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SBEQ 2842
ENGINEERING SURVEY PRACTICAL REPORT
LECTURER NAME:
EN SHAHARUDDIN BIN MOHD SAID
Name
Matric No.
A14BE0026
A14BE0030
A14BE0037
A14BE0024
A14BE0074
A14BE0067
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In an effort to carry out this practical exercise, we would like to thanks our lecturer of subject
Engineering Survey, Mr. Shaharuddin Bin Mohd Said who conduct this practical exercise. He had
given us a lot of information and knowledge that we need to know in order to carry out this practical
exercise successful and fulfil the requirement of becoming as a good quantity surveyor in future.
Besides that, we would like to thank our parents because they had contributed finance and
morally support to us. We also would like to give our humble gratitude to our seniors and friends, they
help us with a lot of suggestions and advices.
Gratitude also goes to the many members of the group gave their cooperation in carrying out
this practical work. While we are working in hot weather, cooperation given by all members of the
group really let us complete the work quickly and successfully.
We also want to thank those involved directly or indirectly in the making of this practical
exercise. Thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................
TABLE OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................
2.0
OBJECTIVE OF LEVELLING
3.0
4.0
a.
b.
Levelling Staff 1
c.
d.
Tripod 2
e.
Measuring Tape 2
f.
Safety Vest
g.
Levelling Book 2
5.0
6.0
OVERALL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................
7.0
8.0
9.0
BOOKING METHOD 4
10.0
CONCLUSION6
Website...................................................................................................................................................
6
Books.....................................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2 LEVELLING STAFF AND VIEW OF LEVELLING STAFF FROM THE TOPCON AUTOMATIC LEVEL ..........................................
6.0
INTRODUCTION
This report discusses the practical levelling which was conducted in UTM. Levelling is one of the topic in engineering survey.
The main objective of this practical is to expose students on the levelling work and calculation. It also for students to understand the
concepts and methods to measure the height from one point to another point on the surface of earth. As a quantity surveying student,
levelling is important for initial stages to costing the building.
1.0 DEFINITION OF LEVELLING
Levelling is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of relative heights of different point on, above or below the
surface of earth. Levelling includes relative position of point in vertical plane. The principle of levelling is to obtain horizontal line sight
with respect to which vertical distances of the points above or below this line of sight are found.
2.0
OBJECTIVE OF LEVELLING
i.
Obtain the difference in height between two points in the surface of earth
ii.
Establish bench mark and temporary bench mark for a construction project
iii.
iv.
v.
Marking slope of land for specific purposes such as reclamation and drainage
4.0
This instruments function is to read the value of the staff at the point of measurement. The distance of the staff and automatic level must
be reasonable which is cannot below 5 meter or more than 30 meter because it will be difficult to get the reading of the staff.
STEP TO USE THIS INSTRUMENT:
Step 1: Set up instrument
The automatic level must be horizontal and will be set up above the tripod. First, adjust the height of the tripod until it is suitable for the
person who will read the value of the staff. Make sure the Topcon Automatic level is parallel with the eye level of the person.
Step 2: Attach the automatic level to the tripod
Attach the instrument to the tripod using the screw and adjust the bubble on automatic level until the bubble in the centre.
Step 3: Using staff
After the automatic level is in a good position, then ask your companion to hold the staff at the point of measurement. Then you can read
the value of the staff using the automatic level.
b. Levelling Staff
Figure 2 Levelling staff and view of levelling staff from the Topcon Automatic Level
It is used to measure the height of the land with the automatic level. It can be lengthen if the land is steep so the value of this staff can be
read. The view above is from the automatic level and we can conclude that the read of the staff is 14.22.
c.
The use of the staff bubble is to make sure that the levelling staff is upright. It will be used by people who will holding the levelling staff.
The bubble must be in centre to show that the levelling staff is straight.
d.
Tripod
The function of tripod is act as the foundation of the automatic level. It must be set up to the eye level of the people who take the reading.
e.
