night -- Ellos no se estaban divirtiendo,
sin embargo, se quedaron toda la noche
- He didn't study much, however he got good grades -- l no estudiaba mucho, sin embargo,
obtena buenas notas

If - si
- If you drink too much, you'll get drunk -- Si bebes demasiado, te emborrachars
- If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man -- Si gastas ms de lo que
ganas, te convertirs en un hombre pobre
- If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this -- Si l estuviese en mi lugar, no hara esto

In case (of) (in kis ov) - en caso (de)

- Break the window in case of emergency -- Romper la ventana en caso de emergencia
- Call this number in case you get lost -- Llam a este nmero en caso de que te pierdas

In order to - para
- They left early in order to arrive on time for the movie -- Ellos salieron temprano para
llegar a tiempo para la pelcula
- We are working harder in order to earn more money -- Estamos trabajando ms duro para
ganar ms dinero

Moreover (moruver) - adems, por otra parte - (furthermore = moreover)

ver furthermore

Namely (nimli) - a saber

- There were two people in the house, namely Tom and Mary -- Haba dos personas en la
casa, a saber Tom y Mary

Neither... nor (nder..or) - ni... ni

- I want neither to work nor to study -- No quiero ni trabajar ni estudiar
- She drinks neither wine nor beer -- Ella no toma ni vino ni cerveza
- Neither Susan nor Bill wants to see that film -- Ni Susan ni Bill quieren ver esa pelcula

Nevertheless (nverdils) - sin embargo, no obstante - (however = nevertheless =

notwithstanding)
- Ver however

Nor - ni
-- Bill didn't come today, nor will he come tomorrow -- Bill no vino hoy; ni (tampoco) vendr
maana

Notwithstanding (ntwidstnding) - no obstante

- Ver however

Or - o
- He never works. He is always sleeping or watching TV -- l nunca trabaja. Siempre est
durmiendo o mirando TV
- With all that money, they could buy a new house or travel around the world -- Con todo
ese dinero, ellos podran comprar una nueva casa o viajar alrededor del mundo

Or else (or ls) - sino

- You should study harder, or else you will fail the test -- Deberas estudiar ms duro, sino
reprobars la prueba
- They must leave now, or else they will arrive late -- Ellos deben salir ahora, sino llegarn

tarde

Otherwhise (derwis) - de otra manera, si no

- We should finish this now, otherwise we'll have to do it tomorrow -- Deberamos terminar
esto ahora, sino tendremos que hacerlo maana
- Fortunately they left early; otherwise they wouldn't have arrived on time -Afortunadamente salieron temprano; de otra manera no habran llegado a tiempo

Provided (provided) - siempre que , con tal de que - (provided = providing)

- I will buy the product, provided I can pay for it by credit card - Comprar el producto,
siempre que pueda pagarlo con la tarjeta de crdito
- They will believe you, provided you swear that it is true - Te creern, siempre que jures que
es verdad

Providing (providing) - siempre que , con tal de que - (provided = providing)

- They will go fishing next weekend, providing it doesn't rain -- Ellos irn a pescar el
prximo fin de semana, siempre que no llueva

Since (sns) - puesto que, ya que, desde que

- He didn't understand a word, since he doesn't speak English -- No entendi ni una palabra
puesto que no habla ingls
- Since it was too late, they decided to go to sleep, -- Puesto que era demasiado tarde,
decidieron irse a dormir
- She shouldn't eat so much, since she is a little fat -- No debera comer tanto puesto que est
un poco gorda

So as to - para
- They decided to take a plane so as to travel faster -- Decidieron tomar una avin para viajar
ms rpido
- She paid by cash so as to get a good discount -- Pag en efectivo para obtener un buen
descuento

So as not to - para no
- He took a short nap so as not to be too tired for the party -- El tom una breve siesta para
no estar demasiado cansado para la fiesta
- She wrote down his telephone number so as not to forget it -- Ella anot su nmero de
telfono para no olvidarlo

So that - para que

- You should learn more vocabulary so that you can speak better -- Deberas aprender ms
vocabulario para que puedas hablar mejor
- They decided to save extra money so that they would be able to go on vacation -Decidieron ahorrar dinero extra para poder ir de vacaciones
- He gave her a present so that she would feel better -- l le di un regalo para que ella se
sienta mejor

Still - sin embargo, no obstante

- Jack didn't study much for the test; still he managed to pass it -- Jack no estudi mucho
para la prueba, no obstante, se las arregl para aprobar

- He can not speak very well; still he understands everyting -- No puede hablar bien, sin
embargo, entiende todo
- They felt very sad; still they forced themselves to smile all the time -- Se sentan muy
tristes, no obstante, se obligaban a si mismos a sonrer todo el tiempo

Than - que ( en comparaciones )

- They started to have more problems than they expected -- Empezaron a tener ms
problemas que lo que esperaban
- She discovered that learning English is more difficult than she thought -- Ella descubri
que aprender ingls es ms dificil que lo que pens

Therefore (drfr) - por lo tanto

- I didn't have enough time to study for the test and therefore I couldn't pass it -- No tuve
suficiente tiempo para estudiar para la prueba y, por lo tanto, no pude aprobarla
- John left very late and therefore he didn't arrive on time -- John sali muy tarde y, por lo
tanto, no lleg a tiempo

Though (du) - aunque - (although = though = even though)

- ver although

Unless (anls) - a menos que

- You can not drink alcohol here, unless you are an adult -- No puedes beber alcohol aqu, a
menos que seas un adulto
- They won't be able to travel to Europe, unless they have their passports -- No podrn
viajar a Europa, a menos que tengan sus pasaportes
- Unless you can speak English very well, you can not study in an american university -- A
menos que puedas hablar ingls muy bien, no puedes estudiar en una universidad americana

Until (antl) - hasta que

- They listened in silence until he finished his speech -- Escucharon en silencio hasta que l
termin su discurso
- He looked for his keys until he found them -- Busc sus llaves hasta que las encontr
- Bill can not go out to play soccer until he completes his homework -- Bill no puede salir a
jugar al ftbol hasta que termine su tarea

Whenever (wenver) - cada vez que, cuando

- He goes to the movies whenever he has the time -- l va al cine siempre cada vez que tiene
tiempo
- Whenever they have to work, they feel sick -- Cada vez que tienen que trabajar, se sienten
enfermos

Whereas (uras) - siendo que, mientras

- The weather is very nice here in summer, whereas in winter it is not so good -- El tiempo
es muy lindo aqu en verano, mientras que en invierno no es tan bueno

Whether (wder) - si
- You must tell me whether you will come -- Debes decirme si vendrs
- I don't know whether to buy this computer or not -- No s si comprar esta computadora o
no

Whether... or - si... o
- I don't know whether to take it or leave it -- No s si llevarlo o dejarlo
- She didn't understand whether she had to go or stay -- Ella no entendi si tena que ir o
quedarse

While (wil) - mientrar, mientras que, aunque

- Many things happened here while you were out --Muchas cosas pasaron aqu mientras t
estuviste afuera
- While they didn't know her very well, they invited her to their wedding -- Aunque no la
conocan bien, la invitaron a su boda

Yet (it) - sin embargo, no obstante

- He wanted to reply to that accusation, yet he didn't -- l quera contestar a esa acusacin,
sin embargo no lo hizo

Terminaciones
Verbos terminados en...

Ver Sustantivos

Ver Adjetivos

ate ize ish ore oy

est ess ute ose ede eve ect ase ive ist

en

fer fy

ine rm ort pt

ude end ent ain are ade ume ult ly

ire

use

it

Verbo

abominate - (abminit)
accelerate - (akslerit)
accomodate - (acmodit) alojar
accumulate - (akimulit)
activate - (ktivit)
adulterate - (adlterit)
advocate - (dvokit) - abogar por
aggravate - (gravit)
agitate - (yitit)
alienate - (ilienit)
allocate - (lokit) asignar
alternate - (lternit)
amalgamate - (amlgamit)
amputate - (mpiutit)
animate - (nimit)
annihilate - (anielit)

ict

Sustantivo

abomination
acceleration
accomodation
accumulation
activity
adulteration
advocacy
aggravation
agitation
alienation
allocation
alternation
amalgamation
amputation
animation
annihilation

anticipate - (antcipit)
appreciate - (aprsiit)
appropriate - (aprpriit)
articulate - (artkiulit)
assassinate - (assinit)
associate - (asusiit)
calculate - (clkiulit)
celebrate - (clebrit)
circulate - (srkiulit)
commemorate - (commorit)
communicate - (cominikit)
compensate - (cmpensit)
complicate - (cmplikit)
concentrate - (cncentrit)
conciliate - (consliit)
confiscate - (cnfiskit)
conglomerate - (conglmerit)
congratulate - (congrtiulit)
congregate - (cngreguit)
consolidate - (conslidit)
contaminate - (contminit)
contemplate - (cntemplit)
cooperate - (coperit)
coordinate - (cordinit)
correlate - (crrelit)
corroborate - (corrborit)
create - (criit)
culminate - (clminit)
cultivate - (cltivit)
debate - (dibit)
decorate - (dcorit)
dedicate - (ddicate)
deflate - (dflit) - desinflar

anticipation
appreciation
appropriation
articulation
assassination
association
calculation
celebration
circulation
commemoration
communication
compensation
complication
concentration
conciliation
confiscation
conglomeration
congratulations
congregation
consolidation
contamination
contemplation
cooperation
coordination
coorelation
corroboration
creation
culmination
cultivation
debate
decoration
dedication
deflation

degenerate - (deynerit)
delegate - (dleguit)
deliberate - (delberit)
demonstrate - (dmonstrit)
denigrate - (dnigrit)
designate - (dsignit)
deteriorate - (detriorit)
detonate - (dtonit)
devastate - (dvastit)
deviate - (dviit) - desviarse
dictate - (dctit)
differentiate - (difernshiit)
discriminate - (discrminit)
dislocate - (dsloukit)
disseminate - (disminit)
dissipate - (dsipit)
dissociate - (disushiit)
domesticate - (domstikit)
dominate - (dminit)
donate - (dunit)
duplicate - (dplikit)
educate - (dchukit)
elaborate - (elborit)
elevate - (levit)
eliminate - (elminit)
elongate - (longuit)
elucidate - (elcidit)
emanate - (manit)
emancipate - (imncipit)
emigrate - (migrit)
enunciate - (innciit)
equate - (kuit) - equiparar
eradicate - (errdikit)

degeneration
delegation
deliberation
demonstration
denigration
designation
deterioration
detonation
devastation
deviation
dictation
differentiation
discrimination
dislocation
dissemination
dissipation
dissociation
domestication
domination
donation
duplication
education
elaboration
elevation
elimination
elongation
elucidation
emanation
emancipation
emigration
enunciation
equation
erradication

escalate - (scalit) - intensificarse

estimate - (stimit)
evacuate - (ivkiuit)
evaluate - (evliuit)
evaporate - ()
exaggerate - ()
exasperate - ()
excavate - ()
execrate - ()
exonerate - ()
exterminate - ()
extortionate - ()
facilitate - ()
fascinate - ()
fluctuate - ()
formulate - ()
frustate - ()
germinate - ()
gesticulate - ()
graduate - ()
hesitate - ()
humiliate - ()
illustrate - ()
imitate - ()
impersonate - ()
implicate - ()
incarnate - ()
incinerate - ()
incorporate - ()
incriminate - ()
indicate - ()
infiltrate - ()
inflate - ()

escalation
estimation
evacuation
evaluation
evaporation
exaggeration
exasperation
excavation
execration
exoneration
extermination
extortion
facilitation
fascination
fluctuation
formulation
frustration
germination
gesticulation
graduation
hesitation
humiliation
illustration
imitation
impersonation
implication
incarnation
incineration
incorporation
incrimination
indication
infiltration
inflation

initiate - ()
insinuate - ()
instigate - ()
insulate - ()
integrate - ()
intimidate - ()
intoxicate - ()
invalidate - ()
investigate - ()
irrigate - ()
isolate - ()
lacerate
legislate
liberate
liquidate
litigate
locate
lubricate
mitigate
moderate
motivate
mutilate
narrate
navigate
negotiate
nominate
obliterate
originate
oscillate
overestimate
penetrate
perforate
perpetrate

initiation
insinuation
instigation
insulation
integration
intimidation
intoxication
invalidation
investigation
irrigation
isolation
laceration
legislation
liberation
liquidation
litigation
location
lubrication
mitigation
moderation
motivation
mutilation
narration
navigation
negotiation
nomination
obliteration
origination
oscillation
overestimation
penetration
perforation
perpetration

perpetuate
placate
postulate
precipitate
predominate
procrastinate
radiate
refrigerate
rehabilitate
regenerate
regulate
relate
repudiate
retaliate
resuscitate
reverberate
rotate
saturate
segregate
separate
speculate
stimulate
stipulate
suffocate
tabulate
tolerate
translate
underestimate
urinate
vegetate
venerate
ventilate
vibrate

perpetuity
placation
postulation
precipitation
predominance
procrastination
radiation
refrigeration
rehabilitation
regeneration
regulation
relation
repudiation
retaliation
resuscitation
reverberation
rotation
saturation
degregation
separation
speculation
stimulation
stipulation
suffocation
tabulation
toleration
translation
underestimation
urination
vegetation
veneration
ventilation
vibration

vindicate

vindication
Verbo

acclimatize
advertise
analyze
antagonize
apologize
authorize
baptize
catechize
centralize
characterize
circumcise
civilize
colonize
comprise
compromise
criticize
demoralize
despise
disguise
economize
emphasize
exercise
familiarize
fertilize
finalize
fraternize
harmonize
humanize
hypnotize

