2016 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 4 (3), 95-106

ISSN 0719-4250
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Original Article | Artculo Original

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Viola tianschanica

Maxim. An Uyghur ethnomedicinal plant
[Estudios farmacognstico y fitoqumico de Viola tianschanica Maxim. Una planta de la etnomedicina
Uyghur]
Yun Zhu, Lulu Zhao, Xiangfei Wang, Peng Li*
School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University. Key Laboratory of Phytomedicine Resources & Modernization of TCM, Shihezi Xinjiang 832002, PR China.
*E-mail: whitecloud2002001@163.com
Abstract

Resumen

Context: Viola tianschanica Maxim. (Violaceae) is a perennial herb widely

distributed in Central Asia, especially in the Xinjiang of China. The whole
herb has been used in traditional Uygur medicines as an antifebriledetoxicate drugs.

Contexto: Viola tianschanica Maxim. (Violaceae) es una hierba perenne

ampliamente distribuida en Asia Central, especialmente en Xinjiang,
China. Esta hierba se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional Uygur como
antifebrfugo-desintoxicante.

Aims: To characterize macroscopical and microscopical features of the

root, leave and rhizome of the V. tianschanica Maxim. Explore and
establish the micro-morphology and quality control methods for this
plant.

Objetivos: Caracterizar las peculiaridades macroscpicas y microscpicas

de la raz, hojas y rizoma de V. tianschanica Maxim. Analizar y establecer
los mtodos de micro-morfologa y control de calidad de esta planta.

Methods: Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations were

conducted regarding macroscopic, microscopic and preliminary
phytochemical parameters.
Results: It can be identified by structural features of flowers, structural
characteristics of rhizome and root, specific thickening of endothecium
cells of clinandrium can be regarded as identification character. This
crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values like total
ash (12%), water soluble ash (4.0%), acid insoluble ash (3.8%) and
moisture content (6.5%). The ethanolic extract mainly contained
flavonoids in this herb, also contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
coumarin and absence of fats and protein.

Mtodos: Las investigaciones farmacognsticas y fitoqumicas se llevaron

a cabo en relacin con los parmetros macroscpicos, microscpicos y
fitoqumicos preliminares.
Resultados: La planta puede ser identificada por las caractersticas
estructurales de las flores, del rizoma y la raz, engrosamiento especfico
de clulas de endotecio del clinandrio puede ser considerado como
carcter de identificacin. Esta droga cruda mostr valores fisicoqumicos
caractersticos como ceniza total (12%), ceniza soluble en agua (4,0%),
ceniza insoluble en cido (3,8%) y contenido de humedad (6,5%). El
extracto etanlico contena principalmente flavonoides, tambin contena
alcaloides, taninos, saponinas, cumarina y ausencia de grasas y protenas.

Conclusions: Various pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical

characters observed in this test may help in standardization,
identification and carrying out further research in V. tianschanica Maxim.
based drugs used in Uygur traditional medicine and folk medicines.
Sediment type of impurity content is higher in herbs; it should be paying
attention to control quality of medicinal materials or drugs.

Conclusiones: Varios caracteres farmacognsticos y fitoqumicos

preliminares, observados en este ensayo, pueden ayudar en la
normalizacin, la identificacin y la realizacin de ms investigaciones en
preparados basados en V. tianschanica Maxim utilizados en la medicina
tradicional Uygur y medicamentos populares. El tipo de sedimento del
contenido de impurezas es mayor en las hierbas; se debe prestar atencin
al control de calidad de las materias medicinales o drogas vegetales.

Keywords: Macromorphology; micromorphology;

identification; Viola tianschanica Maxim.

Palabras Clave: Identificacin farmacognstica;

micromorfologa; Viola tianschanica Maxim.

pharmacognostical

macromorfologa,

ARTICLE INFO
Received | Recibido: February 2, 2016.
Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: April 7, 2016.
Accepted | Aceptado: April 9, 2016.
Available Online | Publicado en Lnea: April 13, 2016.
Declaration of interests | Declaracin de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding | Financiacin: This work was financially supported by the Scientific Research Funds for High Calibre Researchers of Shehezi
University (Project No. RCZX201440) and sponsored by the 12th Five-Year Grand support of Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Peoples Republic of China (2012BAI30B02).
Academic Editor | Editor Acadmico: Gabino Garrido.

