ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

EEE F111
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Lectures: 1-2

Meenakshi Viswanathan

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ideal Voltage Source:

A device that produces a voltage or potential difference of V

volts across its terminals regardless of what is connected to
it.

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Ideal Voltage Source

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Ideal Current Source:
Always supplies the same current I irrespective of
the load connected to it.

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BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

CIRCUIT LAWS
KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

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CIRCUIT LAWS
KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

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Single Loop Circuits

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BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

One can represent a real EMF device as an ideal one

attached to a resistor, called internal resistance of the
EMF device:

E ir iR 0 i E/ r R
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Resistance in Series and

Parallel

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BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Current Division

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Voltage Division

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Application of Kirchhoffs Laws

The first step is to label the unknown currents arbitrarily.

Applying Kirchhoff's current law to node a,

i4 i1 0
i4 i1

Note that i2 is the current in the 20-V source as well as in the 4 resistance.
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The next step is to define the unknown element

voltages in terms of the arbitrarily assumed
currents.

Vab 2i1
Vbd 8i3
Vcb 4i2
Applying Kirchoff 's current law to node b,
Applying KCL to node d,

i1 i2 i3

i3 i4 i2 0
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Applying KVL to the left hand loop,

Vab Vbd 32 0
Applying KVL to the right hand loop,

Vcb 20 Vbd 0
Applying KVL to the outside loop,

2i1 8i3 32
4i2 8i3 20

Vab Vbc 20 32 0

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Substitution method
(KCL+ KVL+Ohms Law)
2i1 8i3 32
4i2 8i3 20

(2 8) I1 8I 2 32
8I1 (2 8) I 2 20

i1 i2 i3
i1 4 A
i2 1A
i3 3 A

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Mesh Analysis / Loop Current

Method
1. Reduction in number of unknowns

2. Reduction in number of simultaneous

equations.
3. Can be used only for planar networks.

Loop Current

I1 is assumed to circulate around the left loop

Loop Current

I 2 is assumed to circulate around the right loop

i1 I1
By inspection,

i2 I 2
i3 I1 I 2
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Mesh Analysis /
Loop Current Method
i1 I1
i2 I 2
i3 I1 I 2
V

32

0
ab
bd
By applying KVL to the left and right loop,
Vcb Vbd 20 0

2 I1 8( I1 I 2 ) 32
(2 8) I1 8I 2 32
8I1 (2 8) I 2 20

4 I 28( I1 I 2 ) 20
Physical Interpretation??
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Mesh Analysis : CHECKING

i1 4 A
i2 1A
i3 3 A

KVL around the outside loop,

Vab Vbc 20 32 0
2(4) 4(1) 20 32 0

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Use Mesh Analysis to find V0

I1=10/3 mA
I2 = 4 mA
V0=4(I2-I1)

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Mesh / Loop Analysis

Calculate the current in the 10 resistance using
loop currents.

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I1 = 3 A

TRY USING OTHER LOOPS TO GET SAME ANSWER!

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Find Mesh Currents in the

circuit below
CURRENT SOURCE COMMON BETWEEN TWO FINITE MESHES
V4
+
7
i3
-

V1

6V

7A

i1

V2

i2

V3
-

Find the clockwise mesh currents in the above circuit.

Example 2.6 from Bobrow.

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Nodal Analysis /
Node Voltage Method
1. Choose node d as reference and measure
voltage of any node w.r.t node d.
2. Apply KCL to each independent node.

At node b, i b 0 i1 i2 i3
va vb vc vb vb 0

2
4
8
32 vb 20 vb vb

2
4
8
vb 24 V

i1 4 A
i2 1A
i3 3 A

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Voltage Source Between Non

reference nodes

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Nodal Analysis
Calculate Va

Answer: Va=16V
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