Digital Modulation Simulation Through

AWGN Channel and Rayleigh Fading

Channel Using Phase Shift Keying
Anggun Fitrian Isnawati1, Wahyu Pamungkas2, Abny Irawan3
Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Telekomunikasi, Purwokerto
1,2,3
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Telematika Telkom Purwokerto
Jl. D.I Panjaitan No. 128 Purwokerto, Telp: (0281) 641629
1
anggun@st3telkom.ac.id, 2 wahyu@st3telkom.ac.id, 3 sweeper_54@live.com
ABSTRACT. Growth of telecommunications
technology continues rapidly, especially of wireless
telecommunications technology. On a process of
sending information through wireless channel,
modulation is an important method in the process of
transmission of information from sender to receiver.
The most important thing on a digital signal
modulation process is the process of sending a signal
from the sender (Tx) to the receiver (Rx). In the
transmission of digital signals will always be
susceptible to interference noise (noise) so that the
required
digital
modulation
performance
measurement system in order to obtain maximum
results.This paper will simulate propagation process
in AWGN channel and Raeyleigh fading channel
using Phase Shift Keying. Modulation system in this
paper using BPSK and QPSK which is passed
through the AWGN channel then Rayleigh Fading
wherein the transmitted signal will be mixed by
AWGN noise and fading noise. Based on the results
of testing the value of SNR BER simulation using
software, it can be seen that the performance BPSK
modulation is better than QPSK modulation.
Keywords: BPSK, QPSK, AWGN, Rayleigh Fading
and BER

I.

BACKGROUND
Telecommunication
is
a
process
delivering information from transmitter to
receiver through a channel media. Information
that delivered in telecommunication could be
voice, music, photo, or even a video. The growth
of Telecommunication technology and electronic
media give an easier way to spread information
and raising quality parameter to user. One of the
communication system has been developed to
cover
information
spread
is
digital
communication. Communication system that
delivered via a digital channel wont be suffered
from error. Error in digital communication known
as Bit Error Rate. For investigating the
relationship between BER and modulation
performance need some tools to simulate those
process using programs. Many
factor
can
influence performance of digital modulation such

as noise, fading and loss. One of genre of the

noise is adaptive white gaussian noise that could
affect the performance of digital modulation
performance decrease. And in the other side,
fading which is distributed in rayleigh also
influence BER in digital modulation.
This paper will explain about how to
analyze the performance of BER, SNR in digital
communication through AWGN channel and
Rayleigh Fading. The purpose of this research is
to simulate BER performance in digital
commnication technology through AWGN
channel and Rayleigh Fading. BER will counted
using Montecarlo for each of SNR points.
II. SYSTEM MODELLING
Noise which is has white characteristics
called white noise, it is caused by randomly
movement by electron and can be change
randomly as a time. This change could be
guessed statisticaly by using Gaussian
distribution, which is have zero mean in all
value. This noise could be destroy the signal in
additve manner so this noise called Additive
White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).

Figure 1. AWGN Channel Modeling(1)

Equation to desrcibe AWGN is:

2

f ( n )=

( )

e
2
2

.................(1)

where : mean = 0 dan varians = 2

Varians have value :

 2=
(2)
Where

N0
2 T b ........................

N 0 kT s B
=
2
2

is

power

spectral

density from noise and Tb is bit reate (5). Thus :

2=

kT s B
2T b .......................

(3)
Where : k = Boltzman constant
(1,38.10-23J/K)
Ts = temperatur noise (K)
B = bandwidth noise (Hz)
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for
the effect of a propagation environment on a radio
signal, such as that used by wireless devices.
Rayleigh fading models assume that the
magnitude of a signal that has passed through
such a transmission medium (also called a
communications channel) will vary randomly, or
fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution. The
radial component of the sum of two uncorrelated
Gaussian random variables.
Rayleigh fading is viewed as a
reasonable model for tropospheric and
ionospheric signal propagation as well as the
effect of heavily built-up urban environments on
radio signals. Rayleigh fading is most applicable
when there is no dominant propagation along a
line of sight between the transmitter and receiver.
On rayleigh fading, after signal has been
received through diferent channels, it give the
some same energy to composite signal at receiver.
Signal that is influenced by rayleigh fading
comes to the receiver and can be presented with
equations
.

e ( t )=r ( t ) cos [ 2 ft + ( t ) ] ...(7)

(4)
Where: r(t) = amplitude change from signal e(t)
and t = signal fluctuations phase e(t) as a time
function = e(t)

Where : p(t) = probability density function

of (pdf) r.
r =random amplitude.
2 = varians pdf.
A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
In binary phase shift keying (BPSK), two output
phases will probably come out and bring
information ("binary" is meant here "2"). The
output phase (0 for example) represents a logic
1 and the other (eg 180 ) logic 0. Accordance
with changes in the state of the digital input
signal, the output of the carrier phase shift
between the two angles are both 180 apart (180
out of phase )(8).
B. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Basically the working principle of QPSK
modulation technique can be seen in the data sent,
split into two parts, namely inphase and
Quadratue. For inPhase will be multiplied by cos
2fct and for Quadrature it will be multiplied by
cos 2fct plus multiples of 900 ie 00, 900, 1800
and 2700. Then each symbol will have a phase
difference of 900(9).
C. Parameter Eb/No
Eb / No ratio is the ratio of energy per bit
to noise energy in the spectral density. Eb / No as
a measure of signal to noise ratio in digital
communication systems. It is measured that the
input signal or information from the sender to the
receiver and is used as a measure of how strongly
a transmitted signal [4].

Eb S W
=
No N R ...................