_____________________________________

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INTRODUCTION
Ancient traditional remedies, notably traditional
Chinese medicine and Ayurveda, have been passed
down and refined over their long history of clinical
use (Williamson et al., 2015). The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements, principally for primary health care, has increased tremendously over
the past three decades with not less than 80% of
people worldwide (Ekor, 2014). Viola is the largest genus in the family Violaceae, with 525 - 600 species
in the world, and most species distributed in the
temperate Northern hemisphere (Zhou et al., 2008;
Ning et al., 2012). Many Viola species contain anthocyanins, which have strong antioxidant activities.
Most violas tested and many other plants of the
family Violaceae contain cyclotides, which have a
diverse range of in vitro biological activities, including uterotonic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities (Tang et al., 2010; He et al., 2011; Zhang et al.,
2012). Viola canescens, a species from India, exhibited anti-malarial activity and in vitro activity against
Trypanosoma cruzi (Dua et al., 2011; Verma et al., 2011).
Viola has been evaluated for different clinical indications in human studies. Some clinical trial
showed that the Viola odorata can improve the
cough suppression in children with asthma
(Qasemzadeh et al., 2015), and extract oil showed to be
effective in patients with insomnia (Feyzabadi et al.,
2014).
There are about 120 species of Viola L. genus distributed widely in China, among them Viola tianschanica Maxim. mainly distributed in Xinjiang,
Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan provinces and Tibet (Chen
et al., 1999; Xinjiangensis, 2011). It was contained in Medicinal Flora of Uygur (Volume I) (Yongmin, 1999).
The whole herb, with taste light bitter and pungent,
cool in nature, is widely used in clearing away heat
and eliminating toxin, reducing fever and inflammation, anti-swelling, moistening lungs to stop a
cough, helping to defecate and so on (Yongmin, 1999).
It was as a substitute of herba Violae (V. yedoensis
Makino) in Xinjiang, mainly in Southern Xinjiang
(Qin et al., 2014).
It was also documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia Uigur Pharmacopoeia Fascicule, mainly used
in the treatment fever, pyrexia, headache and influenza, acute pleurisy, pneumonia, dry pharynx,
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Pharmacognostical studies on Viola tianschanica

cough, and difficulty in urination, among others,

but not detailed quality control standards in this
Pharmacopoeia (Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 1999).
It is reported that plants of V. tianschanica Maxim. contains flavonols (isorhamnetin, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol) (Yongmin, 1999; Qin et al., 2014; 2015),
cyclic peptides (cycloviolacin T1, varv E) (Xiang et al.,
2010), lignans (Qin et al., 2013), coumarin, alkaloids (Yu
et al., 2009; Qin et al., 2014), phenolic acid (Qin et al., 2015).
Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the extracts of V. tianschanica Maxim. have
anti-inflammatory (Yang et al., 2011), anti-bacterial,
anti-oxidative activities (Shen and Xie, 2009), anticomplement activity (Qin et al., 2015).
In the scientific literature, there are some data of
the phytochemical components and pharmacological actions while a small number of data of standards for identification and authentication about Viola tianschanica Maxim.
Hence, the pharmacognostic and phytochemical
investigations on V. tianschanica Maxim. has been
carried out in this research, for the development
and utilization of the promising medicinal plant.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The methodology was carried out according to
with (Srikanth et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2015; Marandi et al.,
2016).
Plant material and reagents
The Viola tianschanica Maxim. herb bought
from Uighur Medicine Limited Company of Hetian
region of Xinjiang in June, 2014. The plant material
was authenticated by Professor Pin Yan (College of
Life Science, Shihezi University). Voucher specimens (N. 2014050102-01) were preserved in School
of Pharmacy of Shihezi University. The harvested
plants were dried in shadow at room temperature
(temperature 30 - 40C), ground into powdered
form and stored in airtight containers. All reagents
used were of analytical grade, such as chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, phloroglucinol.

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Macroscopic and organoleptic studies