Measuring Tape
The measuring tapes is used to measure the distance between automatic level and the levelling staff. The automatic level must be in
centre between back staff and front staff so the reading of levelling will be more accurate.
f.
Safety Vest
This is used when the levelling activity is being conduct to make sure our safety because this activity normally being conduct in a
dangerous place like beside the road to get notice of driver of vehicles. It is important to wear the jacket with translucent colour like
orange and green.
g.
Levelling Book
The book is used to record the reading and calculate the reduced level. The calculation can be done by rise and fall method and Height of
collimation method. Then reading of every set up have to record it in here. The intermediate sight reading also must be record in this
book.
5.0
7.0
The method we used for levelling is rise and fall method. The basic principle of rise and fall method is to find the separation of level lines
passing through a point of known elevation Base Mark (B.M.) and that through an unknown point (whose elevation is required to be
determined). Staff readings provide information regarding relative rise and fall of terrain points.
At the beginning of work, we start our set up from B.M. at C02 Blocks, FGHT. Topcon automatic level and tripod was installed
approximately 25m from the base mark. The reduced level value was obtained from the laboratory of measurement is 31.561m. The
levelling work was performed starting from C02 to the Helipad and return again to C02, Faculty of Geomantic & Land Property.
All the distance between staff and the equipment setup for the both way, the reading of back sight and fore sight obtained during
the levelling work was recorded in the book of fieldwork. The distance of the both staff should be equal from automatic level device
which about is 20m to 30m for flat or slightly sloping and 10m to 15m for the sloping land measured by using the measuring tape.
The levelling work should begin and end at the point of bench mark. Therefore, the final station was the bench mark of C02. The
reduced level of real correction was obtained. The right value of the difference approximately [20total distance (km)]
10
OVERALL ANALYSIS
8.0
PROBLEM FACED WHILE FIELDWORK OF LEVELLING
The main problem faced during the fieldwork is difficult in finding a flat area to place the levelling instrument. The bubble moved
when we change from location to location. It takes time to adjust the bubble for every setup. So, this delayed our levelling process.
Next, it is difficult to stay the bubble at the centre of the staff bubble. If the person hold the staff is not stable, the bubble inside
the staff bubble will moved and cause the reading inaccurate. It required long time to adjust the bubble into the centre of the staff bubble.
Besides, the hot weather make us to feel uncomfortable to continue our works. During the hot weather condition, the reading of
the levelling instrument is difficult to take because the view cannot be concentrated and is not clear. Thus, it required long time for our
group members to confirm the actual reading of the levelling process.
Then, the obstacle during levelling work also caused a big problem for us. When we were in levelling process, the obstacles such
as trees, cars and building will caused us difficult in taking the reading. Besides, the surface of the ground also not fully flat, so we were
difficult to set our levelling instrument in a suitable location.
9.0
To stand the levelling instrument in a suitable position, we set the levelling instruments on the flat and hard surface. This is
because the flat and hard surface help us to make sure the bubble of the levelling instrument stay in centre. Thus, the more accurate and
correct reading can be taken.
Next, we make sure our group member is hold the staff and staff bubble vertically at each location of point. This is help to ensure
the stability of the staff. The group member will ensure the bubble of the staff bubble is stay at the centre of the red circle. Thus, the
reading taken by others group member is more correct and accurate.
Other than that, during hot weather condition, we make sure our group member is holding the staff by using both hand to stable
the staff. So, the staff is avoid from moving and this help to ensure the reading taken by others group members is more correct and
accurate.
Besides, to ensure the reading of the staff is more accurate and correct, the distance of the levelling instrument and the staff is
between 5 meter and 30 meter. For sloping area, a shorter distance had been taken. For flat surface area, the maximum distance is 30
meter. So, the suitable distance can ensure the reading of the staff is more accurate and easy to take.