Sustantivo

acclimatization
advertisement
analysis
antagonism
apology
authorization
baptism
catechism
centralization
characterization
circumcision
civilization
colonization
compromise
criticism
demoralization
disguise
economy
emphasis
exercise
familiarity
fertilization
finality
fraternization
harmonization
humanity
hypnotism

idolize
immobilize
immortalize
immunize
improvise
itemize
jeopardize
legitimize
liberalize
memorize
minimize
modernize
naturalize
neutralize
organize
penalize
popularize
publicize
rationalize
realize
recognize
satirize
scandalize
scrutinize
socialize
solemnize
standarize
subsidize
supervise
surprise
sympathize
terrorize
tranquilize

idolatry
immobilization
immortality
immunization
improvisation
jeopardy
legitimation
liberalization
memorization
modernization
naturalization
neutralization
organization
penalty
popularization
publication
rationalization
recognition
satire
scandal
scrutiny
socialization
solemnity
standardization
subsidy
supervision
surprise
sympathy
terrorism
tranquility

utilize
victimize

utilization
victimization

Verbo

abolish
accomplish
admonish
astonish
banish
cherish
diminish
distinguish
embellish
establish
extinguish
finish
flourish
furnish
garnish
languish
nourish
perish
polish
punish
relinquish
replenish
vanish

Sustantivo

abolition
accomplishment
admonition
astonishment
banishment
diminution
distinction
embellishment
establishment
extinction
finish
flourish
furniture
garnishment
languor
nourishment
polish
punishment
relinquishment
replenishment

Verbo

adore

Sustantivo

adoration

deplore
explore
ignore
implore
restore

exploration
ignorance
restoration

Verbo

annoy
deploy
destroy
employ
enjoy

Sustantivo

annoyance
deployment
destruction
employment
enjoyment

Verbo

arrest
attest
detest
digest
molest
rest
test

Sustantivo

arrest
attestation
detestation
digestion
molestation
rest
test

Verbo

assess
caress
compress
confess
depress
distress

Sustantivo

assessment
caress
compression
confession
depression
distress

express
obsess
possess
press
process
progress
stress
suppress

expression
obsession
possession
pressure
process
progress
stress
suppression

Verbo

attribute
commute
constitute
contribute
destitute
dilute
dispute
distribute
execute
persecute
prosecute
salute
substitute

Sustantivo

attribution
commutation
constitution
contribution
destitution
dilution
disputation
distribution
execution
persecution
prosecution
salutation
substitution

Verbo

compose
decompose
depose
diagnose
disclose

Sustantivo

composition
decomposition
deposition
diagnosis
disclosure

dispose
enclose
expose
impose
oppopse
propose
suppose

disposal
enclosure
exposition
imposition
opposition
proposal
supposition

Verbo

impede
intercede
precede
recede
Verbo
achieve
believe
conceive
deceive
grieve
perceive
receive
relieve
retrieve
Verbo
achieve
believe
conceive
deceive
grieve
perceive
receive

Sustantivo

impediment
intercession
precedence
recession
Sustantivo
achievement
belief
conception
deceit
grievance
perception
reception
relief
retrieval
Sustantivo
achievement
belief
conception
deceit
grievance
perception
reception

relieve
retrieve

relief
retrieval
Verbo

affect
collect
connect
correct
defect
deflect
detect
direct
disconnect
disinfect
dissect
eject
elect
erect
expect
infect
inject
intersect
inspect
neglect
object
perfect
project
protect
recollect
reflect
reject
respect
select
suspect

Sustantivo

affectation
collection
connection
correction
defection
deflection
detection
direction
disconnection
disinfection
dissection
ejection
election
erection
expectation
infection
injection
intersection
inspection
neglect
objection
perfection
projection
protection
recoleccin
reflection
rejection
respect
selection
suspicion

Verbo

appease
cease
crease
decrease
erase
grease
increase
lease
please
purchase
release

Sustantivo

appeasement
cease
crease
decrease
erasure
grease
increase
lease
pleasure
purchase
release

Verbo

arrive
connive
contrive
deprive
derive
revive

Sustantivo

arrival
connivance
contrivance
deprivation
derivation
revival

Verbo

assist
consist
enlist
exist
insist
persist
resist

Sustantivo

assistance
consistency
enlistment
existence
insistence
persistence
resistance

Verbo

awaken
blacken
brighten
broaden
cheapen
darken
deafen
deepen
enlighten
fatten
flatten
frighten
harden
hasten
heighten
lessen
lighten
loosen
madden
moisten
quicken
quieten
ripen
sharpen
shorten
slacken
soften
stiffen
sweeten
thicken

Sustantivo

awake
black
bright
broad
cheap
dark
deaf
deep
light
fat
flat
fright
hard
haste
height
less
light
loose
mad
moisture
quick
quiet
ripe
sharp
short
slack
soft
stiff
sweet
thick

threaten
tighten
widen
worsen

threat
tight
wide
worse

Verbo

confer
defer
differ
infer
offer
prefer
refer
suffer
transfer

Sustantivo

conferment
deferment
difference
inference
offer
preference
reference
suffering
transference

Verbo

amplify
beaufity
certify
clarify
classify
crucify
defy
disqualify
diversify
electrify
falsify
fortify
glorify

Sustantivo

amplification
beautification
certification
clarification
classification
crucifixion
defiance
disqualification
diversification
electrification
falsification
fortification
glorification

gratify
horrify
identify
indemnify
intensify
justify
magnify
modify
mortify
mystify
notify
pacify
personify
purify
qualify
ratify
rectify
satisfy
signify
simplify
specify
unify
verify

gratification
horror
identification
indemnification
intensification
justification
magnification
modification
mortification
mystification
notification
pacification
personification
purification
qualification
ratification
rectification
satisfaction
signification
simplification
specification
unification
verification

Verbo

combine
confine
decline
define
destine
determine

Sustantivo

combination
confinement
decline
definition
destination
determination

examine
incline
recline
refine
underline

examination
inclination
refinement
underlining

Verbo

affirm
confirm
conform
form
inform
perform
reform

Sustantivo

affirmation
confirmation
conformation
formation
information
performance
reformation

Verbo

abort
comfort
contort
deport
distort
escort
export
import
report
resort
retort
support
transport

Sustantivo

abortion
comfort
contortion
deportation
distortion
escort
export
import
report
resort
retort
suppoprt
transportation

Verbo

accept
adapt
adopt
attempt
corrupt
disrupt
erupt
except
exempt
prompt
tempt

Sustantivo

acceptance
adaptation
adoption
attempt
corruption
disruption
eruption
exception
exemption
prompt
temptation

Verbo

acquit
admit
audit
commit
deposit
edit
emit
exhibit
exit
exploit
inherit
inhibit
limit
omit
permit
prohibit
remit

Sustantivo

acquittal
admission
audit
commitment
deposit
editing
emission
exhibition
exit
exploitation
inheritance
inhibition
limitation
omission
permission
prohibition
remittance

transmit
visit

transmission
visit

Verbo

allude
conclude
delude
elude
exclude
include
intrude
preclude
protrude

allusion
conclusion
delusion
exclusion
inclusion
intrusion
protrusion

Verbo

apprehend
ascend
attend
commend
contend
defend
depend
extend
intend
offend
pretend
recommend
suspend
transcend

Sustantivo

Sustantivo

apprehension
ascension
attendance
commendation
contention
defense
dependence
extension
intention
offence
pretension
recommendation
suspension
transcendency

Verbo

assent
comment
consent
dissent
ferment
invent
lament
present
prevent
rent
represent
resent

Sustantivo

assent
comment
consent
dissent
ferment
invention
lament
presentation
prevention
rent
representation
resentment

Verbo

abstain
attain
complain
constrain
contain
detain
drain
entertain
explain
gain
maintain
obtain
ordain
refrain
regain
remain

Sustantivo

abstention
attainment
complaint
constraint
containment
detainment
drainage
entertainment
explanation
gain
maintenance
obtainment
ordainment

restrain
retain
stain
sustain

restraint
stain
sustenance

Verbo

compare
declare
despair
impair
prepare
repair

Sustantivo

comparison
declaration
despair
impairment
preparation
repair

Verbo

dissuade
evade
invade
persuade
parade
trade

Sustantivo

evasion
invasion
persuasion
parade
trade

Verbo

assume
consume
presume
resume
fume

Sustantivo

assumption
consumption
presumption
resumption
fume

Verbo

assault
consult
exult
insult
result
revolt

Sustantivo

assault
consultation
exultation
insult
result
revolt

Verbo

apply
comply
imply
multiply
rely
reply
supply

Sustantivo

application
compliance
implication
multiplication
reliance
reply
supply

Verbo

afflict
convict
depict
evict
indict
inflict
predict
restrict

Sustantivo

affliction
conviction
depiction
eviction
indictment
infliction
prediction
restriction

Verbo

acquire

Sustantivo

acquirement

admire
aspire
conspire
desire
enquire
expire
inspire
perspire
require
retire

admiration
aspiration
conspiration
desire
inquiry
expiration
inspiracin
perspiration
requirement
retirement

Verbo

abuse
accuse
amuse
confuse
deduce
diffuse
excuse
induce
introduce
produce
reduce
refuse
reproduce
seduce

Sustantivo

abuse
accusation
amusement
confusion
deduction
diffusion
excuse
inducement
introduction
production
reduction
refusal
reproduction
seduction

Verbo

abuse
accuse

Sustantivo

abuse
accusation

amuse
confuse
deduce
diffuse
excuse
induce
introduce
produce
reduce
refuse
reproduce
seduce

amusement
confusion
deduction
diffusion
excuse
inducement
introduction
production
reduction
refusal
reproduction
seduction
Adjetivo

Airy
Angry
Bloody
Busy
Cloudy
Dirty
Empty
Hungry
Messy
Roomy
Starry
Stony
Stormy
Sunny
Thirsty
Windy

Palabra Relacionada

Reported Speech

Para cambiar una oracin de Direct Speech a Reported Speech, tendremos que tener
en cuenta
1. Verbos para reportar
2. Tiempos Verbales
3. Verbos Modales
4. Pronombres Personales
5. Referencias al Tiempo y al Lugar

Algunos Verbos Para Reportar

tell (tl) decir, contar
say (si) decir
ask (sk) preguntar, pedir
admit (admt) admitir
"OK, OK. Yeah. I broke that window"
He admitted that he had broken the window

agree (agri) estar de acuerdo

"Yeah, of course. I will give you the money"
He agreed to loan me some money

answer (nser) responder

"Oh, not now. I am too busy at this moment"
She answered that she was too busy at that moment

invite (invit) invitar

"Hey guys!. Don't you want to go to the beach with me?"
He invited us to go to beach with him

complain (complin) quejarse

"Oh, no. I have this terrible toothache again!"
He complained of a toothache

offer (fer) ofrecer

"I could help you with that math problem if you want"
She offered to help me with the math problem

suggest (soyst) sugerir

"It's a nice day. We could go to the country and have a picnic"
Bill suggested that we have a picnic

demand (dimnd) exigir

"I want to see the manager of this company inmediately!"
The man demanded to see the manager of the company

request (rikust) solicitar

"Excuse me, Madam. Could I use your telephone for a minute?"
He requested permission to use the woman's telephone

remind (rimind) hacer acordar

"Hey Bill. Don't forget to mail this letter today!"
Jack reminded Bill that he had to mail a letter that day

describe (discrib) describir

"The house is white. It has three bedrooms and a beautiful garden"
He described his house

confess (confs) confesar

"I must tell you something Jane... I love you with all my heart"
He confessed that he loved her

blame (blim) culpar

"It was your fault that I couldn't arrive on time"
The girl blamed the boy for her arriving late

propose (propus) proponer

"Sir, I think we should have a meeting this afternoon"
He proposed to have a meeting for that afternoon

refuse (rifis) rehusarse

"I won't do this job any longer"
He refused to continue working

congratulate (congrtchiulit) felicitar

"Congratulations Jack. Your performance was excellent!"
He congratulated Jack on giving a good performance at the theater

greet (grit) saludar

"Hi everybody"
Bill greeted everybody as he entered the room

introduce (introdis) presentar

"This is my mother. Her name is Nancy"
He introduced me to his mother

warn (urn) advertir

"Don't drink so much or you'll get drunk"
Bill warned Jack not to drink too much

insist (insst) insistir

"You must take me there!. Come on. I really want to go there!"
She insisted that she wanted to go

insult (inslt) insultar

"You... damned fat cow!. You ate all my cookies!"
She insulted her friend calling her a 'fat cow'

apologize (aployis) pedir disculpas

"I am very sorry for having insulted you in that way"
She apologized to her friend for having insulted her

thank (zenk) agradecer

"Thank you so much for your help, Mary"
Jack thanked Mary for her help

protest (protst) protestar

"Come on. It was not my fault. You are accusing the wrong person!"
The girl protested against the unfair accusation

threaten (zrten) amenazar

"If you don't give me the money, I will kill you"
The robber threatened to kill the man

advise (advis) aconsejar

"If you don't want to have problems with your health, you should stop smoking"
His doctor advised him to stop smoking

inquire (inkuir) preguntar

"Could you tell me where the main library is?"
She inquired the way to get to the library

praise (pris) elogiar

"I really think that the work you are doing is excellent"
Bill's boss praised him for the work he was doing

deny (dini) negar

"I don't know what you think, but I didn't break that window"