The plant was examined for morphological characters including size, shape, color, odor, taste, and
extra features. The macro-morphological characteristic of the root, leaf and rhizome were observed
under the magnifying lens (10x).
Microscopic studies
Dried herbs were ground to coarse powder and
packed, for microscopic identification, in a suitable
container. As clearing agents were used chloral hydrate and diluted. These reagents were prepared
according to procedures described in the general
rule of Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of
China (Commission, 2015).
The samples were cut and immediately fixed in
mixed liquid (formalin:acetic acid:ethanol 70%,
1:1:18). After fixing the samples for 24 h, they were
dehydrated and clarified successively in graded series of ethanol and dimethylbenzene. Posteriorly,
the specimens were infiltrated with paraffin wax
(melting point 58 - 60C) and casted into paraffin
blocks. Rotary microtome (YD-1508B, Jinhua YIDI
Medical Appliance Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China) was
used to cut the paraffin embedded specimens. Each
slice thickness was 10 - 12 m. The dewaxed sections
were stained with fast green and safranin.
Photomicrographs of the transverse section
(stem, root, and leaf) and powder section were taken with the help of Biomicroscopy Primo Star (Zeiss
Group, Germany) with 10x and 40 x microscope objective lens, and CX21 bio-microscopy unit (Olympus, Nikon D750 digital camera, Matrox Inspector,
Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd., Japan).
Phytochemical studies
Dried herbs were ground to a coarse powder
(grain size: 850 29 m) and packed in a suitable
container for phytochemical identification. The
powder was extracted with 70% ethanol, filtered
and concentrated using vacuum distillation.
The UV spectrum 70% ethanol extracts of the
herb gained with the help of ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-2401 spectrophotometer, Shimadzu
Corporation, Japan, range from 200 to 400 nm
wavelength).
The bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids were
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Pharmacognostical studies on Viola tianschanica

screened to ascertain their presences in the 70%

ethanol extract.
The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble
ash and moisture content were determined according to the standard procedures mentioned in the
general rule of Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China (Commission, 2015).
Herb powder (5 g) were placed in a conical flask
and added 25 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol. Extracted it
with ultrasonic (TP300-Ultrasonic extraction apparatus, frequency: 40 kHz, Tian Pong Electricity New
Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China) for 20 min and
filtrated for further use.
Conditions for thin-layer chromatography (TLC):
TLCP (thin-layer chromatography plate) were activated under 100~105 for 30 min; developing agent
was chloroform-ethyl acetate-formic acid (5:4:1),
distance was 8 cm, concentrated sulfuric acid was a
chromogenic agent. The TLCP examined under ultraviolet (365 nm and 254 nm) and ordinary light.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Original plant identification
V. tianschanica Maxim. is a perennial herb of 4 7 cm high common, which the whole plant is a
smooth surface. The rhizomes were thick, short and
vertical. The taproots were terete or inverted cone,
cylindrical 2 - 5 cm long, which color was yellowwhite, with few fibrous roots. There were not aerial
stem and underground stem. Leaves were basal,
ovate or oblong-ovate, 1 - 3 cm long, 0.5 - 0.8 cm
wide, thick, apex obtuse. Base shrink to handle had
the same length with leaves, hardly longer or shorter than petiole, margin entire or crenate. Stipule
lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 3/4 united with
petiole, white and membranous. There were short
tassels at the margin, which were sparse and glandulous. Flowers solitary in the apical portion of
pedicel, pedicel was not shorter than leaves. Flowers had a diameter of 0.5 - 1 cm. Bracts were located
in the middle of the scapes, opposite and linear
lance shaped. There were glands along margin. Sepals 5, oblong ovate and apex acuminate. There were
zonal appendages at base. Flowers were zygomorphic, and multiples of five. Petal was lavender or
under which was yellow-white, or obovate petal
with violet stripes. The lateral petals were not
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bearded. Petals near the bottom were obcordate

and longer than sepals adnexal, which in the middle
was bigger than two sides, at the base of it has short
calcar. Filaments were short and broad, superior
ovary smooth, styles apically curved and rostellate.
The capsule was ovoid and smooth. Its bloomed
was at June-July, and fructified at July-August
(Xinjiangensis, 2011)Fig. 1).

It smelled slightly aromatic and tasted slightly pungent and bitter (Fig. 2).
Microscopic Identification
Transverse section of V. tianschanica leaves
Through the midrib showed the following tissue
systems:
Epidermal cells, one layer, tightly packed, round
the outside wall thickening. The outside wall of
lower epidermis wave-shaped bending, outside
of which have cuticle thickness.
There were two columns of main veins vascular
bundles, clusters of calcium oxalate were common besides vascular bundles.
Palisade tissue cells were almost broken, without
going through the main vein, individual crystals
were occasionally found in palisade tissue cells
(Fig. 3).
Transverse section of the root

Figure 1. Plant of V. tianschanica Maxim.

Macroscopical identification
The morphological appearance of herbs was not
complete. It was usually 3 - 7 cm long and focused
between 2 - 4 cm. Taproot was thick. The shape was
conical, and the color was brown to grayish white.
It had irregular longitudinal wrinkles. Its rhizome
was 2 - 4 mm long, and the diameter was 3 mm with
the ring of decorative pattern and petiole residues.
The leaves were shrinking, broken clustered in a
short and thick stems. Complete wet opened leaf
was spoon-shaped or oval. The color was graygreen. Its top was obtusely rounded, and its basic
part was cuneate and decurrent, with a long handle.
The flower was pale blue with five lanceolate sepals
and five obviate symmetrical petals. Capsules were
usually split in a triangle and there were many light
yellow seeds in it. Its quality of material was loose,
and the section was light brown with sparse pores.

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Oval:
Cork layer cells 1-2 layers, rectangle or irregular,
with thickened cell wall. The phelloderm was
composed of 3-4 columns flat parenchyma cells,
tightly packed.
The cortex was very narrow, flat cells, tightly
packed. There were few clusters of calcium oxalate in cells of the cortex. The cracks exist between cortex and phelloderm.
The primary xylem was diarch, centrally located.
Vessels were small and secondary xylem extends
to both sides. Lignified tracheas two layers, in
which there were xylem parenchyma cells. The
diameter of outer layer vessels was big and xylogen is not lignified.
Vascular cambium was not evident. Phloem was
wide, composed of tightly packed cells.
Clusters of calcium oxalate can be found in
phloem and parenchyma cells (Fig. 4).

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Figure 2. The original herb of V. tianschanica Maxim.

Transverse section of the rhizome

Polygon
Cork layer cells in several layers, with irregular
long polygon cells.
Cells of cortex shrink, with big cracks, in which
there were few clusters of calcium oxalate. Endodermis was not obvious and wave-shaped
bending.
Vascular bundles were scattered and the tough
type of outside, forming a ring. Xylem was round
like, vessels were round like, lignified, tightly
packed. Inner side vessels were almost single,
sparsely packed. There were single vessels scatter between vascular bundles. Phloem was separated from xylem.
Pith was big. The cavity can be found in the center of pith. A large number of clusters of calcium
oxalate existed in parenchyma cells (Figs. 5 6).

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Powder microscopy
Yellow-green powder
The anomocytic stoma or anisocytic stoma, subsidiary cells 3 - 4, whose long axis was about 40
m and short axis was about 30 m.
Fibres were long-shuttle shape, mostly broken,
of which completed ones were 400 - 900 m in
length, 65 - 110 m in diameter, 2 - 7 m in
thickness of wall, cavity was not obvious.
Clusters of calcium oxalate were common,
whose edges and corners were broad and obtuse.
Clusters of calcium oxalate, which were sporadic,
have bigger diameters, up to 18 - 60 m. In parenchyma cells, clusters of calcium oxalate were
generally small.
Single cells non-glandular hairs were conical,
200 - 400 m in length, 15 - 20 m in diameter,
with thin walls about 2 - 4 m.

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Spiral vessels were common, while reticulate

vessels were rare, with a diameter of 9 - 22 m,
individually scattered or with parenchyma cells.
Pollen grains were common, with near-spherical
shape, canary yellow, 30 - 40 m in diameter.
The outer wall was nearly smooth, with the particulate matter on the surface and three pit canals.
Endophragm cells of anthers were kelly, with
specific thickening, of which some cells were
beaded-thickened and clover shaped projections

can be seen in joints of some cells. Cinclides was

evident.
Exterior epidermal cells of corollas were papillary projections.
Epidermal cells of the stem were rectangular,
whose wall was beaded-thickened.
Cork cells were pale brown, arranged in good
order, whose surface view was nearly square, the
lateral view was long-shuttle shape (Fig. 7).

Figure 3. Transverse section of the leaf of V. tianschanica Maxim.

UE: Upper epidermis, PT: Palisade tissue, COC: Cluster crystal, VB: Vascular bundle, ST: Spongy tissue, XY: Xylem, PH: Phloem, LE: Lower epidermal.

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Figure 4. Transverse section of the root of V. tianschanica Maxim.

CL: Cork layer, CT: Cortex, ED: Endodermis, PXY: Primary xylem, SXY: Secondary xylem, XP: Xylem parenchyma, COC: Clusters of calcium oxalate, PH: Phloem.

Figure 5. Transverse section of the rhizome of V. tianschanica Maxim.

CL: Cork layer, CT: Cortex, PI: Pith, VB: Vascular bundle, COC: Clusters of calcium oxalate, XY: Xylem, PH: Phloem, RTB: Root trace bundle.

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Figure 6. Rhizome transverse section of V. tianschanica Maxim.

CL: Cork layer, CT: Cortex, RTB: Root trace bundle, PH: Phloem, XY: Xylem, ED: Endodermis, COC: Clusters of calcium oxalate, PI: Pith.