BS
IS
FS
RISE
FALL
0.908
1.430
1.320
1.39
5
0.169
0.035
1.245
1.48
-0.412
HOC
32.46
9
32.57
9
0.150
31.50
3
-1.311
REDUCED
LEVEL
31.561
CORRECTI
ON
31.149
REDUCED LEVEL
FINAL
31.561
DISTANCE
-0.003
31.146
D-20M , B-20M
31.184
-0.006
31.178
31.334
-0.006
31.328
30.023
-0.009
30.014
B-20M
NOTE
Bench Mark
Beside corr
D-10M , B-10M
Beside sma
11
0
1.630
1.945
1.36
0
1.69
1
1.07
0
2.060
-0.465
-0.009
29.549
29.828
-0.012
29.816
Drainag
29.497
-0.012
29.485
30.118
-0.012
30.106
Blind corn
mirror
Street lam
30.42
-0.012
30.408
31.15
-0.015
31.135
31.808
-0.015
31.793
D-15M , B-15M
33.801
-0.018
33.783
D-20M , B-20M
34.027
-0.021
34.006
D-20M , B-20M
34.243
-0.024
34.219
D-18M , B-25M
34.153
-0.027
34.126
34.238
-0.027
34.211
33.546
-0.030
33.516
34.246
-0.030
34.216
33.586
-0.030
33.556
-1.024
32.562
-0.033
32.529
-0.094
32.468
-0.033
32.435
31.541
-0.033
31.508
D-15M , B-15M
29.901
-0.036
29.865
D-15M , B-15M
29.556
-0.039
29.517
D-25M ,B-30M
31.193
-0.042
31.151
D-20M ,B-20M
31.193
-0.045
31.148
D-25M , B-25M
31.613
-0.048
31.565
D-10M
CORRECT
ION
REDUCED LEVEL
FINAL
-0.331
0.621
1.33
0
0.302
32.48
0
0.730
2.299
0.672
0.658
1.175
0.306
1.993
1.471
0.949
0.226
1.250
1.255
0.216
1.34
0
34.10
7
34.97
6
35.49
8
35.49
3
-0.090
1.255
1.96
5
1.26
5
0.314
29.558
0.270
0.768
1.273
0.085
35.51
1
-0.692
0.700
1.925
-0.660
1.33
8
1.43
2
0.480
2.359
-0.927
1.074
2.120
-1.640
3.042
1.419
-0.345
1.460
1.405
1.637
1.520
1.460
0.000
=21.5
55
1.100
=21.5
03
0.420
=8.0
43
BS
IS
31.18
8
FS
RISE
33.90
0
32.02
1
30.97
5
32.59
8
32.65
3
32.71
3
FALL
HOC
32.6
61
1.605
-0.400
1.520
1.29
8
1.901
-0.020
32.7
46
0.307
0.860
2.03
0
D-16M , B-18M
Beside tre
Tree near
library
D-29M ,B-29M
Guard Rail
D-19M , B-19M
Bench Mark
=7.9
91
1.100
1.50
0
D-19M , B-19M
0.438
33.7
87
-0.129
0.355
2.165
-0.135
0.927
1.690
-1.335
31.9
77
31.2
14
REDUCED
LEVEL
31.561
31.561
31.161
-0.0003
31.161
31.141
-0.0003
31.141
31.448
-0.0006
31.447
31.886
-0.0006
31.885
31.757
-0.0009
31.756
31.622
-0.0009
31.621
30.287
-0.0012
30.286
DISTANCE
B-20M
NOTE
Bench Mark
Undergrou
Drainage
D-20M , B25M
Beside Pavil
D-25M , B16M
Street Lam
D-16M , B11M
D-11M , B17M
12
1.385
1.232
1.858
1.042
0.343
1.875
0.891
0.967
2.010
0.705
1.170
1.982
0.591
1.419
1.27
5
1.285
-0.305
29.982
-0.0015
29.981
30.325
-0.0018
30.323
31.292
-0.0021
31.290
32.462
-0.0024
32.460
33.881
-0.0027
33.878
34.588
-0.0030
34.585
34.634
-0.0030
34.631
34.684
-0.0033
34.681
34.819
-0.0033
34.816
34.807
-0.0036
34.803
34.69
-0.0039
34.686
33.71
-0.0042
33.706
32.3
-0.0045
32.296
31.057
-0.0048
31.052
-0.472
30.585
-0.0051
30.580
-0.238
30.347
-0.0051
30.342
30.345
-0.0051
30.340
30.343
-0.0054
30.338
31.343
-0.0057
31.337
32.116
-0.0060
32.110
31.800
-0.0063
31.794
31.462
-0.0063
31.456
-0.151
31.311
-0.0066
31.304
Street Lam
-0.039
31.272