Billy denied that he had broken the window

assure (ashur) asegurar

"Don't worry. I will finish my work on time"
He assured me that he would finish his work on time

persuade (persuid) persuadir

"Come on. You'll have a great time a the party. Let's go!"
Jack persuaded Bill to go to the party

convince (convns) convencer

"Instead of going to France we should go to Brazil on vacation. It's cheaper, nearer and warmer"
She convinced her husband to go to Brazil instead of France

beg (beg) rogar, suplicar

"Oh please, Mom, please, let me go. I promise I'll be back before midnight!"
She begged her mother to let her go the party

dissuade (disuid) disuadir

"I don't think it is a good idea to fly now. The conditions are dangerous"
The man dissuaded him from flying under those weather conditions

confide (confid) confiar

"I am terribly afraid of storms"
He confided his fear about storms to his companion

recommend (rkomnd) recomendar

"I think you should take these shoes. They are very nice and have a good quality"
The salesgirl recommended that I buy those shoes

scold (skuld) regaar

"Look what you have done!. You broke the vase!. You must be more careful with things in the
house"
Jack's mother scolded him for breaking the vase

order (rder) ordenar

"Fire!!"
The sergeant ordered the soldiers to fire at the enemy

accuse (akis) acusar

"I saw you when you stole my money!"
The man accused his colleague of stealing his money

explain (explin) explicar

"I couldn't call you because there was no phone nearby"
He explained why he couldn't call me

mention (mnshon) mencionar

"By the way, I am a bit tired after this trip"
Bill mentioned that he was tired after the trip

compliment (cmplemnt) felicitar, piropear, hacer un cumplido

"Jane.What elegant you are tonight !"
The man complimented Jane on being so elegant that night

encourage (enkridch) alentar

"Come on. Don't quit now!. You are about to win the game"
Bill's father encouraged him to continue with the game

discourage (diskridch) desalentar

"It is cold and it is raining. I think you shouldn't go out tonight"
Mary's mother discouraged her from going out that night

console (consul) consolar

"Don't feel so bad. It is not so terrible to fail an exam. You'll pass it next time!"
Bill's companion tried to console him for having failed at the exam

Tiempos Verbales
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present

Simple Past

"I work in Argentina"

He said that he worked in Argentina

"I am a teacher"

He said that he was a teacher

Simple Past

Simple Past Perfect

"We saw a good film on TV"

They said that they had seen a good film on TV

"I was tired"

He said that he had been tired

Simple Perfect

Simple Past Perfect

"We have gone to that place before"

They said that they had gone to that place

before

"I have been here many times"

She said that she had been there many times

Simple Future

Simple Conditional

"I will visit my mother"

He said that he would visit his mother

"She will be happy to see me"

He said that she would be happy to see him

Simple Future perfect

Simple Conditional Perfect

"I will have arrived there by 5 pm"

He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm

"I will have sent all the products by tomorrow"

He said that he would have sent all the products

by tomorrow

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

"I am doing my job"

He said that he was doing his job

"We are living in New York"

They said that they were living in New York

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

"I was dancing with Mary"

He said that he had been dancing with Mary

"We were talking"

They said that they had been talking

Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

"I have been doing this for two years"

He said that he had been doing that for two

years

"We have been trying to phone him"

They said that they had been trying to phone

him

Future Continuous

Conditional Continuous

"I will be flying to Chicago"

He said that he would be flying to Chicago

"I will be staying at a good hotel"

He said that he would be staying at a good

hotel"

Future Perfect Continuous

Conditional Perfect Continuous

"I will have been selling books for two years"

He said that he would have been selling books

for two years

"I will have been having a good life"

He said that he would have been having a good

life

Verbos Modales
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

can

could

"I can stay here until Sunday"

He said he could stay there until Sunday

"I can do this alone"

He said that he could do that alone

may

might

"I may go fishing next weekend"

He said he might go fishing next weekend

"We may travel to Europe"

They said that they might travel to Europe

will

would

"I will stay here"

He said that he would stay there

"I will not go away"

He said that he wouldn't go away

must

had to

"I must work everyday"

He said he had to work everyday

"I must not arrive late"

He said he didn't have to arrive late

Tiempo y Lugar
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

now

then, at that moment

today

that day

tonight

that night

last night

the previous night, the night before

this morning

that morning

tomorrow

the next day, the following day

yesterday

the previous day, the day before

this week

that week

next week

the following week, the week after

last year

the previous year, the year before

next year

the following year, the year after

here

there

Pronunciacin

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all (ol) todos - ball (bol) pelota - call (col) llamada - fall (fol) cada - hall (jol) sala mall (mol) centro comercial - tall (tol) alto - wall (uol) pared - small (smol) pequeo stall (stol) puesto de mercado - recall (ricol) recordar - squall (skuol) rfaga pitfall (ptfool) riesgo
jaw (yo) mandbula - law (lo) ley - paw (po) pata - raw (ro) crudo - saw (so) sierra claw (clo) garra - draw (dro) empate - flaw (flo) defecto - gnaw (no) roer thaw (zo) deshielo - straw (stro) pajita - bawl (bol) chillar - dawn (don) amanecer hawk (jok) halcn - lawn (lon) csped - pawn (pon) empear - yawn (ion) bostezo -

brawl (brol) pelea - brawn (bron) fuerza muscular - crawl (crol) gatear - drawl (drol)
habla lenta y aburrida - shawl (shol) chal
clause (clos) clusula, oracin - cause (cos) cause - gauze (gos) gasa - sauce (sos)
salsa - pause (pos) pausa, interrupcin - fauna (fona) fauna - sauna (sona) sauna launch (lonch) lanzar, lanzamiento - paunch (ponch) panza, barriga - haunch (jonch)
cadera, anca - fraud (frod) fraude - daub (dob) embardunar - fault (folt) culpa, defecto vault (volt) bveda, cripta - haul (jol) tirar, transportar - flaunt (flont) ostentar, lucir haunt (jont) guarida - gaunt (gont) demacrado, flaco - jaunt (yont) excursin
dine (din) cenar - fine (fin) bien, lindo, multa - line (lin) lnea, cola - mine (min) mina nine (nin) nueve - pine (pin) pino - wine (uin) vino - brine (brin) salmuera shine (shin) brillo, lustre - hide (jid) esconder - ride (rid) paseo - side (sid) lado tide (tid) marea - wide (wuid) ancho - bride (brid) novia - guide (gid) gua pride (prid) orgullo - knife (nif) cuchillo - life (lif) vida - wife (wif) esposa - bike (bik)
bici - dike (dik) dique - hike (jik) caminata - like (lik) gustar - mike (mik) micr(fono pike (pik) pica - bile (bil) bilis - file (fil) archivo, lima - mile (mil) milla - pile (pil)
montn - tile (til) azulejo - vile (vil) vil - dice (dis) dados - lice (lis) piojos mice (mis) ratones - nice (nis) agradable, amable - rice (ris) arroz - vice (vis) vicio price (pris) precio - slice (slis) tajada, rebanada, rodaja - spice (spis) especia dime (dim) moneda de diez centavos - lime (lim) lima - time (tim) tiempo, vez, poca chime (chim) campanada - crime (crim) delito - prime (prim) primero, principal pipe (pip) tubo, cao, pipa - ripe (rip) maduro - wipe (wuip) limpiar - stripe (strip) raya dire (dir) horrible - fire (fir) fuego, incendio - hire (jir) contratar - mire (mir) fango, lodo tire (tir) cansarse - wire (wir) alambre, cable - bite (bit) morder - kite (kit) cometa rite (rit) rito - site (sit) sitio - trite (trit) trivial - write (rit) escribir - dive (div)
sumergirse, bucear - five (fiv) cinco - hive (jiv) colmena - alive (aliv) vivo - drive (driv)
conducir

face (fis) cara - lace (lis) encaje, cordn - mace (mis) maza - pace (pis) paso, ritmo race (ris) carrera, raza - grace (gris) gracia - place (plis) lugar - space(spis) espacio trace (tris) rastro - fade (fid) desteirse - grade (grid) grado, curso - shade (shid)
sombra - spade (spid) pala - trade (trid) comercio,oficio - safe(sif) seguro, caja fuerte chafe (chif) rozar, irritar - cage (kidch) jaula - page (pidch) pgina - rage (ridch) rabia,
furia - sage (sidch) salvia - wage (widch) salario - stage (stidch) etapa, escena bake (bik) hornear - cake (kik) torta - fake (fik) falso - hake (jik) merluza - lake (lik)
lago - make (mik) hacer - rake (rik) rastrillo - take (tik) tomar, llevar - wake (wik)
despertar - brake (brik) freno - flake (flik) copo, escama - quake (kuik) terremoto shake (shik) sacudir - snake (snik) serpiente - stake (stik) estaca, apuesta - dale (dil)
valle - gale (guil) vendaval - male (mil) masculino, varn - female (fimil) femenino,
hembra - pale (pil) plido - sale (sil) venta - tale (til) cuento - scale (skil) escala,
escama - stale (stil) rancio, pasado - whale (uil) ballena - fame (fim) fama game (guim) juego - lame (lim) rengo - name(nim) nombre - same (sim) mismo tame (tim) manso - flame (flim) llama - frame (frim) marco - shame (shim)
verguenza, lstima - cane (kin) caa - lane (lin) callejn, carril - mane (min) crin, melena pane (pin) cristal - wane (win) menguar - crane (krin) gra - inane (inin) necio plane (plin) avin, plano - cape (kip) capa- gape (guip) mirar boquiabierto - rape (rip)
violacin - tape (tip) cinta - drape (drip) cubrir - grape (grip) uva - shape (ship)
forma - escape (eskip) fuga - base(bis) base - case (kis) caso, estuche - vase (vis)
florero - chase (chis) persecusin - erase (iris) borrar - phase (fis) fase phrase (fris) frase - date (dit) fecha, cita- fate (fit) destino - gate (guit) puerta hate (jit) odiar - late (lit) tarde, atrasado - mate (mit) compaero - rate (rit) razn,
porcentaje, tarifa - crate (krit) cajn - grate(grit) rallar - plate (plit) plato, placa skate (skit) patn - slate (slit) pizarra - state (stit) estado , declarar - estate (estit)
propiedad, finca - create (kriit) crear - cave(kiv) cueva, caverna - nave (niv) nave pave (piv) pavimentar - rave (riv) ponerse furioso - save (siv) salvar, ahorrar, guardar wave (wiv) ola, onda - daze (dis) aturdir - gaze (guis) mirada fija - haze (jis) neblina laze (lis) holgazanear - maze (mis) laberinto - raze (ris) arrazar - craze (kris) mania
bare (br) desnudo - care (kr) cuidado - dare (dr) atreverse - fare (fr) precio del pasaje hare (jr) liebre - mare (mr) yegua - rare (rr) raro - aware (aer) consciente, enterado -

blare (blr) resonar - flare (flr) llamarada, bengala - glare (glr) brillo - scare (skr) susto,
asustar - share (shr) compartir, cuota, porcin - snare (snr) trampa - spare (spr) de sobra,
de repuesto - stare (str) mirada fija - square (skur) plaza, cuadrado
air (r) aire - fair (fr) bueno, justo, feria - hair (jr) pelo, cabellos - lair (lr) guarida pair (pr) par - chair (chr) silla - flair (flr) aptitud, propensin - stair (str) escaln,
peldao - impair (impr) perjudicar - repair (ripr) reparar, arreglar - affair (afr) asunto unfair (anfr) injusto
coo (k) arrullar - boo (b) abuchear - woo (w) cortejar - book (bk) libro - boom (bm)
auge, estampido - boon (bn) don, bendicin - boos (bs) abuchear - boot (bt) bota cook (ck) cocinero, cocinar - cool (kl) fresco, sereno - coop (kp) jaula - doom (dm)
condena, condenar - food (fd) comida, alimento - fool (fl) tonto, engaar - foot (ft) pie good (gd) bueno - soon (sn) pronto - moon (mn) luna - noon (nn) medioda pool (pl) piscina, charco - stool (stl) taburete - afoot (aft) a pie - aloof (alf) apartado,
distante - bloom (blm) floracin, florecer - brood (brd) cra, camada - brook (brk) arroyo broom (brm) escoba - crook (krk) ladrn, estafador - drool (drl) babear - droop (drp)
inclinarse - gloom (glm) oscuridad, tristeza - groom (grm) novio - proof (prf) prueba,
demostracin - scoop (skp) noticia - lagoon(lagn) laguna - maroon (marn) castao,
aislar - school (skl) escuela, facultad - tycoon (tai-kn) magnate
door (dor) - floor (flor) piso - blood (bld) sangre - flood (fld) inundacin
bore (bor) aburrir - core (cor) centro, mdula - fore (for) delantero, frente - gore (gor)
sangre - lore (lor) erudicin, saber - more (mor) ms - pore (por) poro - sore(sor)
dolorido, herida - adore (ador) adorar - chore (chor) tarea, queahacer, faena - score (scor)
puntaje, cuenta - shore (shor) costa, orilla, playa - snore (snor) roncar - store (stor) tienda,

