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semiconductor diodes.
Semiconductor Materials
Insulator
Glass,
ceramic,
polythene
No free
electrons
High
Decrease
when the
temperature
Semiconductor
Silicon,
germanium,
selenium
Free electrons
and holes
Between
insulator and
conductor
Increase when
the temperature
increase.
Also increase
when light
shines on it or
with presence
of impurities
Conductor
Copper,
aluminium,
iron
Free
electrons
Low
Decrease
when the
temperature
Doping of Semiconductors
Doping is a process of adding a small amount of
impurities into the pure crystal of semiconductor
(intrinsic semiconductor).
Atoms of the impurities added should have almost the
same size as the atoms of the intrinsic
semiconductor.
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(i)
p-type semiconductor
n-type semiconductor
Pure
Semiconduktor
p-type
semiconductor
Silicon,
Germanium
n-type
semiconductor
Silicon,
Germanium
Doping
substance
Indium,Boron,
Gallium
Function of
doping
substance
Valency of
doping
substance
Majority charge
carrier
Minority charge
carrier
Aceptor atom
Phosporus,
Antimony,
Arsenic
Donor atom
Pentavalent
Trivalent
Hole
Electron
Electron
Hole
Semiconductor Diode
A diode is a component (device) that allows electric
current to flow in one direction only.
A diode acts like a one-way valve to electric current.
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Figure(a)
Figure(b)
The diode is connected to the cell in the forwardbiased arrangement as shown in Figure(a).
The bulb light up.
The experiment is repeated with the reverse-biased
arrangement as shown in Figure (b)
The bulb does not light up.
The experiment shows that a diode allow the current
in one direction only when the diode in the forwardbiased arrangement.
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Diode as a Rectifier
Capacitor
Full-wave rectification
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TUTORIAL 2
1
A
B
C
D
3
A
B
C
D
4
antimony
indium
B
D
germanium
gallium
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divalent atoms
trivalent atoms
tetravalent atoms
pentavalent atoms
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12
13
11
A
B
C
D
A function of a diode is as F
A
B
C
Amplifier
Rectifier
Smoother
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Z only
X and Y only
Y and Z only
X,Y and Z
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16
22
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19
A
B
C
D
20
.
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U S NOQ RT M L
U S TMNO Q M L
L M NOQR T S U
L T SQR ON M U
A
C
K N ML
L M NR
L R N
M R N
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P
R
B
D
Q
P ,Q and R
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a rectifier
an amplifier
a current filter
a voltage smoother
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(ii)
.........................................................
(iii) name the majority charge carrier in
the semiconductor material.
.........................................................
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.............................................................................
.............................................................................
....................................................................
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(c)
...
The diagram shows a p-type
semiconductor is joined to an n-type
semiconductor. Later the combination of
the semiconductor materials are connected
to a bulb and a battery.
Figure (a)
(i)
(ii)
....................................................................
..
.............................................................................
..
.............................................................................
(i)
....................................................................
(ii) Give the name and the function of
voltage at X .
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..
(b) Figure (b) shows circuit X is connected to a
transformer , resistor R and a cathode-ray
oscilloscope. When the switch is opened
the waveform as shown in Figure (b) is
formed on the CRO screen.
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.
The diagram shows a rectification circuit which
uses four diodes W ,X, Yand Z and resistor R.
(ii)
....................................................................
(b) Draw the waveform formed on the CRO
screen.
(c)
....................................................................
(d) What happen to the direction of the current
flows in resistor R compared to the your
answer in (c) when at the other half cycle,
A is more negative than B.
....................................................................
(iii) Give the reason for your answer in
b(ii).
....................................................................
(e) What happen to the output waveform when
(i) the terminals of diodes X and Y are
reversed
............................................................
..
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(ii)
..
(iii) The number of turns in the primary
coil is 2000. Calculate the number of
turns in the secondary coil.
[ Assume that the transformer is
an ideal transformer ]
..
(iii) the terminals of diodes W, X, Y and
Z are reversed.
(f)
............................................................
Draw the waveform formed when a
capacitor is connected parallel to resistor R
in the figure above.
(b) The transformer in Figure (a) is not
suitable to power the radio. A modification
is required before the radio is used.
(i) Explain why the transformer is not
suitable to use?
............................................................
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(ii)
............................................................
Name two electronic components
that are needed to use.
...................................
..
(c) Figure (b) shows a circuit that can be
modified to produce a full-wave
rectification and smoothing output wave
Figure (b)
Complete the circuit in the dotted box by
adding the electronic components in b(ii)
Figure (a)
(i)
(ii)
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(i)
(ii)
Figure (a)
Key :
Np = Number of turns in primary coil
Ns = Number of turns in secondary coil
(i)
(ii)
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Figure (b)
What is the output voltage of the
transformer?
Calculate the efficiency of the
transformer.