Preliminary phytochemical screening showed

the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, volatile oil, saponins and amino acids (Table 1).

ing their quality control profile. As per the guidelines of WHO, pharmacognostical standards should
be proposed as a protocol for the diagnosis and authentication of the herbal drugs (Pramanick, 2016).
Moisture content was less than the limited index, explaining dry weather in Xinjiang, it can reach
the standard. Total ash and water soluble ash were
all lower than the standard of Pharmacopoeia of the
People's Republic of China. Acid insoluble ash was
far higher than the standard for the whole herb
medicine in China pharmacopoeia, the possible reason is that herbal medicine is not clean, containing
soil and another inorganic impurity (Table 2).

Physicochemical characteristics

TLC check

Several studies suggest that adulteration and

misidentification of crude drugs can cause serious
health problems to consumers and legal challenges
for the pharmaceutical industries. The macroscopic
and microscopic characters of any plant drug are
considered to be the preliminary steps for establish-

Fluorescence presented six obvious spots. The

colorimetric detection with concentrated sulfuric
acid presented eight spots (two in UV254 and six in
UV365) (Fig. 9), probably due to the presence of
flavonoids (Qin et al., 2015).

Physicochemical studies
Scan of the ultraviolet spectrum
There were three absorption peaks at 204 nm,
266 nm and 351 nm. There may be the presence of
flavonoids in 70% ethanol extracts (Qin et al., 2015)
(Fig. 8).
Phytochemical screening

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Figure 7. Powder characteristics study of V. tianschanica Maxim.

A: Pollen grains, B: Clusters of calcium oxalate, C: Cork cells, D: Stomata, E: Epidermis cells of stem, F: Palisade cells, G: Fragmented cells of flower
epidermis, H: Endothecium cells of clinandrium, I: Vessel, J-K: Nonglandular hair, L: Solitary crystal.

0.8
0.6
A
B 0.4
S

Figure 8. The UV absorption spectrum of V. tianschanica.

0.2
0
200

250

300

350

400

Wavelength(nm

12
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Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of V. tianschanica.

Test for constituent groups

Name of the test

70% Ethanol extract

HCl-Mg reaction

AlCl3 reaction

Microsublimation-vanillic

Dragendorffs reagent test

Wagner's reagent test

Hager's reagent test

Bertrand's reagent test

Libermann-Burchard test

Foam test

Foam 1.5 cm

Tannin

Ferric chloride Test

Amino acid

Ninhydrin

Flavanoid
Volatile oil

Alkaloid

Saponin

Table 2. Physicochemical characteristics of V. tianschanica Maxim.

Physicochemical parameter values (% w/w)

Limit value for herb(Commission 2015)

Total ash

12.0

15.0

Acid insoluble ash

3.8

1.5

Water soluble ash

4.0

8.0

Moisture content

6.5

10.0

Figure 9. Thin layer chromatography of Viola tianschanica Maxim.

Rf 1-Rf 7 = 0.98,
Rf 2 = 0.78,
Rf 3-Rf 8 = 0.74,
Rf 4 = 0.66,
Rf 5 = 0.60,
Rf 6 = 0.42

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CONCLUSIONS
Physicochemical parameters like ash values,
moisture content are all indicators of quality herbal
medicine, which help to determinate the physiological and non-physiological ash, possibility of microbial growth or contamination and presence of impurities respectively. The relative high acid insoluble ash value (3.8%) and a high ratio of water soluble ash content (4.0%) of V. tianschanica Maxim.
indicates that the crude drug contains plenty of
physiological ash and the non-physiological contentit will affect the clinical efficacy of drugs, so it
should pay attention to the control quality of medicinal materials in herbs production.
This research showed that, V. tianschanica Maxim. can be identified by structural features or characteristics of flowers, rhizome and roots, specific
thickening of endothecium cells of clinandrium can
be regarded as distinctive identification character.
In identification of ultraviolet spectrum, there are
three obvious absorption peaks. There are obvious
spots on thin-layer chromatography. All above have
the significance of the identification in pharmacognosy.
Efforts have been made by the authors to bring
out every detail on the macroscopical and microscopical characters of V. tianschanica Maxim. The
study of pharmacognostical features had shown the
standards, which will be useful for the detection of
its identity and authenticity.
It provides reference basis for formulating quality standard of V. tianschanica Maxim., authenticity
of medicinal herbs and resource utilization.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was financially supported by the Scientific Research Funds for High Calibre Researchers of Shehezi University (Project No. RCZX201440). This work was sponsored by the
12th Five-Year Grand support of Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peoples Republic of China (2012BAI30B02).

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