-0.0066
31.265
Beside Pavil
31.249
-0.0066
31.242
31.569
-0.0069
31.561
0.707
1.229
1.23
5
0.046
35.9
19
0.050
1.161
1.100
1.279
1.173
-0.012
1.040
1.396
-0.117
0.668
2.020
-0.980
0.692
2.078
-1.410
0.590
1.935
-1.243
0.135
1.06
2
1.30
0
1.347
1.302
-0.002
2.440
1.349
-0.002
1.962
1.440
1.000
0.856
1.189
0.773
1.17
2
1.139
31.3
67
32.1
83
33.1
67
34.4
72
35.8
63
35.9
80
36.0
86
35.7
30
34.3
78
32.9
92
31.6
47
31.6
92
32.7
83
33.3
05
32.9
72
-0.316
1.510
-0.338
1.29
0
1.32
9
1.322
1.352
=30.7
79
1.002
=30.7
71
-0.023
0.320
=7.6
75
32.6
01
32.5
71
D-17M
10M
D-10M
10M
D-10M
12M
D-12M
10M
D-10M
15M
, B, B, B, B, B-
Beside flower
D-15M , B24M
Beside Cat
Basin
D-25M
25M
D-25M
14M
D-14M
11M
D-11M
10M
D-10M
10M
D-10M
20M
, B, B, B, B, B, B-
Beside th
staircase
Beside the w
pipe
D-20M
10M
D-10M
20M
D-20M
10M
D-10M
14M
, B, B, B, B-
Electric
Distribution B
D-14M , B16M
D-16M , B16M
D-16M
=7.6
67
13
11.0
CONCLUSION
In order to complete this practical exercise, we have done it for twice and come to
successful in the second time. In the first time, we have lack of experience and make a lot
of mistake like levelling staff is not being hold truly vertical. In the second time, we
avoid all the mistake that we made before. In addition, we also need to thank Mr
Shaharuddin bin Mohd Said and other assistants who have help us during the fieldwork.
While carrying out this practical exercise, we face many challenges such as the weather is
too hot, tired, many obstacle like the cars which are travel in the road and so on.
However, all this not hampers us completed this task.
REFERENCE
Website
Mohd Fadzil Bin Abdul Hanid (2013), Bab 11: Subtopik: Ukur Aras, access on 15 March
2016,http://fadzilmahasiswa.blogspot.my/2013/07/bab-11-subtopik-peralatan-dalamukur.html
Justin Farrow (2011), Back to Surveying Accuracy Discussions, Access on 16 March
2016,
http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/surveyingaccuracy/forum/topics/differentialleveling-overview
Sean R Milligan
(2002),
Levelling
tutorials, Access
on 16 March
2016,
http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/
Iit Roorkee (2009), Lesson 13 Levelling Principle, Methods and Differential Levelling,
Access on 16 March 2016, http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/105107122/13
Books
S.S. Bhavikatti (2008), Volume 1: Surveying and Levelling, I.K. International Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd, New Dehli.
Russell Charles Brinker & Roy Minnick (2003), Second Edition: The Surveying
Handbook, Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA.
Mohd Zulkifli Hj. Mohd Yunus & mohd razali Mahmud (1997), Ukur Kejuruteraan
Lanjutan: Masalah & Penyelesaian, Penerbitan UTM, Johor.
Kamaruzaman Abd. Rasid, Anuar Ahmad & Shahidah Mohd Ariff (1993), Edisi Kedua: