The signs of corruption or wholesomeness of the earth, according to the

Nabathea Agriculture.
Goodness and wholesomeness of the land, saith (the author just
mentioned), is known to the sight, and this is one that will not crack or
crumble with rigorous much heat or the cold, or the so whatever strong
dryness that do not fall rains autumn and early winter or where when it
rained a lot then, a very viscous mud underfoot is sticking to the feet or
hands to the touch; but that it will being drained the rainwater and whose
surface, when it stops raining, not discovered a whitish color; as there are
some on the surface, not being quite good, it appears to have rained day
after, or two later, as a white flour in separate parts or joints, especially
without the high and low fields discovered; which are not in any
appreciation for this cause. One of the signs to be the land of good quality
and substantial, is, if not the cold by shaking its surface appears like clay,
which is not purely white. One test to see if the land is not of good quality
or is this. Take a piece of land the weight of two to three pounds, and put
into a bowl and covering the mouth into this very well, bury in a pit four
cubits deep or three at least, in which state leaving the space of fourteen
days, which is half moon period, then remove it and register; and if the
outside of the bowl is discovered slimey, open; But if result not be,
returned to the pit cover it with good ground, and so letting himself for
seven days, after which time, sticking and opening will be found to be in it
worms or other insects that produces much the same corruption sites
where no air vents. Examined the color of such insects, if they are black,
celestial or green, the land is not good or worthy of apreciation; and if
dyed, yellow, dusty, brown, light green or white; that land is good and
valuable nature. The land contained in the vessel also smells, and if the
smell is the same, or nearly the same as it had before, it is entirely good:
but if there be found altered, see what smell is this alteration, if sour,
bitter, brackish and this test will form the field trial; so if not exhale the
odors mentioned will be there for good quality, and if you discover any,
will be judged by that sour smell that either declines or the other that he
be discovered. Lately try on that land to taste to the half hour removing it
from the hole, and if it tastes like hot mud and reddish extracted from the
wells after dry, that land is good and substantial; and if altered and seems
brackish, bitter, nasty, too miserable to another corrupted or smell; judge
by the smell that it is discovered.
Another way know the earth in less time than the first; although not as
demonstrative and secure.
See if the plants, or weeds, thorns and other plants that are raised in it are
robust, and if soil is very linked up with each other; as this proves to be
healthy and fertile land. More if they are small, insignificant and
somewhat stunted *, it is not land free of damage. Kutsami says; that
some are content in examining the ground with attending to what it
grows, even a single species of plant, such as lilies, wolfberry, thorns,
briars, and crushing its branches and leaves from the middle collate their

flavor with the other raised in such land free of all vice and corruption, and
thus lead the opposition or convenience they had. He adds, also happens
to be a guide to know if the land is good quality or contrary, that species
of plants that in itself produces. The same author says, that men do not
benefit nor have good brackish land nor swampy, neither dock, neither too
thick, neither styptic, sour and hot, neither too fluffy or hard, neither too
lumpy, or any other adverse to those of good quality, although they thrive
on his plants such as pennyroyal, wormwood, hyssop, the artemisia, wild
endive, hellebore (or black vedegambre) (the plant placed Nabatheos in
the class of venomous), the alcapara and red hawthorn *; because these
and similar plants are cultivated on land corrupted. Hot odor produces
nothing. On nitrous called chai thistle grows, (which is born at the foot of
the palm and suffocates) and the low hardness docile marine wormwood
plant is born and that the Arabs call Kisum (or abrtano). According
Yambuchad, thick and hard packed earth usually produce lilies, daffodils,
called bulb onion and similar plants that shed ingrained after the sheet
which when discovered on land springs, streams and wetlands, it is known
that such lands are good, or are close to those of this quality. In very hard
ground that sort of caper small leaf grows, and sometimes that breed
large onion latins call achktJa or Scylla, which is under suddenly kill mice,
whose name is called by this cause, and is the same as the ansal or
flanking.
Also often grow up this kind of onion and the like in the middle of a very
hard and tough terrain and tight to plasterer by nature, which in respect of
Cascajales they are
closer to the quality of the land of arid mountains and high hills. Thorn
trees are better raised in hard than soft ground, and among rocks in
mountains, and more in dry places away from moisture. All other plants
are grown and prevail well with this, and very few with the dry and arid as
mentioned mouse onion. And wild vegetables are just born but good and
free land of corruption every contingency except brackish, since in the
jungles are grown abundantly. To many vegetables is beneficial the
mentioned salt land, and indeed it prevail; while growing weak and
tasteless. The quality or state of the land by plants that produce is also
shown; and so when they usually grow up in saline land born elsewhere,
they indicate that there has come to dominate such quality. The same
subtle, thin hawthorn, as hdsah (or African gorse) is plant thorn hard, if
born on good ground, indicating it being tired and weakened by
repeatedly have sown, or other similar cause.
ARTICLE II
What lands need proper cultivation and fertilizers, as Nabathea
agriculture.
Such are the thick and heavy; whose two species have much resemblance
to each other. The dock is too thick, and juicy spring nature, and usually a
color inclining to black, and fluffy. Whose properties were touched when it
came to the land purplish. The fertilizer and cultivation of both is to flip
them in the heat rigor with peak or similar instrument twice each month,

so come to roll six times (or seven is best) every three months, crumbling
earth with the butt and tip of the instruments that will be turned, which
makes this dust is very hot and sutilice, and dim * his fatness; to whose
consumption still attends the sun with its heat removing some heaviness
and excessive fatness.
It is not the attempt to remove entirely the work, but only part, and
correct the excess: in a word wipe away and decrease the volume, not
remove it entirely; which if it happened, we would see the need to replace
the previous one. The greatest manure for that can be given to these
lands is the referred to flip them and crumble in the rigorous heat. The
thin soil also has need of fertilizers which will remove its thinness. This,
according Yambuchad, is like a thick land, even over and so is the land
that regardless slimey permanently; three species of land which are
therefore of a reciprocal similarity. Some farmers are of opinion that the
thinner the wellspring; but they are walking in this regard to the average
re slimeing between the wellsprings and thin. Indeed, the land very thin is
corrupt and contrary to the thick; and such is that of a medium taste
between sour and tasteless, and so weak that this quality is not capable of
fertilizer. However it benefits in some way to turn it in the heat of the sun
to make this the roasting something, and not excessively; which if it
happens, it would become a productive nothing but sand rogue.
The same Nabathea agriculture author says that Yambuchad calls thin to
the thick ground; what is funny thing; because between us these two
species of land are contrary to each other. Advised that at the vernal
equinox the earth thin sometimes turn to the plow, and is paid very well
with any manure any, other than the bottlenose; because it is their
improvement and promotion in order to succeed in what she sows. For
what it's best this land is well-oiled to vines; then they breed her with
much freshness, of big branches, large root, juicy grapes and good wine.
Also it agrees this land for all sorts of similar nature to plant vines, either
tree or small plant.
The same author says, knowing the land called thin, being weak and of
little strength, till it less; which if repeatedly execute, it would weaken
more if fluffing. Should be sown barley especially after the end of tilling;
and since then must be irrigated more; as well abounds very prosperously
said grain; and that the same will happen, if before born it rained. He adds
that the brackish land of few salts is often called thin (what my life is very
probable), and weak; and that this is one whose weakness is corrected
itself with what is, namely, mixed with manure and another good land. It
also improves it, if burning sebestns leaves and branches with its fruit,
and pumpkins, with all this ash mixed with soil or compost is fertilize
sometimes at different times. One of fertilizers for thin soil is to plant
vegetables and other plants whose roots do not penetrate one lot on the
floor, like ivy, rocket, cress and the like.

The sandy soil (which is several colors according to what were mixed with
the sand) should see and examine it a lot to know what else this mixture
is; making it easy to discover. She is always soft by the fluffiness given for
the sand, and so it comes across; While other small, thin and weak roots.
It's really convenient for many species of vines; and such is the land,
whose dust having sand mixture is free of harmful accidents together. Its
subscription to prepare to the planting is according to what we said
corresponding to such gender mixing, illustrating the point of the various
qualities of land. It is necessary then to prosper what he would plant or
sow, turn it and mix you a good portion of donkey dung, incorporated with
other vegetables such straw, barley and wheat; thus you'd better arrange
it by the autumn. Species of hard earth, a white ground so that it is in this
radical color; and another having any mixture mentioned. The first or
dominant whiteness is called yesera; and (last), or the less white solbat
(or hard); in which absolutely prevails or palm or smelly plant, and grain
legumes suffocate.
Elsewhere in the Nabathea Agriculture being said, there are also hard
earth (though not as much as the antecedent), shooting a bit white
together with dusty; shooting a bit dusty white together with; to which is
added there, we call stronger. The hard ground is particularly good for
wheat, millet, millet, chickpeas, lentils, and large trees, such as walnut,
hazelnut, olive and the like. The fertilizer can be increased to this land it is
to remove hardness turning it much with the plow; which is beginning to
do
since early second tichrn, which is November, executing every ten days,
and crumbling clods well with all care and diligence to a powder.
It introduced the cattle and sheep that fertilize it, and not ignored that the
pigs come and go repeatedly until this dust is moisten and soften fine. It
must also walk men with the cattle; and if possible to come to crumble as
well, is this better than the bovine and human excrement together. Sheep
manure spread for her, along with her powder also benefits. Stony ground
(also called Thekla) is those very cold places of Babylon but according to
the Nabathea Agriculture, the Thekla is one whose middle ground and
dust between the hardness of the stone and smooth or loose earth; stony
and is harder than it.
How to benefit the lands of similar quality is style them in hot weather
with large and heavy peaks, turning the part that is necessary and in the
appropriate way according to prescribed by the ancients; after continually
watching crumble with mallets; respect to that if it is not by this work do
not expect it any product. He has to cultivate such land at night since the
beginning or from midnight until dawn, or even last two hours a day. This
is the best; because cooling all kinds of land, starting with the night, both
to it as hard should then give the necessary work to the fence that are
given later. Which is then executed, and the juiciness we told you
communicate the oxen, and that these do not work in the sun or sick
warming up too much.

They have to join in groups of four in each plow to work, not in pairs, in
response to the hardness and toughness of the earth; which will turn the
second time with strong and long grille, whose work it may be the deeper
the better, without being good or skip undo all lumps crumble entirely.
And because the oxen fatigued when plow that land, agree that drivers
must have a glass of water close to cleanse and moisten their faces,
necks and head; with refreshments which they are relieved of the burden
of work. The reddish earth needs no fertilizer withdraw any bad quality,
but must carve itself in mid-autumn with small gate; whose work is not
necessary to be deep. Ashy land, who is shooting a dark or low white
together with that color risen, is not said to be corrupted, it produces
about certain things and prevail in it many trees, palms and vines; if not
by the dryness that may have, or his distance from receiving moisture (as
long as it is planted palm trees or vines you require continuous watering
for their very dry and arid area) *. It is not some vegetable seed; except
rice, as we said already exist between the grain and land like some mutual
convenience for water which has in it the foot. It is because this is the
most suitable land for rice and for wheat, barley and peas; but it is not for
millet, lentils, beans, chickpeas or beans.
In too much barbaric or robust black earth (or slightly less), but by no
whiteness of slimeing surface and tilling as tough as the ashy
advantageously, it prevails in this, and what should it; although is best for
palms. With much watering is much improved, and approaching the
quality of cinderella is suitable for vines, and for all plant lying on the floor
like them, for all plant species and delicate tree, and particularly for all
vegetables more size as cabbage, spinach, chard, lettuce, cauliflower
(soldanela or sea kale), and cress; and it is for their peers small
vegetables such as good mate, ocimo, celery. Everything should be
planted and sown in this land should be irrigate a lot, and in no way left to
dry anything that is in it sown.
If this strong ashy land stay in places that introducing, water remains in it
a long time, it will be very good on that sow after moisture cucumber,
cucumbers, melons and vines; all of which is left there and then
transplanting seedlings to which is best. The
clay is the surface swells in the summer, and is similar to that of the
alfahars in consistency and color, (which usually throw like this to a little
vermilion) should benefit from the work of profound give back, and shred
with mallets to mix toast party with whom question is not ready to repeat
this operation second and third time; in which state it spreads beans and
barley straw, dung revolt.
The heleborian land, which issue a hellebore-like odor, is smelly and the
most corrupt of the three expressed; and by heat as it breaks has sown in
it, unless beans; for which it is itself good. Loose or soft, but average
between source and slimeing, it is immaterial how to benefit them. At two
intimate vice corrects them with ignite in the