.
(6)
Eb/No = Energy bit per noise (dB)
S
= Signal Energy (watt)
R
= Bit rate (bit/detik)
N
= Power of Noise (watt)
W
= Bandwidth (Hertz)
D. BER (Bit Error Rate)
To measure the quality of a signal one of
which can be seen from the formulation of each
error bit (bit errors) that occur when
transmitting information from the sender to the
receiver by comparing the output data with the
original data or input data(6).

BER =

Fluctuations in the amplitude of the carrier wave

signal that is affected by rayleigh fading follows
the Rayleigh distribution, with the equation [7]:
2

p ( t )=
(5)

( )

2
2

r
e
2

a
.......

Of error bit occured

of Bit Total Sent

............

...........(7)
BPSK BER theoretical calculations
Rayleigh Fading channel [8].

on

BER BPSK FADING=

1
1
2

1+

1
Eb / N 0

G. Design of Power Signal Modulation

1 Designing
BPSK
modulation
generation

signal

(8)
b QPSK BER theoretical calculation in Rayleigh
fading channels [9].

BER QPSK FADING=

1
1
2

1+

1
Eb/ N0

(9)
E. Montecarlo
Monter Carlo simulation is a simple
simulation method that can be built quickly using
a spreadsheet. Development in the Monte Carlo
simulation method based on probabilities derived
from historical data of an event and its frequency
by the equation(4):

Pi =
(10)

fi
n ...........................................

Pi= Probability of I occured

fi

Figure 3. Block Diagram of BPSK modulation signal

generation (3).

Designing
generation

QPSK

modulation

signal

= Frequently of I occurred

n = Sum of all frequently occured

F. Research Methods
Below is a block diagram showing the
system design modeling simulation of digital
signal transmission using channel AWGN
(Additive White Gaussian Noise) that is then
passed through a Rayleigh Fading channel (2,3).

Figure 4. Block diagram of the QPSK modulation signal

generation.

Figure 2. Block Diagram of Digital Signal Generation.

H. Design of Simulation Calculation of BER (Bit

Error Rate)

Figure 7. BER at QPSK modulation

Figure 5. Diagram of BER Calculation Using Monte Carlo

Simulation.

III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

A. Testing BER (Bit Error Rate) Performance
1. BPSK Modulation
The graph in the figure below shows the ratio of
BPSK modulation when it is passed only
through the course AWGN channel, rayleigh
fading channel alone and the combination of
both channels. For BPSK modulation are passed
through AWGN channel and rayleigh fading
BER values are joined its worst among the two
other
tests.

B. Performance Comparison of BPSK and QPSK

modulation system
1. Modulation BPSK and QPSK AWGN channel
passes
From the graph BER test results on BPSK and
QPSK modulation that are passed through
AWGN channel in the picture below, shows that
the value of the BER on QPSK and BPSK
modulation is affected by the increasing value
of the SNR where the SNR value will decrease
the value of BER. Graph BPSK modulation
over AWGN channel is under QPSK modulation
of the graph through the AWGN channel, it
indicates that the BPSK modulation BER on
AWGN channel passing has better performance
than the BER on QPSK modulation which is
passed through an AWGN channel.

Figure 8. BER of BPSK and QPSK modulation over

rayleigh fading channels
Figure 6. BER in BPSK modulation

2. Modulasi QPSK
The picture below shows a comparison
of chart testing QPSK modulation when passed
only through the AWGN channel only, rayleigh
fading channel alone and the combination of
both channels. For QPSK modulation BER
values are passed through AWGN channel and
rayleigh fading is incorporated worst among the
two earlier tests in this test because its BER
value at least as impaired as the SNR value
addition.

2. Modulation BPSK and QPSK pass Rayleigh

Fading channel
From the graph BER test results on
BPSK and QPSK modulation are passed
through rayleigh fading channel in the picture
below shows that the value of the BER on
QPSK and BPSK modulation is affected by the
increasing value of the SNR where the SNR
value will decrease the value of BER. Graph
BPSK modulation through rayleigh fading
channel is under the QPSK modulation of the
graph through rayleigh fading channel, it
indicates that modulation BER value at BPSK
in rayleigh fading channel passing has better
performance than the BER on QPSK

modulation is passed through rayleigh fading

channel.

Figure 9. BER of BPSK and QPSK modulation over

rayleigh fading channels

3. Modulation BPSK and QPSK pass AWGN

channel and Rayleigh Fading (combined)
From the graph in fiture below, the test results
show that the value of the BER on QPSK and
BPSK modulation is affected by the increasing
value of the SNR where the SNR value will
decrease the value of BER. However, from the
results of testing the value of modulation BER
parameter on BPSK better than the results of the
BER on QPSK modulation. This can be seen from
the graph that BPSK modulation over AWGN
channel and rayleigh fading is incorporated in the
bottom of the chart QPSK modulation through
AWGN
channel
and
rayleigh
fading.

random system so in simulating BER results

will not always be the same.
2 At BPSK modulation that is passed through
AWGN channel and rayleigh fading, which is its
BER values is joined, it has the worst value
among the tests.
3 At QPSK modulation when it is passed through
an AWGN channel, it will decrease the highest
value along with the rising value of SNR
compared with QPSK modulation tests that are
passed through rayleigh fading channel only,
comparing to signal that is passed through an
joined
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Figure 10. BER of BPSK and QPSK modulation over AWGN

channel and rayleigh fading (joined)

IV. Conclusion
1 BER value of simulation and theoretical BER
values did not experience a significant
difference. In some SNR values with the same
simulated BER values, it has even better than
the BER value theory. It is because the bits or
symbols which raised the software code using a

8.

9.

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