comercio -

whore (jor) ramera, prostituta - ashore (ashor) en tierra - before (bifor) antes
de, delante de, antes - galore (galor) en abundancia - ignore(ignor) no hacer caso de
pea (pi) arveja - sea (s) mar - tea (ti) t - flea (fli) pulga - plea (pli) splica bead (bid) cuenta, perla - beak (bik) pico - beam (bim) - bean (bin) frijol, poroto beat(bit) golpe, latido - deal (dil) trato, cantidad, transaccin - dean (din) decano - dear (dir)
estimado, querido - fear (fir) temor - feat (fit) hecho, hazaa, proeza - gear (guir) equipo,
herramientas - heal (jil) sanar, curar - heap (jip) montn, pila - hear (jir) or, escuchar heat (jit) calor, calefaccin - lead (lid) conducir, guiar - leaf (lif) hoja - leak (lik) gotera,
gotear - lean (lin) inclinarse, recostarse - leap (lip) saltar, salto - meal (mil) comida mean (min) malo , significar - meat (mit) carne - near (nir) - neat (nit) aseado, limpio peak (pik) pico, cumbre - peal (pil) estruendo - peach (pich) durazno - peat (pit) turba read (rid) leer - reap (rip) cosechar, segar - seal (sil) foca, sellar - seam (sim) costura seat (sit) asiento - team (tim) equipo - tear (tir) lgrima - teat (tit) teta, pezn - veal (vil)
ternera - beach (bich) playa - beard (bird) barba - beast (bist) bestia - bleach (blich)
blanquear - breach (brich) brecha, infraccin - feast (fist) banquete, fiesta - scream (scrim)
grito, gritar - squeak (skuik) rechinar, chirriar - stream (strim) arroyo, corriente
bear (br) oso - pear (pr) pera - rare (rr) raro, poco cocido - dead (dd) muerto deaf (df) sordo - head (jd) cabeza - death (dz) muerte - bread (brd) pan breast(brst) seno, pecho - breath (brz) respiracin, aliento - spread (sprd) desparramar,
extenderse - thread (zrd) hilo, enhebrar
bee (bi) abeja - fee (fi) cuota, honorario - lee (fi) abrigo - pee (pi) orinar - see (si) ver flee (fli) huir, escapar de - free (fri) libre, grtis - glee (gli) alegra, gozo - knee (ni) rodilla tree (tri) rbol - agree (agri) estar de acuerdo, asentir - scree (scri) chillido, chillar spree (spri) juerga - three (zri) tres - beef (bif) carne de vaca - beer (bir) cerveza beet (bit) remolacha - deed (did) hecho, accin - deem (dim) juzgar, considerar deep (dip) profundo - deer (dir) ciervo, venado - feed (fid) alimentar, dar de comer - feel (fil)
sentir, sentirse, tocar - feet (fit) pies - heed (jid) atencin - heel (jil) taln, taco - keel (kil)

quilla -keen (kin) perspicaz -

keep (kip) mantener, guardar - leek (lik) puerro - leer (lir)

mirada de reojo - meek (mik) manso, sumiso - meet (mit) conocer por primera vez, econtrar se
con - need (nid) necesitar , necesidad - peek (pik) atisbar, espiar - peel (pil) cscara, pelar peep (pip) ojeada, mirada - peer (pir) compaero - reed (rid) junco, caa - reef (rif)
arrecife - reek (rik) apestar - reel (ril) carrete, rollo, bobina - seed (sid) semilla - seek (sik)
buscar - seem (sim) parecer - seep (sip) filtrarse - veer (vir) virar - leech (lich)
sanguijuela - bleed (blid) sangrar - breed (brid) raza, criar- cheek (chik) mejilla cheep (chip) po, piar - cheer (chir) animar, alegra - creed (crid) creencia, credo creek (crik) riachuelo - creep (crip) arrastrarse - fleet (flit) flota, armada - greed (grid)
codicia, avaricia - breeze (briz) brisa - cheese (chis) queso - queen (kuin) reina queer (kuir) raro, extrao - career (carir) carrera, profesin - esteem (estim) estima,
aprecio - screen (scrin) pantalla - steel (stil) acero - steep (stip) empinado - steer (stir)
conducir - street (strit) calle
Estas palabras se pronuncian como se escriben (pero con un "i" gutural )

bib babero - big grande - bid oferta, licitacin - bin recipiente - bit pedazo, trozo dig cavar - dim oscuro - din estrpito - dip zambullir, sumergir - fib mentirilla - fig higo fin aleta - fit caber - fix arreglar, preparar - hip cadera - hit golpe, golpear - kid nio kin parientes - kit equipo, juego - lid tapa - lip labio - mix mezclar - nip pellizco, pellizcar nil nada, nulo - nib roer, mordisco - pig cerdo - pip pepita - pit pozo, pepita - rib costilla rid librar - rig aparejo, equipo - rim llanta, borde - rip rasgadura, rasgar - sin pecar, pecado sip beber a sorbos, sorbo - sit sentarse - six seis - tip propina, punta, consejo - fill llenar gill agalla - hill colina - kill matar - mill molino - pill pldora, pastilla - till hasta will voluntad, testamento - brim borde - chic elegante - chill escalofro, fro - drill taladro,
perforar - grill parrilla, asar en parrila - skill habilidad, destreza - spill derrame, derramar,
volcar - still todava, an, inmvil - swill basura - chick pollito, chica - chin mentn chip ficha, papa frita - chit charla - clip grapa, corte - billfactura - sick enfermo stick palo, vara, palito - lick lamer - kick patear, patada - nick muesca, rasguo, mella pick escoger, recoger - ring anillo - sting picadura, aguijn - sing cantar - tin estao, lata pin alfiler, prendedor - slim delgado - king rey - string cuerda, hilo, cordn

estas palabras se pronuncian con una "e" gutural

fir (fr) abeto - sir (sr) seor - bird (brd) pjaro - dirt (drt) suciedad, mugre - firm (frm)
empresa, compaia, firma - girl (gurl) chica, nia - birch (brch) abedul - birth (brz)
nacimiento - first (frst) primero - girth (gurz) faja, cinturn - chirp (chrp) gorjeo, gorjear flirt (flrt) flirtear - shirk (shrk) esquivar, eludir, evitar - shirt (shrt) - skirt (skrt) falda,
pollera - stir (str) revolver - swirl (surl) remolino, arremolinarse
estas palabras se pronuncian con una "e" gutural

urn (rn) urna - fur (fr) piel, pelo - burn (brn) quemar, quemadura - hurt (jrt) herir, herida curb (krb) cordn de vereda, restriccin - curl (krl) rizo, rulo - curt (krt) corto, conciso hurl (jrl) lanzar, arrojar - lurk (lrk) estar al acecho, esconderse - lurch (lrch) sacudida, dar
sacudidas - blurt (blrt) decir bruscamente - churn (chrn) revolver, batir - spur (spr)
espuela - spurn (sprn) despreciar, desprecio - spurt (sprt) borbotn, salir en chorros church (chrch) iglesia - turn (trn) doblar, dar vuelta, vuelta, turno
boat (but) barco, buque - coal (cul) carbn - coat (cut) abrigo, saco - foal (ful) potro foam (fum) espuma - goad (gud) aguijonear - goal (gul) meta, objetivo - goat(gut)
cabra - hoax (ux) embromar, engaar, broma, trampa - load (lud) cargar, carga - loaf (luf)
holgazanear - loan (lun) prestar, prstamo - moan (mun) gemir, quejarse, gemido moat (mut) foso - cloak (cluk) capa, manto - croak (cruk) croar, graznar - float (flut)
flotar, boyar - groan (grun) gemir, quejarse, gemido, quejido - road (rud) camino, carretera roam (rum) vagar - soak (suk) remojar, empapar, remojo - soap (sup) jabn - toad (tud)
sapo - shoal (shul) banco de arena o de peces - throat (zrut) garganta
bay (bi) baha - day (di) da - gay (gui) alegre, homosexual - hay (ji) heno, forraje lay (li) poner, colocar, laico - May (mi) mayo - pay (pi) pagar, paga - ray (ri) rayo say (si) decir - way (wi) manera, modo, direccin, sentido, camino - bray (bri) rebuznar clay (cli) arcilla, greda - fray (fri) pelea, ria - gray (gri) gris - okay (oki) bien, de

acuerdo -

play (pli) jugar, tocar, obra de teatro - pray (pri) rezar, orar - slay (sli) matar stay (sti) quedar, permanecer, estada - sway (sui) oscilar, oscilacin - tray (tri) bandeja array (arri) serie, fila, hilera, poner en orden - delay (dili) demorar, retrasarse, demora essay (sei) ensayo - spray (spri) rociar - stray (stri) descarriado, errante
cry (cri) llorar, alarido, grito - fly (fli) volar, mosca - fry (fri) fer - spry (spri) gil, activo rely (rili) contar, confiar - sty (sti) chiquero, pocilga - sky (ski) cielo - spy (spi) espa,
espiar - shy (shi) tmido - sly (sli) astuto - dry (dri) secar, seco - try (tri) probar, intentar,
prueba - wry (wri) torcido, irnico
bail (bil) fianza - bait (bit) cebo, carnada - faint (fint) desmayarse - faith (fiz) f,
confianza - fail (fil) fracasar, fallar - gain (guin) ganar, ganancia - gait (guit) andar, paso ,
marcha - hail (jil) granizo - jail (yil) crcel, prisin - maid (mid) sirvienta - mail (mil)
correo, enviar por correo - raid (rid) incursin, ataque - rail (ril) baranda, pasamanos, carril rain (rin) lluvia - sail (sil) navegar, vela - tail (til) cola - main (min) principal, mayor maim (mim) mutilacin, mutilar - nail (nil) ua, clavo, clavar - pail (pil) cubo, balde pain (pin) dolor, sufrimiento - vain (vin) vano, ftil - braid (brid) trenza, trenzar brain (brin) cerebro, seso - chain (chin) cadena, encadenar - claim (clim) afirmar, reclamar,
demanda - drain (drin) desague, desagotar - frail (fril) frgil, dbil - grain (grin) grano plain (plin) sencillo, evidente - plait (plit) pliegue, trenza - quail (kuil) codorniz, acobardarse snail (snil) caracol - trail (tril) sendero, rastro, huella, estela - train (trin) tren
fight (fit) pelea, pelear - light (lit) luz, liviano, claro - might (mit) podero - night (nit)
noche - right (rit) correcto, derecho, justo - sight (sit) - tight (tit) apretado, ajustado,
tacao - alight (alit) encendido, iluminado - blight (blit) frustrar, arruinar - bright (brit)
brillante, luminoso - flight (flit) vuelo - fright (frit) susto - height (jit) altura, altitud knight (nit) caballero - plight (plit) situacin o estado difcil - slight (sit) vista, visin delight (dilit) deleite, encanto, encantar - insight (nsit) intuicin, perspicacia -

tonight (tchunit) esta noche - upright (p rit) erguido, vertical - uptight (p tit) tenso,
nervioso

eight (it) ocho - weight (wit) peso, pesa - freight (frit) carga - straight (strit)
derecho, recto

cube (kib) cubo - cure (kir) curar, curacin - cute (kit) lindo, listo - fume (fim) hechar
humo - fuse (fis) fusible - huge (jidch) enorme - June (dchin) junio - lure (lir) atraer,
seuelo - mule (mil) mula - muse (mis) musa - mute (mit) mudo - pure (pir) puro abuse (abis) maltratar, denigrar, maltrato - amuse (amis) divertir, entretener - acuse (akis)
acusar - tube (tib) tubo - tune (tin) meloda, cancin - use (is) usar, uso
dew (di) roco - few (fi) pocos, pocas - mew (mi) maullido, maullar - new (ni) nuevo pew (pi) banco - spew (spi) vomitar - stew (sti) estofado, guiso, guisar - view (vi) vista,
visin, ver

blew (bl) pasado del verbo blow - brew (br) elaborar, preparar - chew (ch) mascar,
masticar - crew (cr) tripulacin, cuadrilla, equipo - drew (dr) pasado del verbo draw - flew(fl)
pasado del verbo fly - grew (gr) pasado del verbo grow - knew (n) pasado del verbo know slew (sl) pasado del verbo slay
die (di) morir - lie (li) mentir - pie (pi) pastel - tie (ti) corbata, atar - vie (vi) competir,
rivalizar

bud (bad) capullo, pimpollo - bug (bag) bicho - bum (bam) vago, vagabundo - bun (ban)
bollo, pancito - bus (bas) autobs - but (bat) pero - cub (cab) cachorro - cup(cap) taza,
copa - cut (cat) cortar, corte - dug (dag) pasado del verbo dig - fun (fan) diversin, alegra gum (gam) enca, chicle - gun (gan) arma, pistola - gut (gat) tripa, intestino - guy (gai)
tipo, to - hug (jag) abrazo, abrazar - hum (jam) zumbido, zumbar - hut (jat) cabaa, choza -

jug (yag) jarro, cntaro - jut (yat) salirse - lug (lag) llevar, arrastrar - mud (mad) barro,
lodo - mug (mag) jarra - nun (nan) monja - nut (nat) nuez, loco - pub (pab) cantina,
taberna pup (pap) cachorro - rub (rab) frotar, restregar - rug (rag) alfombra - rum (ram)
ron - run (ran) correr - rut (rat) surco - rust (rast) xido, oxidar - sum (sam) suma,
cantidad - sun (san) sol - tub (tab) tina, baera - tug(tag) remolcar, arrastrar chug (chag) resoplar - chunk (chank) pedazo - chum (cham) compaero - club (clab)
club, palo - drug (drag) droga, medicamento - blunt(blant) desafilado - blush (blash)
ruborizarse - plug (plag) tapn, enchufe, tapar, enchufar - plum (plam) ciruela - slum (slam)
barrio bajo - trust (trast) confianza, confiar en - scum (scam) escoria - shut (shat) cerrado,
cerrar - slug (slag) babosa - slut (slat) mujerzuela - smug (smag) presumido snub (snab) desaire, desairar - snug (snag) cmodo, ajustado
tough (taf) duro, difcil, resistente, fuerte - rough (raf) spero, tosco, grosero - cough (cof)
toser, tos - enough (inaf) suficiente, bastante - trough (traf) abrevadero, comedero
image (midch) imgen - usage (isidch) uso - damage (dmidch) dao dosage (dusidch) dosificacin - forage (fridch) forraje, pasto - homage (jmidch)
homenaje - manage (mnidch) administrar, dirigir - ravage (rvidch) asolar, destrozar savage (svidch) salvaje, feroz - sewage (sidch) aguas residuales - voyage (vi-idch)
viaje, travesa- average (veridch) promedio, trmino medio - baggage (bguidch) equipaje bandage (bndich) venda, vendaje - bondage (bndidch) esclavitud - cabbage (cbidch)
repollo - cottage (ctidch) casa de campo - courage (karidch) coraje, valenta garbage (grbidch) basura - hostage (jstidch) rehn - luggage (lagidch) equipaje
douse (dus) mojar, apagar - rouse (rus) despertar - house (jus) casa - blouse (blus)
blusa - grouse (grus) queja, quejarse - spouse (spus) esposo/a , consorte mouse (mus) ratn, laucha - louse (lus) piojo

out (ut) afuera - bout (but) combate, ataque - doubt (dut) duda - hour (ur) pout (put) poner mala cara, hacer pucheros - about (abut) acerca de, sobre, aproximadamente clout (clut) golpe, bofetada - flout (flut) burlarse - scout (scut) explorador, explorar shout (shut) grito, gritar - snout (snut) hocico, jeta - spout (sput) pico de jarra stout (stut) corpulento, robusto - trout (trut) trucha - gout (gut) gota - foul (ful) falta,
repugnante - loud (lud) en voz alta, ruidoso - lout (lut) patn - noun (nun) sustantivorout (rut) derrota - sour (sur) agrio, cido - bound (bund) lmite, limitar - round (rund)
redondo - sound (sund) sano, seguro, sonido - count (cunt) contar, cuenta - found (fund)
fundar , pasado del verbo find - pound (pund) libra, golpear - hound (jund) acosar, perro de
caza - mound (mund) montn de tierra , montculo - ground(grund) tierra, suelo mount (munt) montar, montaa - amount (amunt) cantidad, suma, importe crouch (cruch) agacharse, acurrucarse - pouch (puch) bolsa, saco - mouth (muz) boca
cow (cu) vaca - how (ju) cmo - now (nu) ahora - vow (vu) voto, deseo, prometer brow (bru) frente, ceja - plow (plu) arado, arar - prow (pru) proa - brown (brun)
marrn - clown (clun) payaso - growl (grul) gruir - crowd (crud) multitud, gento,
muchedumbre - crown (crun) corona - drown (drun) ahogarse, ahogar - frown (frun)
fruncir el ceo

low (lu) bajo - mow (mu) cortar, segar - row (ru) fila, lnea - sow (su) sembrar tow (tu) remolcar - slow (slu) lento - blow (blu) soplar, golpe - crow (cru) cuervo flow (flu) flujo, flur - glow (glu) brillar, resplandor - grow (gru) crecer - know (nu) saber,
conocer - show (shu) mostrar - snow (snu) nieve, nevar - stow (stu) guardar, meter
bold (buld) atrevido, valiente - cold (culd) fro, resfro - bolt (bult) tornillo, buln fold (fuld) plegar, doblar, pliegue - gold (guld) oro - hold (juld) sostener, agarrar, retener mold (muld) molde, amoldar - scold (sculd) reir - told (tuld) pasado del verbo tell

hole (jul) agujero, orificio - mole (mul) lunar, topo - pole (pul) polo, palo, asta - role (rul)
papel - sole (sul) suela, taln, nico - whole (jul) completo, entero - stole (stul) pasado de
steal - parole (parul) libertad condicional
nature (ni-cher) naturaleza - future (fi-cher) futuro - culture (cl-cher) cultura gesture (yst-cher) gesto, ademn, gesticular - lecture (lk-cher) conferencia, dar una
conferencia - structure (strk-cher) estructura - mixture (mx-cher) mezcla - nurture (nrcher) nutricin, nutricin - pasture (pst-cher) pastura, pastar - creature (crcher) criatura, ser
viviente - fracture (frk-cher) fractura - juncture (yank-cher) coyuntura - moisture (mischer) humedad - puncture (pank-cher) perforacin, agujerear, pinchar - censure (snsher)
censura, crtica, censurar, criticar - closure (clusher) cierre, fin - leisure (lisher) ocio, tiempo
libre - measure (msher) medida, medir - pleasure (plsher) placer - pressure (prsher)
presin - treasure (trsher) tesoro, atesorar
Homfonos son trminos que tienen idntica pronunciacin

all (ol) todo/a, todos/as

air (er) aire
altar (lter) - altar
ant (nt) hormiga
ate (it) pasado de eat
capital (cpital) capital
cent (snt) centavo sent pasado de send
cereal (srial) cereal
chili (chli) aj, chile
chord (crd) acorde
cite (sit) mencionar, citar site sitio, escenario
coarse (cors) tosco, grosero
colonel (krnel) coronel

awl (ol) lezna, punzn

heir (er) heredero
alter (lter) alterar, cambiar, modificar
aunt (nt) ta
eight (it) ocho
capitol (cpital) capitolio
scent (snt) perfume, rastro, pista
serial (srial) serie de TV
chilly (chli) fro
cord (crd) cable, cuerda
sight (sit) vista, visin
course (cors) curso, camino, recorrido
kernel (krnel) ncleo, meollo

complement (cmplement) complemento

core (cor) centro, ncleo, esencia
counsel (cunsel) consejo, aconsejar
creak (crik) crujir, chirriar, rechinar
cymbals (smbols) platillos
bail (bil) fianza
ball (bol)
bare (ber) desnudo, descubierto
baron (bren) barn
berth (berz) litera, camarote
blue (bl) azul
boar (bor) jabal
bough (bu) rama
break (brik) romper, quebrar, descanso
bread (brd) pan
but (bat) pero, sino, excepto
buy (bi) comprar
dam (dm) dique, embalse, presa
dear (dir) estimado, querido
descent (disnt) descenso, descendencia
die (di) morir
doe (du) coneja, cierva
dual (diel) dual
earn (ern) ganar, merecer
ewe (i) oveja
eye (i) ojo

compliment (cmplement) halago, lisonja

corps (cor) cuerpo
council (cunsel) concilio, ayuntamiento
creek (crik) riachuelo
symbols (smbols) smbolos
bale (bil) fardo
bawl (bol) chillar, gritar
bear (ber) oso/a
barren (bren) estril, yermo, rido
birth (berz) nacimiento
blew (bl) pasado de blow
bore (bor) perforar, aburrir, pelmazo
bow (bu) proa
brake (brik) frenar, freno
bred (brd) pasado de breed
butt (bat) culata, colilla, dar cabezadas contra
by (bi) por, cerca de, junto a
damn (dm) condenar, maldecir
deer (dir) ciervo, venado
dissent (disnt) disensin
dye (di) tinte, teir
dough (du) masa, pasta
duel (diel) duelo
urn (ern) urna
you (i) t, ustedes
I (i) yo

eyelet (ilit) abertura

faint (fint) desmayarse, dbil, lnguido
fair (fr) justo, rubio, feria, bastante
feat (fit) accin, hecho, hazaa, proeza
fir (fer) abeto
flair (flr) instinto, olfato
flea (fli) pulga
flew (fl) pasado de fly
floe (flu) tmpano
for (for) para, por - fore delantero, anterior
forth (forz) adelante, delante
fowl (ful) ave de corral
gait (guit) modo de andar
gorilla (guerla) gorila
great (grit) grande, gran
hair (jr) pelo, cabello, cabellera
hall (jol) vestbulo, sala de espectculos
halve (jv) partir en dos
hanger (jnguer) percha
here (jir) aqu, ac
herd (jerd) manada, rebao
heal (jil) curar , sanar
heroin (jrouin) herona - la droga him (jm)
hoard (jord) depsito, tesoro, acumular
hole (jul) agujero, hueco, hoyo

islet (ilit) isleta

feint (fint) ficcin, amagar
fare (fr) pasaje, tarifa
feet (fit) pies
fur (fer) piel, pelo
flare (flr) llamarada, bengala
flee (fli) huir, escapar de
flu (fl) gripe
flow (flu) flujo, flur, manar
four (for) cuatro
fourth (forz) cuarto
foul (ful) asqueroso, falta
gate (guit) puerta
guerrilla (guerla) guerrillero/a
grate (grit) reja, verja, parrilla, rallar
hare (jr) liebre
haul (jol) transportar, arrastrar, tirn
have (jv) tener, haber
hangar (jnguer) hangar
hear (jir) or, escuchar
heard (jerd) pasado de hear
heel (jil) taln, tacn
heroine (jrouin) herona - la protagonista hymn (jm) himno
horde (jord) horda
whole (jul) entero, total, completo

hostel (jstl) albergue juvenil

hour (ur) hora
idle (idl) ocioso, perder el tiempo
isle (il) sla
key (ki) llave, clave, tecla
knead (nid) amasar
knot (nt) nudo, lazo, anudar, enlazar
lain (lin) pasado de lie
leak (lik) gotera, filtracin, gotear
lessen (lsen) disminuir, reducir
load (lud) carga, cargar
loan (lun) prestar, prstamo
loot (lut) botn, saqueo
made (mid) pasado de make
male (mil) masculino, macho
mane (min) melena, crn
meat (mit) carne
medal (mdl) medalla
might (mit) poder, fuerza
moan (mun) gemido, quejarse, gemir
morning (morning) maana
mussel (msl) mejilln
naval (nivl) naval
nay (ni) no
night (nit) noche
know (nu) saber, conocer

hostile (jstl) hostil

our (ur) nuestro/a nuestros/as
idol (idl) dolo
I'll (il)
quay (ki) muelle, desembarcadero
need (nid) necesitar
not (nt)
lane (lin) carril, senda
leek (lik) puerro
lesson (lsen) leccin, enseanza
lode (lud) veta - en una mina lone (lun) solo, solitario
lute (lut) lad
maid (mid) empleada domstica
mail (mil) correspondencia, enviar por correo
main (min) principal, primero
meet (mit) encontrarse con
meddle (mdl) entrometerse
mite (mit) caro
mown (mun) cortar, segar
mourning (mrning) luto, duelo
muscle (msl) msculo
navel (nivl) ombligo
neigh (ni) relinchar, relincho
knight (nit) caballero
no (nu) no

none (nan) niguno, nada

one (un) uno/a
or (or) o - oar remo
oh (u)
pail (pil) cubo, balde
pain (pin) dolor, afliccin, pena
pair (pr) par - pare (pr) cortar, recortar
palette (plet) paleta
peace (pis) paz
peak (pik) pico, cumbre, punta
peal (pil) repique, estruendo
pedal (pdl) pedal, pedalear
peer (pir) par, igual, compaero
pi (pi) pi
pistil (pstl) pistilo
plain (plin) claro, evidente, sencillo
plumb (plam) sondar, plomada
pole (pul) polo, asta, palo, poste, mstil
pore (por) poro
pray (pri) rezar, orar, suplicar
principal (prncipl) principal, director
prophet (prfit) profeta
rap (rp) dar un golpecito
read (rid) leer
rein (rin) rienda - rain (rin) lluvia
ring (rng) anillo, ring

nun (nan) monja

won (un) pasado de win
ore (or) mineral
owe (u) deber, adeudar
pale (pil) plido
pane (pin) vidrio, hoja de vidrio
pear (pr) pera
palate (plet) paladar
piece (pis) pedazo, trozo
peek (pik) atisbar, mirar a hurtadillas
peel (pil) pelar, cscara
peddle (pdl) vender de puerta en puerta
pier (pir) muelle, desembarcadero
pie (pi) pastel
pistol (pstl) pistola
plane (plin) avin
plum (plam) ciruela
poll (pul) encuesta, votacin
pour (por) verter, echar
prey (pri) presa
principle (prncipl) principio
profit (prfit) ganancia, beneficio
wrap (rp) envolver, envoltura
reed (rid) junco, caa
reign (rin) reino, soberana
wring (rng) retorcer

road (rud) camino, carretera

route (rut) ruta
rye (ri) centeno
sale (sil) venta
scene (sin) escena
sea (si) mar
seam (sim) costura
shear (shir) esquilar
sleigh (sli) trineo
sole (sul) suela
son (san) hijo
some (sam) algn, algo de
sore (sor) herida, llaga, dolorido
stake (stik) estaca, apuesta
stair (str) escaln
steal (stil) robar, hurtar
step (stp) paso, pisada
strait (strit) estrecho (geog)
suite (suit) cuarto
tail (til) cola, rabo
taught (tt) pasado de teach
team (tim) equipo
tier (tir) grada, piso
there (dr) all, all, ah
threw (zr) pasado de throw
throne (zrun) trono

rode (rud) pasado de ride

root (rut) raz
wry (ri) irnico
sail (sil) navegar
seen (sin) pasado de see
see (si) ver
seem (sim) parecer
sheer (shir) puro, completo
slay (sli) matar
soul (sul) alma
sun (san) sol
sum (sam) suma, cantidad
soar (sor) remontarse, volar
steak (stik) biftect
stare (str) mirada fija,
steel (stil) acero
steppe (stp) estepa
straight (strit) directo, derecho, recto
sweet (suit) dulce
tale (til) cuento, chisme, fbula
taut (tt) tenso, tirante
teem (tim) rebozar
tear (tir) lgrima
their (der) su
through (zr) a travs de
thrown (zrun) pasado de throw

to (tch) a, para - two (tch) dos

toe (tu) dedo del pie
vane (vin) aspa, paleta, veleta
waist (wist) cintura
wait (wit) esperar, servir
war (wr) guerra
way (wi) manera, modo, direccin, sentido
weak (wik) dbil
wholly (juli) completamente
would (wud)
write (rit) escribir
yoke (iuk) yugo

too (tch) tambin, demasiado

tow (tu) remolcar, remolque
vain (vin) vano, presumido
waste (wist) derrochar, basura, prdida
weight (wit) peso
wore (wr) pasado de wear
weigh (wi) pesar
week (wik) semana
holy (juli) santo, sagrado
wood (wud) madera, bosque
right (rit) derecho, apropiado, justo
yolk (iuk) yema

Estas palabras No se pronuncian igual

pronunciar con "i" latina

leave (liv) irse, dejar

seek (sik) buscar
feel (fil)
steal (stil) robar, hurtar
feet (fit) pies
beet (bit)
cheek (chik) mejilla
heel (jil) taln, tacn
keel (kil) quilla
heat (jit) calor
leap (lip) saltar, brincar
meal (mil) comida
peel (pil) pelar, cscara
wheel (wil) rueda

pronunciar con "i" gutural

live (liv) vivir

sick (sik) enfermo
fill (fil)
still (stil)
fit (fit) caber
bit (bit) pedacito
chick (chik) pollito, chica
hill (jil) colina
kill (kil) matar
hit (jit) golpear, golpe
lip (lip) labio
mill (mil) molino
pill (pil) pldora, pastilla
will (wil) voluntad, testamento

cheap (chip) barato

leak (lik) gotear, gotera
heap (jip) montn

pronunciar con "a" gutural

but (bat) pero, sino

cut (cat) cortar, corte
bud (bad) capullo
mud (mad) barro
bug (bag) bicho, chinche
cup (cap) copa, tasa
fun (fan) divertido, diversin
hut (jat) choza
rug (rag) alfombra

chip (chip) papa frita, ficha

lick (lik) lamer
hip (jip) cadera

pronunciar con "ae"

bat (bat) murcilago

cat (cat) gato
bad (bad) malo
mad (mad) loco
bag (bag) bolsa, bolso
cap (cap) gorro, gorra
fan (fan) ventilador, abanico
hat (jat) sombrero
rag (rag) trapo, harapo

Terminaciones "ed" del Past Tense de verbos regulares

la pronunciacin de los verbos terminan con d o
t

to visit (vsit) visitar

to start (start) empezar
to want (wnt) querer
to add (d) aadir, agregar
to hate (jit) odiar, detestar
to rent (rnt) alquilar
to arrest (arrst) arrestar
to wait (wit) esperar
to rest (rst) descanzar
to accept (akspt) aceptar
to eliminate (elminit) eliminar
to decide (disid)
to repeat (ript)

la "ed" se pronuncia como "id"

visited (vsitid)
started (startid)
wanted (wntid)
added (did)
hated (jitid)
rented (rntid)
arrested (arrstid)
waited (witid)
rested (rstid)
accepted (aksptid)
eliminated (elminitid)
decided (disidid)
repeated (riptid)

la pronunciacin de los verbos terminan en r, n,

i,l

to discover (discver) descubrir

to conquer (cnker) conquistar
to notify (nutifi) notificar
to specify (spcifi) especificar
to explore (eksplor) explorar
to destroy (distri) destruir
to sweeten (suten) endulzar
to blacken (blken) ennegrecer
to prefer (prifer) preferir
to combine (combin) combinar
to study (stadi) estudiar
to pay (pi) pagar
to stay (sti) permanecer
to answer (nser) responder
to clean (clin) limpiar
to call (col) llamar
to listen (lsn) escuchar

En el resto de los verbos

to talk (tk) hablar

to walk (uk) caminar
to work (werk) trabajar
to love (lv) amar
to receive (riciv) recibir
to help (jlp) ayudar, socorrer
to cook (kk) cocinar
to live (lv) vivir
to dance (dns) bailar
to smoke (smuk) fumar

la "ed" se pronuncia como "d"

discovered (discverd)
conquered (cnkerd)
notified (nutifid)
specified (spcifid)
explored (eksplord)
destroyed (distrid)
sweetened (sutend)
blackened (blkend)
prefered (priferd)
combined (combind)
studied (stadid)
payed (pid)
stayed (stid)
answered (nserd)
cleaned (clind)
called (cold)
listened (lsnd)

la "ed" se pronuncia como "t"

talked (tkt)
walked (ukt)
worked (werkt)
loved (lvt)
received (ricivt)
helped (jlpt)
cooked (kkt)
lived (lvt)
danced (dnst)
smoked (smukt)

to arrive (arriv) llegar

to wash (wsh) lavar
to fix (fks) arreglar, preparar
to park (park) estacionar
to miss (mis) extraar, perder
to exercise (ksersis) hacer ejercicio

arrived (arrivt)
washed (wsht)
fixed (fkst)
parked (parkt)
missed (mst)
exercised (ksersist)

To Do / To Make
Los verbos to do y to make significan "hacer" pero se utilizan en forma diferente.
Aqu hay algunos ejemplos:
Mrs. Jones is a housewife
La seora Jones es una ama de casa

She has to do the housework

She has to make the beds

Ella tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casa

Ella tiene que hacer las camas

She has to do the cooking

She has to make breakfast

Ella tiene que cocinar

Ella tiene que hacer el desayuno

She has to do the washing up

She has to make lunch

Ella tiene que fregar los platos

Ella tiene que hacer el almuerzo

She has to do the washing/the laundry

She has to make dinner

Ella tiene que lavar la ropa sucia

Ella tiene que hacer la cena

She has to do the shopping

She has to make coffee/tea

Ella tiene que hacer las compras

Ella tiene que hacer caf/t

She has to do the ironing

She has to make a cake

Ella tiene que planchar la ropa

Ella tiene que hacer un torta

She has to do the dusting

She has to make sure that the house is in

order

Ella tiene que quitar el polvo a las cosas

Ella tiene que asegurarse que la casa est en

orden

Mr. Jones is a businessman

El seor Jones es un empresario

He is doing business with important

companies

He would like to make a long trip/journey

l est haciendo negocios con firmas

importantes

Le gustara hacer un largo viaje

He is doing well in his job

His employees make fun of him

Va bien en su trabajo

Sus empleados se burlan de l

He does his best to improve his company

Hace lo mejor que puede para mejorar su
empresa

He has to make a speech for a meeting

Tiene que hacer un discurso para una reunin

He has to make decisions every day

Tiene que tomar desiciones todos los das

He is making a lot of money

His secretary makes appointments for him

Est haciendo un montn de dinero

Su secretaria arregla citas para l

He is making a fortune
Est haciendo una fortuna

She also makes telephone calls and

reservations

He doesn't like to make mistakes

He says that his employees make trouble

No le gusta equivocarse

l dice que sus empleados causan problemas

Sometimes he makes a fuss when

something goes wrong

He also says that women make a lot of

noise

Algunas veces arma un lo cuando algo sale

mal

Tambin dice que las mujeres hacen mucho

ruido

He rarely makes jokes

He often makes a fool of himself

Casi nunca hace chistes

A menudo se pone en ridculo

He doesn't have much time to make

friends
No tiene mucho tiempo para hacer amigos

He is making an effort to increase sales

Est haciendo un esfuerzo para aumentar las
ventas

Tambin hace llamadas telefnicas y reservas

He makes use of his authority to threaten

people
Utiliza su autoridad para amenazar a las
personas

Some of his decisions don't make sense

Algunas de sus decisiones no tienen sentido

Otros Ejemplos
John is doing badly at school (he is not doing well) - John no va bien en la escuela

He doesn't like to do his homework - No le gusta hacer su tarea

The hurricane did a lot of damage in the area - El huracn caus mucho dao en la zona
The policeman was doing his duty when he arrested the thief - El polica estaba
cumpliendo con su deber cuando arrest al ladrn

Mary did her hair and her face and left for the party - Mary se pein, se maquill y sali
para la fiesta

"Can you do me a favor ?"- Me pods hacer un favor?

"I want to make a complaint about the service in this hotel" - Quiero presentar una queja
sobre el servicio en este hotel

The man and the woman were making love in the back seat of their car - El hombre y la
mujer estaban haciendo el amor en el asiento trasero de su auto

Johnny made a mess in his room - Johnny hizo un desorden en su cuarto

Bill made his way to the university - Bill se dirigi a la universidad
Jane made an excuse and left - Jane se disculp y se march
"What are you doing here?" - Qu ests haciendo aqu?

Situaciones

Common Expressions
At the Airport
At the Hotel
At the Restaurant
Traveling by Bus (Train)
Public Transportation
Shopping
At the Post Office
Speaking on the telephone
At the Doctors
At the Drugstore
At the Bank
Movies - Theater - Concerts

Expresiones comunes
En el aeropuerto
En el Hotel
En el Restaurante
Viajando en Tren
Transporte Pblico
De compras
En el correo
Hablando por telfono
En el consultorio del doctor
En la farmacia
En el banco
Cine y Teatro

Situaciones

Common Expressions
At the Airport
At the Hotel
At the Restaurant
Traveling by Bus (Train)
Public Transportation
Shopping
At the Post Office
Speaking on the telephone
At the Doctors
At the Drugstore
At the Bank
Movies - Theater - Concerts

Expresiones comunes
En el aeropuerto
En el Hotel
En el Restaurante
Viajando en Tren
Transporte Pblico
De compras
En el correo
Hablando por telfono
En el consultorio del doctor
En la farmacia
En el banco
Cine y Teatro

At the Airport
Espaol

English
I want a one-way (round-trip) ticket to
Dallas

Quiero un boleto de ida (de ida y vuelta) a

Dallas

I would like to reserve a flight for

Chicago

Quisiera reservar un vuelo a Chicago

When should I confim the flight ?

Cundo debera confirmar el vuelo?

Is it a direct flight?

Es un vuelo directo?

Is there a stopover?

Hay una escala?

When does the plane leave (arrive)?

Cundo sale (llega) el avin?

Do I have to change planes?

Tengo que cambiar aviones?

How long before the flight must I check

in?

Cunto tiempo antes del vuelo debo

registrarme en el aeropuerto?

To the airport, please

Al aeropuerto, por favor.

Which gate must I go to?

A qu puerta debo ir?

What's my flight number?

Cul es el nmero de mi vuelo?

Is the plane delayed (on time)?

Est demorado (en tiempo) el avin?

Look at the timetable

Mire el horario de vuelos

Do you have your boarding pass?

Tiene Ud. su pase de abordar?

Where is my seat (baggage)?

Dnde est mi asiento (equipaje)?

Fasten your belts please!

Abrchense los cinturones, por favor!

The plane is landing (taking off)

El avin est aterrizando (despegando)

I have nothing to declare

No tengo nada que declarar

Common expressions
Espaol

English
Good morning

Buen da

Good afternoon

Buenas tardes

Good evening

Buenas noches

Good night

Buenas noches (al despedirse)

Good bye

Chau

So long!

Hasta luego!

Hi (Hello)!

Hola!

How are you?

Cmo ests?

How are you doing?

Cmo te va?

I am well (fine), thank you

Estoy bien, gracias

Where are you from?

De dnde es Ud?

What do you do?

Qu hace Ud? A qu se dedica?

Do you speak Spanish?

Habla Ud espaol?

What's your name?

Cul es su nombre? Cmo se llama Ud?

It doesn't matter

No importa

Never mind

No importa

Congratulations!

Felicitaciones!

May I introduce myself?

Puedo presentarme?

Thank you. ---You are welcome

Gracias --- De nada

Excuse me, please

Disculpe, por favor

I am sorry

Lo siento

Really?

En serio?

Of course!

Por supuesto!

Sure

Seguro

That's too bad

Qu lstima!

What happened?

Qu pas?

What does that mean?

Qu significa eso?

You are right

Ud. tiene razn

You are wrong

Ud. est equivocado

I guess so

Creo que s

I don't think so

Creo que no

At the hotel
Espaol

English
Is it necessary to make a reservation?

Es necesario hacer una reserva?

Do you have any rooms available?

Tiene Ud. habitaciones disponibles?

What's the daily (weekly) rate?

Cul es la tarifa diaria (semanal)?

Is there air conditioning (heating) in the

room?

Hay aire acondicionado (calefeccin) en la

habitacin?

I would like a single (double) room

Quisiera una habitacin individual (para dos)

I'd like a room with twin beds

Quisiera un cuarto con camas gemelas

Is breakfast included in the price?

El desayuno est includo en el precio?

Where can I park my car?

Donde puedo estacionar mi auto?

Could I see the room?

Podra ver la habitacin?

OK, I'll take it

OK. La tomar

My room key please

La llave de mi cuarto, por favor

This room is too small (noisy/dark)

La habitacin es demasiado pequea (ruidosa,

oscura)

Could you wake me up at 7 a.m.?

Podra despertarme a las 7 de la maana?

Where can I leave my valuables?

Dnde puedo dejar mis objetos de valor?

What time do I have to check out?

A qu hora tengo que irme del hotel?

Can I pay with traveler's checks (by

credit card)?

Puedo pagar con cheques de viajero (tarjeta de

crdito)

Could someone bring some extra towels

up to my room?

Podra alguien traer algunas toallas adicionales

a mi cuarto?

Is there a laundry (dry-cleaning)

service?

Hay un servicio de lavandera (tintorera)?

Volver a Men de Situaciones

I would like to make a reservation
for this evening

Quisiera hacer una reserva para esta noche

I would like a table near the window

Quisiera una mesa cerca de la ventana

Could you call the waiter (waitress)

please?

Podra llamar al camarero (camarera) por favor?

Could you bring me the menu (wine

list) please?

Podra traerme el men (la lista de vinos) por favor?

Where are the rest rooms?

Donde estn los baos?

I would like to order now

Quisiera ordenar ahora

What do you recommend?

Qu recomienda Ud?

May I have a bottle of wine (beer,

soda)?

Podra traerme una botella de vino (cerveza,

gaseosa)?

Excuse me, I have no spoon

(knife,fork)

Disculpe. No tengo cuchara (cuchillo, tenedor)

These napkins are dirty

Las servilletas estn sucias

May you bring more rolls (toasts)

please?

Podra traerme ms panecillos (tostadas) por favor?

I'll have a steak with French fries

Comer un bife con papas fritas

Would you like anything to drink?

Desea Ud. algo para tomar?

What kind of desserts do you have?

Qu clase de postres tienen?

Waiter, the check please

Camarero, la cuenta por favor

Can we pay separately?

Podemos pagar separadamente?

Thank you. Keep the change

Gracias. Gurdese el cambio

Volver a Men de Situaciones

Traveling by bus or by train

English

Espaol

How much is the round-trip (one-way)

ticket?

Cunto cuesta un boleto de ida y vuelta (de

ida)?

What's the fare to Chicago?

Cunto cuesta el boleto a Chicago?

What time does the bus (train) leave

(arrive)?

A qu hora sale (llega) el autobs (tren)?

From what platform does the bus (train)

leave?

De qu plataforma sale el autobs (tren)?

How long does it take from here to

Chicago?

Cunto tiempo toma desde aqu hasta

Chicago?

Is this the bus to New York?

s este el autobs a New York?

Will I have to change buses (trains)?

Tendr que cambiar autobuses (trenes)?

Could you show me the route (schedule)

please?

Podra mostrarme el itinerario (horario), por

favor?

Is the bus (train) delayed (on schedule)?

Est el autobs (tren) retrasado (en tiempo)?

Can I buy a map here?

Puedo comprar un mapa aqu?

I missed the bus (train)

Perd el autobs (tren)

Excuse me, but you are sitting in my

seat

Disculpe, pero Ud. est sentado en mi asiento

Where are you heading for?

Hacia adnde se est dirigiendo Ud.?

Must we change buses at this terminal?

Debo cambiar de autobs en esta terminal?

How long does the bus (train) stop

here?

Cunto tiempo se detiene el autobs (tren)

aqu?

What's the next stop?

Cul es la prxima parada?

How many more stops before we arrive?

Cuntas paradas ms antes de que lleguemos?

I can't find my baggage! It is missing

No puedo encontrar mi equipaje! Est faltando

Do I have to get off here?

Tengo que bajarme aqu?

Traveling by bus or by train

English

Espaol

How much is the round-trip (one-way)

ticket?

Cunto cuesta un boleto de ida y vuelta (de

ida)?

What's the fare to Chicago?

Cunto cuesta el boleto a Chicago?

What time does the bus (train) leave

(arrive)?

A qu hora sale (llega) el autobs (tren)?

From what platform does the bus (train)

leave?

De qu plataforma sale el autobs (tren)?

How long does it take from here to

Chicago?

Cunto tiempo toma desde aqu hasta

Chicago?

Is this the bus to New York?

s este el autobs a New York?

Will I have to change buses (trains)?

Tendr que cambiar autobuses (trenes)?

Could you show me the route (schedule)

please?

Podra mostrarme el itinerario (horario), por

favor?

Is the bus (train) delayed (on schedule)?

Est el autobs (tren) retrasado (en tiempo)?

Can I buy a map here?

Puedo comprar un mapa aqu?

I missed the bus (train)

Perd el autobs (tren)

Excuse me, but you are sitting in my

seat

Disculpe, pero Ud. est sentado en mi asiento

Where are you heading for?

Hacia adnde se est dirigiendo Ud.?

Must we change buses at this terminal?

Debo cambiar de autobs en esta terminal?

How long does the bus (train) stop

here?

Cunto tiempo se detiene el autobs (tren)

aqu?

What's the next stop?

Cul es la prxima parada?

How many more stops before we arrive?

Cuntas paradas ms antes de que lleguemos?

I can't find my baggage! It is missing

No puedo encontrar mi equipaje! Est faltando

Do I have to get off here?

Tengo que bajarme aqu?

Shopping
Espaol

English
Where is the nearest shopping center
(supermarket)?

Dnde queda el shopping center

(supermercado) ms cercano?

How do I get there?

Cmo llego hasta all?

What time does the market open

(close)?

A qu hora abre (cierra) el mercado?

Where is the men's (ladies') clothing

department?

Dnde queda el departamento de ropa de

hombres (de mujeres)?

(Furniture/baggage/footware/cosmetics/l
ingerie) department

Departamento de (muebles, equipaje, calzados,

cosmticos, lencera)

Take the escalator (elevator) to the third

floor

Tome la escalera mecnica (el ascensor) al

tercer piso

I want to buy a gift for my girlfriend

Quiero comprar un regalo para mi novia

How much is this article?

A cunto est este artculo?

Ask the saleswoman (salesman)

Pregntele a la vendedora (vendedor)

How much is it?

Cunto es?

How much does it cost?

Cunto cuesta?

How much do you charge for this?

Cunto cobran por esto?

This is too expensive. Don't you have

something cheaper?

Esto es demasiado caro. No tiene algo ms

barato?

Could you show me a bigger

(smaller/nicer) one?

Podra mostrarme uno ms grande (ms

pequeo/ ms lindo)?

May I try this dress on?

Podra probarme este vestido?

Where are the trying rooms?

Dnde estn los probadores?

This doesn't fit me. I want a bigger one

Este no me queda. Quiero uno ms grande

Are these articles on sale ?

Estos artculos estn en oferta?

I don't care for any of these

No me gusta ninguno de estos

Please, can you wrap it up?

Por favor. Puede envolverlo?

Can I pay by credit card?

Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crdito?

At the Post Office

Espaol

English
Is there a post office nearby?

Hay una oficina postal cerca de aqu?

What time does it open?

A qu hora abre?

I need some stamps for this letter

Necesito algunas estampillas para esta carta

Is there any mail for me?

Hay alguna correspondencia para m?

I want to send it via air-mail please

Quiero enviarla por correo areo, por favor

Could you weigh this package (letter)

for me please?

Podra Ud. pesarme este paquete (carta) por

favor?

How long does it take to get to

Argentina?

Cunto tiempo tarda en llegar a Argentina?

Where is the mailbox?

Dnde est el buzn?

I don't know the Zip-Code of this city

No s el cdigo postal de esta ciudad

I want to register these letters

Quiero certificar estas cartas

Can I send a money order from here?

Puedo enviar un giro postal desde aqu?

Can you help me fill out this form

please?

Puede Ud ayudarme a rellenar este formulario

por favor?

Where can I buy envelopes?

Dnde puedo comprar sobres para cartas?

How can I send this the quickest?

Cmo puedo enviar esto, lo ms rpido

posible?

Volver a Men de Situaciones

Speaking on the Telephone

English

Espaol

Operator, I wish to make a long distance

call.

Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada de larga

distancia

Operator, I wish to make a collect call.

Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada por cobrar

I'd like to speak to Mr./Mrs./Ms Simpson

please.

Quisiera hablar con el seor, seora, sta.

Simpson por favor

Could you speak louder please?

Podra Ud.hablar ms fuerte por favor?

Could you speak more slowly please?

Podra Ud. hablar ms lento por favor?

Could you spell that for me please?

Podra deletrearme eso por favor?

Could you call back later please?

Podra Ud. llamar de nuevo ms tarde por

favor?

Could I leave a message?

Podra dejar un mensaje?

I need a phone directory

Necesito una gua de telfonos

I need to know the area-code for Miami

Necesito saber el cdigo de rea de Miami

Where can I find a pay phone?

Dnde puedo encontrar un telfono pblico?

Hold on! Don't hang up!

Aguarde! No corte!

Who is calling?

Quin est llamando?

Wrong number

Nmero equivoacado

The line is busy

La lnea est ocupada

You must dial this number...

Ud debe marcar este nmero...

At the Doctor's
Espaol

English
I would like to make an appointment to
see the doctor

Quisiera un turno para ver al doctor

I am not feeling well

No me estoy sintiendo bien

I am feeling very sick (ill)

Me esoty sintiendo muy enfermo

What are the symptoms?

Cules son los sntomas?

I've got a terrible (earache, stomach

ache, headache, toothache)

Tengo un terrible dolor (de odo, de estmago,

de cabeza, de muelas)

I've got a terrible (flu, cold, sore throat,

cough)

Tengo una terrible (gripe, resfriado, dolor de

garganta, tos)

I've got a broken (fractured, dislocated)

arm (leg)

Tengo un brazo (pierna) rota (fracturada,

dislocada)

My whole body hurts

Me duele todo mi cuerpo

I have a pain in my back (chest)

Tengo un dolor en mi espalda (pecho)

I have chills (nausea, diarrhea, fever,

allergy)

Tengo escalofros (nuseas, diarrea, fiebre,

alergia)

I have a burn (a cut, an insect bite)

Tengo una quemadura (un corte, una picadura

de insecto)

I have been feeling dizzy and sweating a

lot

Me he estado sintiendo mareado y sudando

mucho

I will check your blood pressure

Revisar su presin sangunea

Is it serious?

Es grave?

Must I follow a diet?

Debo seguir una dieta?

Must I stay in bed?

Debo quearme en cama?

Will you give me a prescription?

Me dar una receta para la farmacia?

What medicine should I take?

Qu remedio debo tomar?

At the Drugstore
Espaol

English
May I help you?

Puedo ayudarlo?

I would like something for a sunburn (a

sore throat, a cold, a fever, an
indigestion, a constipation, a
headhache)

Quisiera algo para una quemadura (un dolor de

garganta, un resfriado, fiebre, una indigestin,
un dolor de cabeza)

Could I have some sleeping pills?

Podra tener pastillas para dormir?

May I have a bottle of vitamin C?

Podra tener una botella de vitamina C?

I would like some aspirins and a laxative

Quisiera algunas aspirinas y un laxante

Do you want a large or small bottle

(package, box, tube)?

Quiere Ud. un frasco grande o chico (paquete,

caja, pomo)?

I want a tube of shaving cream

(toothpaste) please

Quiero un pomo de crema de afeitar (dentfrico)

por favor

Do you have some painkillers?

Tiene algunos calmantes?

Do I need a prescription for this

medicine?

Necesito una receta mdica para este remedio?

I need a bandage, alcohol and iodine

please

Necesito un vendaje, alcohol y yodo, por favor

I would like a box of cough drops

Quisiera una cajita de pastillas para la tos

I'd like box of condoms

Quisiera una cajita de condones

Here you are. That'll be $12.50

Aqu tiene Ud. Eso suma $12.50

At the Bank
English

Espaol

Where is the nearest bank?

Dnde queda el banco ms cercano?

Where can I find an ATM?

Dnde puedo encontrar un cajero electrnico?

Can I cash these traveler's checks here?

Puedo cobrar aqu estos cheques de viajero?

Can I cash personal checks here?

Puedo cobrar aqu cheques personales?

I would like to open up a current

account

Quisiera abrir una cuenta corriente

Could you give me some change?

Me podra dar algo de cambio?

I need some coins (small bills)

Necesito algunas monedas (billetes chicos)

I want to withdraw (deposit) some

money

Quiero retirar (depositar) algo de dinero

How much is the rate of exchange?

A cunto est el tipo de cambio?

Do I have to endorse (sign) this check?

Tengo que endosar (firmar) este cheque?

I need to make a bank draft

Necesito hacer un giro bancario

I would like to send money to Argentina

Quisiera enviar dinero a Argentina

Which window should I go to?

A qu ventanilla debera ir?

I would like to apply for a loan

Quisiera solicitar un prstamo

What are the interest rates?

Cules son las tasas de inters?

Movies - Theater - Concerts

Espaol

English
Where can I get an entertainment guide
of this city?

Dnde puedo obtener una gua de

entretenimientos de esta ciudad?

Where is the ticket-office?

Dnde est la boletera?

Are there any seats left?

Quedan asientos?

I want two tickets please

Quiero dos boletos, por favor

Do we have to wait in line to buy the

tickets?

Tenemos que hacer cola para comprar los

boletos?

Where are our seats?

Dnde estn nuestros asientos?

Must we tip the usher?

Debemos dar propina al acomodador?

Which orchestra (band) is playing?

Qu orquesta (banda) est tocando?

What's on at the movies tonight?

Qu hay en el cine esta noche?

What time does the film (show) start

(end)?

A qu hora comienza (termina) la pelcula (el

espectculo)?

How long does it last?

Cunto tiempo dura?

What kind of film is it?

Qu clase de pelcula es?

It is a horror (science fiction, war) film

Es una pelcula de terror (de ciencia ficcin, de

guerra)

It is a thriller (western, cartoon,

comedy, musical)

Es una pelcula de accin (una del oeste, una de

dibujos animados, una comedia, un musical)

What is it about?

De qu se trata?

The plot (script) is very good

La trama (el guin) es muy bueno

Who is the main actor (actress)?

Quin es el actor (actriz) principal?

Common expressions
Espaol

English
Good morning

Buen da

Good afternoon

Buenas tardes

Good evening

Buenas noches

Good night

Buenas noches (al despedirse)

Good bye

Chau

So long!

Hasta luego!

Hi (Hello)!

Hola!

How are you?

Cmo ests?

How are you doing?

Cmo te va?

I am well (fine), thank you

Estoy bien, gracias

Where are you from?

De dnde es Ud?

What do you do?

Qu hace Ud? A qu se dedica?

Do you speak Spanish?

Habla Ud espaol?

What's your name?

Cul es su nombre? Cmo se llama Ud?

It doesn't matter

No importa

Never mind

No importa

Congratulations!

Felicitaciones!

May I introduce myself?

Puedo presentarme?

Thank you. ---You are welcome

Gracias --- De nada

Excuse me, please

Disculpe, por favor

I am sorry

Lo siento

Really?

En serio?

Of course!

Por supuesto!

Sure

Seguro

That's too bad

Qu lstima!

What happened?

Qu pas?

What does that mean?

Qu significa eso?

You are right

Ud. tiene razn

You are wrong

Ud. est equivocado

I guess so

Creo que s

I don't think so

Creo que no

Curso de Ingls para Hispanohablantes

Recursos del Idioma para Estudiantes y Profesores

Preposiciones
About - de, sobre, acerca de
Above - encima de
Across - al otro lado de, a travs de
After - despus de, detrs de, tras
Against - contra
Along - a lo largo de
Amid - entre, en medio de
Among - entre, en medio de
Around - alrededor de
At - en, a, de
Before - delante de, antes de
Behind - detrs de
Below - debajo de
Beneath - debajo de
Beside - al lado de
Besides - adems de
Between - entre (dos)
Beyond - ms all de
But - menos, salvo, excepto
By - por, de
Down - por
During - durante
For - por, para
From - de, desde
In - en, a, dentro, de
In front of - en frente de
About (abut) - de, sobre, acerca de

Into - en, a, dentro

Near - cerca de
Next to - al lado de, junto a
Of - de
Off - de, fuera de
On - en, sobre, encima
Onto - encima de, sobre, en
On top of - sobre, encima de
Out of - fuera de, sin
Over - sobre, ms de, durante, al otro lado de
Per - por
Round - alrededor de
Since - desde
Through - A travs de, por
Throughout - por todo, durante
Till - hasta
To - a, hasta, hacia
Toward - hacia
Under - debajo de
Underneath - debajo de
Until - hasta
Up - arriba de
Upon - sobre, encima de
With - con, de
Within - dentro de, a menos de
Without - sin

- We are talking about the film we saw last night -- Estabamos hablando acerca de la pelcula
que vimos anoche

- What was it about ? -- De qu se trataba ?

Above (abv) - encima de

- There was an UFO above the house -- Haba un OVNI encima de la casa

Across (acrs) - al otro lado de, a travs de

- My apartment is across the street from the bank -- Mi departamento est al otro lado de la
calle desde el banco
- We ran across our neighbor's garden -- Corrimos a travs del jardn de nuestro vecino

After (fter) - despus de, detrs de, tras

- The dog is running after the cat -- El perro est corriendo tras el gato
- It is 5 minutes after 4 o'clock -- Es 5 minutos despus de las 4 (es las cuatro y cinco minutos)

Against (egunst) - contra, en contra de

- The journalist wrote an article against the goverment -- El periodista escribi un artculo en
contra del gobierno
- The plane crashed against the control tower - El avin se estrell contra la torre de control
- He placed the ladder against the wall -- l puso la escalera contra la pared

Along (alng) - a lo largo de, por

- There are palm trees along the avenue -- Hay palmeras a lo largo de la avenida
- Many people walk along this corridor every day -- Muchas personas caminan por este
pasillo todos los das

Amid (amd) - entre, en medio de

- He was standing amid the crowd -- El estaba parado en medio de la multitud

Among (amng) - entre, en medio de

- I parked my car among the others -- Estacion mi auto en medio de los otros
- Jesus divided the bread among his disciples -- Jess dividi el pan entre sus discpulos
- There was a traitor among them -- Haba un traidor entre ellos

Around (arund) - alrededor de

- He is wearing a chain around his neck -- l est usando una cadena alrededor de su cuello
- A lot of reporters were around the actress -- Muchos reporteros estaban alrededor de la
actriz

At (t) - en, a
- My parents are at work -- Mis padres estn en el trabajo
- We usually get up at 8 o'clock, but on Sundays we get up at noon
-- Generalmente nos levantamos a las 8 pero los domingos nos levantamos al medioda
- She looked at me -- Ella me mir
- He is very good at sports -- l es muy bueno para los deportes
- At night -- Por las noche
- At times -- a veces
- At war -- En guerra

Before (bifr) - delante de, antes de

- The orator stood before the audience - El orador se par delante del auditorio
- Mary left before everyone else -- Mary se fue antes que todos

Behind (bijind) - detrs de

- There is a garden behind the house -- Hay un jardn detrs de la casa
- The boxer in white trunks is three points behind the champion -- El boxeador de
pantalones blancos est a tres puntos detrs del campen

Below (bilu) - bajo, debajo de - (under = below = beneath = underneath)

- She has an apartment below mine -- Ella tiene un departamento debajo del mo
- It is freezing. The temperature is below zero. -- Est helando. La temperatura est bajo cero

Beneath (binz) - bajo, debajo de - (under = below = beneath = underneath)

- Johnny hid all his toys beneath his bed -- Johnny escondi todos sus juguetes debajo de su
cama
- I was sitting beneath my beach umbrella -- Estaba sentado debajo de mi sombrilla de playa

Beside (bisid) - al lado de, junto a

- Mary sat beside me -- Mary se sent junto a m
- There is a garden beside the house -- Hay un jardn al lado de la casa

Besides (bisids) - adems de, excepto, aparte de

- There were two people at the house besides her -- Haba dos personas en la casa adems de
ella
- Besides his reputation, he has nothing else left -- Aparte de su reputacin, a l no le queda
nada ms

Between (bitun) - entre (solo referido a dos entidades)

- There are no secrets between you and me -- No hay secretos entre vos y yo
- I don't eat between meals -- No como entre las comidas
- There is a great distance between the two cities -- Hay una gran distacia entre las dos
ciudades

Beyond (bi nd) - ms all de, fuera de

- There is a river beyond those mountains -- Hay un ro ms all de esas montaas
- This problem is beyond my capacity. I can not understand it -- Este problema est fuera de
mi capacidad. No lo puedo entender
- Beyond doubt -- Fuera de toda duda

But (bat) - menos, salvo, excepto

- They work every day but Sunday -- Ellos trabajan todos los das salvo el domingo
- We eat any food but meat -- Comemos cualquier alimento excepto carne
- Anyone but her can go -- Cualquiera, excepto ella, puede ir

By (bi) - por, de, cerca

- This film was directed by Spielberg -- Este film was directed by Spielberg
-- I came by (train/car/bus...) -- Vine en (tren/auto/autobs...)
- I live by the river -- Vivo cerca del ro
- They will be here by 5 o'clock PM -- Estarn aqu cerca de las cinco de la tarde

- An even number can be divided by two -- Un nmero par puede dividirse por dos

Down (dun) - por

-- I was walking down the street when I saw the accident -- Estaba caminando por la calle
cuando v el accidente

During (diring) - durante

- The flowers blossom during the spring -- Las flores florecen durante la primavera
- He slept during all the class -- l durmi durante toda la clase

For (for) - por, para, a favor

- I have lived here for many years -- He vivido aqu desde hace (por) muchos aos
- This present is for us -- Es regalo es para nosotros
- They left for Chicago -- Ellos salieron para chicago
- She went for a walk -- Ella fue por una caminata
- Are you for or against that proposal ? -- Ests a favor o en contra de esa propuesta ?
- We walked for five miles that day -- Caminamos 5 millas ese da
- What for ? -- Para qu ?

From (from) - de, desde

- Where are you from ? -- De dnde sos ?
- I received a letter from my sister -- Recib una carta de mi hermana
- That city is far from here -- Esa ciudad est lejos de aqu
- She works from 9 to 5 every day -- Ella trabaja de 9 a 5 todos los das
- They think they are different from the rest -- Ellos piensan que son diferentes del resto
- I took a bus from Miami to Chicago -- Tom un autobs desde Miami a Chicago

In (in) - en, a, dentro, de

- In here - Aqu adentro
- In there - All adentro
-They will be in Miami in summer -- Estarn en Miami en el verano
- In the (morning/ afternoon/ evening) -- por la maana/tarde/noche
- I will see you in two weeks -- Te ver en dos semanas

In front of (in frnt ov) - en frente de

- My house is in front of the bank -- Mi casa est en frente del banco

Into (ntchu) - en, a, dentro, hacia adentro

- The cook went into the kitchen -- El cocinero fue a la cocina
- He put some vegetables into a pot -- Puso algunas verduras dentro de una olla

Near (ner) - cerca de

- My apartment is near a bank -- Mi departamento est cerca de un banco

Next to (nxt tchu) - al lado de, junto a

- The bank is next to a police station -- El banco est al lado de una comisara

Of (ov) - de
- The cabin is made of wood -- La cabaa est hecha de madera

- He is a friend of mine -- l es un amigo mo

Off (of) - de, fuera de (lo contrario de On)

- I took a book off the shelf -- Saqu un libro del estante (antes estaba on = sobre the shelf)
- He took off his coat -- l se sac su saco (antes su saco estaba on = puesto)
- The boat is 3 miles off the coast -- El barco est a 3 millas en frente de la costa
- They turned off the TV -- Ellos apagaron la TV (antes estaba on = encendido)

On - en, sobre, encima

- On the bed -- En la cama
- On the wall -- En la pared
- On foot -- A pie
- On the telephone -- Al telfono
- On the left/right -- A la izquierda/derecha
- On Monday/Tuesday... -- El lunes/martes...
- On the radio. On TV -- En la radio . En la TV
- On vacation -- De vacaciones
- She put her coat on -- Ella se puso su saco (antes estaba off)
- I turned on the lights -- Encend las luces (antes estaban off)

Onto (ntu) - encima de, sobre, en

- The soccer players walked onto the field -- Los futbolistas entraron al campo de juego

On top of (on tp ov) - sobre, encima de

- He was standing on top of a roof -- Estaba parado en el techo

Out of (ut ov) - fuera de, sin

- He came out of the bathroom -- l sali del bao
- He took a rabbit out of his hat -- Sac un conejo de su galera
- We are out of money -- Estamos sin dinero

Over (uver) - sobre, ms de, durante, al otro lado de

- The plane was flying over the city -- El avin estaba volando sobre la ciudad
- She is over 30 years old -- Ella tiene ms de 30 aos
- Bill will not work over the next month -- Bill no trabajar durante el mes prximo
- The dog jumped over the fence and ran away -- El perro salt la cerca y huy

Per (per) - por

- That model charges 1000 dollars per hour -- Esa modelo cobra 1000 dlares por hora

Round (rund) - alrededor de

- The shop is just round the corner -- El negocio est justo a la vuelta de la esquina
- The family sat round the table -- La familia se sent alrededor de la mesa

Since (sns) - desde

- Susan has been studying since 3 o'clock-- Susan ha estado estudiando desde las 3
- The champion has practiced this sport since he was a little boy -- El campen ha practicado
este deporte desde que era un muchachito

Through (zr) - A travs de, por, por medio de

- I was able to see a house through the fog -- Pude ver una casa a travs de la neblina
- They ran through the forest -- Corrieron a travs del bosque
- I learned about his divorce through the newspaper -- Me enter de su divorcio por medio
del diario

Throughout (zru ut) - por todo, durante todo

- It was raining throughout the country -- Estaba lloviendo por todo el pas
- It rained throughout the winter -- Llovi durante todo el invierno

Till (til) = hasta = Until

(ver until)

To (tchu) - a, hasta, hacia

- I want to give something to her -- Quiero darle algo a ella
- They turned to the left and went straight to the university -- Doblaron a la izquierda y
fueron derecho a la universidad

Toward (tuard) - hacia - (tambin se escribe Towards)

- A storm is going toward the city -- Una tormenta est yendo hacia la ciudad
- Billy started to run toward his mother -- Biilly comenz a correr hacia su madre
- We were all very hungry toward noon -- Estbamos todos muy habrientos hacia el medioda

Under (nder) - debajo de - (under = below = beneath = underneath)

- The mouse went under the bed -- El ratn se meti debajo de la cama
- I have a T-shirt under my sweater -- Tengo una remera debajo de mi suter
- He is working under pressure -- l est trabajando bajo presin
- Everything is under control -- Todo est bajo control

Underneath (andernz) - debajo de - (under = below = beneath = underneath)

- There is rust underneath the paint -- Hay xido debajo de la pintura

Until (antl) - hasta

- They played soccer until they got tired -- Jugaron al ftbol hasta que se cansaron
- He studied until midnight -- l estudi hasta la medianoche
- The results will not be given until tomorrow -- Los resultados no sern dados hasta maana

Up (ap) - hacia arriba de

- He climbed up the mountain -- l trep la montaa
- They went up the stairs -- Subieron las escaleras
- Go up this road until you see a big house -- And por este camino hasta que veas un gran
casa

Upon (apn) - sobre, encima de

- He threw himself upon the floor -- Se tir al piso
- She sat upon the bench -- Se sent en el banco
- The engineers put their attention upon the new machine -- Los ingenieros pusieron su
atencin en la nueva mquina

With (widz) - con, de

- Will you come with me ? -- Vendrs conmigo?

- She went to the party with all her friends -- Se fue a la fiesta con todos sus amigos
- The girl with green eyes -- La chica de ojos verdes

Within (widn) - dentro de, a menos de

- The show will start within an hour -- El show comenzar dentro de una hora
- There is a gas station within two miles from here -- Hay una estacin de servicio a menos de
dos millas de aqu
- That is not within our reach -- Eso no est dentro de nuestro alcance

Without (widut) - sin

- I want coffee without sugar -- Quiero caf sin azcar
- He crossed the street without paying attention -- Cruz la calle sin poner atencin

Pronombres
Pronombres
Nominativos

Pronombres
Acusativos

Pronombres
Reflexivos

Adjetivos
Posesivos

Pronombres
Posesivos

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

mine
yours
his
hers

Pronombres Indefinidos
everybody
nobody
everyone
no one
everything
nothing
Pronombres Relativos
who
which

somebody
someone
something

that

whom

-----

ours
yours
theirs

anybody
anyone
anything

whose

Determiners
The Definite Article

The Demonstratives

The Quantifiers& Others

The Indefinite Article

The Possessives

The Numbers

The Definite Article: The (de / di) el, la, lo, los, las.

The boy - el nio

The boys - los nios
The girl - la nia
The girls - las nias
The bus - el autobs
The buses - los autobuses
The man - el hombre
The men - los hombres
The woman - la mujer
The women - las mujeres

The box - la caja

The boxes - las cajas
The beach - la playa
The beaches - las playas
The person - la persona
The people - las personas
The factory - la fbrica
The factories - las fbricas
The foot - el pie
The feet - los pies