middle, to the sides or embankments, and in many different sites

including a continuous fire of any wood that is, which withdraws the vice
of water flow and slimeing. But is this risky choice for such lands, as they
tend to move or slimeing springs that were exhausted and hard, so that
what befalls is worse than damage which is withdrawn. For which reason
and up a different mode l indicated benefit them. Such lands are good for
some things, like collards, myrtle, soldanela or cauliflower and plants of
equal status and quality. The brackish earth is of various species, saline,
one whose taste is sour mix, another bitter, another styptic, and one that
is a bit brackish. The signal to be brackish earth is whether certain
whiteness appears on its surface; or that happens from start to getting
that quality. In this land called Sagrit layer (or crust) salt for being dimly
cover the surface salts. The land of vineyards, it is benefited by planting
barley around and near the foot of the vines to pick her salts. The land of
vineyards, planting barley is to benefit around and near the foot of the
vines to pick her salts. There is a general remedy for brackish ground, and
another specific and relevant to each species of the same. Sufficient
general and which become the land of the genre (Whatever it is) is the
palm, which in all are raised well. So it is plowing after the first rains,
which are expected if coming in early
October, plowing is delayed until after eight days thereof; and if you do
not come until the end, this work is done on the last day. The pure salt
land, or which has another flavor mixture is tilled in early November after
the second or third day, but leave it for later, turning with small gate and
throughout her after plowing spreads quite stems amount of the last year
planted beans, clean, dry and as shredded as the chaff, then rolling it with
water to all, or part of it if it be of much extension: and this is the best
fertilizer for such land.
Online quality continues to bean straw of barley, then the wheat, then
crumbled chaff from brambles, and ultimately crushed leaves and dried
marshmallow; whose operation cannot be omitted, being his easy. Of all
these species of straw can be use, either mixed well with each other,
which it is best, or each by itself, but the brambles; which are not used but
any of those mixed with straw, which is the beans and barley best. In this
state, this land is left without anything on it until the summer come by it is
spread some manure moistened with water, which is help for
improvement, it gives softness and sweetness. In the autumn of the
second year to the first of October manures mixed with the same horse
and donkey dung, no mule in any way and then planting barley, beans,
lentils or chickpeas, scattering some flaxseed between these seeds; which
is planted which is watered well, all of which must be raised abundant
harvest of good quality land.
Used the opinion that to fertilize the land mentioned, using the branches,
shoots and leaves of every tree of oily fruits such as walnut, almond, olive,
alfonsig, hazel, warble fly (fig tree or do hell) and the like because these
things corrupted fertilizer for

all earth, and have particularly excellent virtue and to improve whatever
brackish. The opinion that used to fertilize the land mentioned using the
branches and shoots, leaves and branches of every tree of oily fruits such
as walnut, almond, olive, alfonsig, hazel, warble fly (or infernal fig) and the
like, for being this things fertilizer for all kind of corrupted earth and have
particularly excellent virtue and to improve the one that is brackish. This
operation is performed by said land spreading a lot of those leaves and
sticks thinner said after shaking trees and everything until it crumble as
the more subtle and chaff; after which plowing and giving a light spray of
water is left in this state. He adds that if this is done in all corrupt land, as
fertilizer, less to that of scathing flavor and pungent, which is fertilized in
very different ways.
Are of the opinion, said the same, so the purely salt land as he hath
another flavor mixture is paid by spraying the surface with vegetable
water taken from those olives squeezed on that has not been thrown any
salt; so that it is not brackish or have a different flavor than that of the
olive only. This dew is given to the earth once before
and two after flipped, and then spread through it pretty much dung,
leaving it for a few days in this state, and then giving it to another small
grid to work it back, shallow but at ground level, it is sown barley,
fenugreek, chickpeas, spinach, pumpkins and
marshmallow, and is planted with palm certain distances of separation.
Sowing it with said seed, collect the salts that were there, which also
removes continuous mixing manure and vegetable water. Dung having an
average between fresh and stale is the best quality for this purpose.
Another fertilizer for brackish land
Give him a job back in early October that the rains would wash the salts
that has; and the same to the styptic and poor quality land. Which by
nature was bitter in dominant degree, being as it is the most altered (or
worst of all) and that far more of the healthy quality, is harmful to every
seed of any kind whatsoever, before and not after birth old.
But there is a choice to reduce it to be perfect quality or a little less, which
is to guide the water as comfortably as could be, starting to run from midApril and not before, or at the beginning of May, and handing the reservoir
time that may be: and will be very good to stay in this state all the months
of summer to mid-September, not later. If there is no water to irrigate dry
gourds shattered all his flesh and pulp, bindweed and dry branches are
taken, all of which ground is mixed with fresh water in a skiff made of
leather, so that the land be sprayed after but slightly shallow plowing. Ten
ajrabat (or forty cahices)* of similar corrupt land are quite twenty water
skiffs that those things were mixed, whose operation is executed at the
end of the night or early in the day until after three hours of it, it's best ;
and likewise it will be, if the dew be of more water. * The cafiz, as the Arab
called, is a land area of 129 cubits or 384 bushels of seeding.

It's great to repeat the same operation on the ground sometimes, anyway
after plowing and moistened. It also sprayed water mixed with fresh
powder good land that does not have strange taste or smell; cava and
once or twice each month, repeating the same operation it six times in the
space of one or two summers: which benefited in this way is usually held
by good quality, especially if that alteration or corruption was not in her
dominant nor old.
The same author says, that very brackish land and excessive elasticity
outside term usually sow benefit of slimy things as cotton seed,
fenugreek, beans, barley, beans,
cress seed, lupine and the like. Likewise it benefits to stagnant water for a
long time, or with the following remedy, namely, the occurrence of being
clouded the sky forty days as it is in the climate warms and similar places
on the bitter land, sour, stinking and others that also offer hope of
improved corrupted; thus hiding from them the sun space of time referred
to without in any way they discover, very good quality contract without
requiring any corrective. In them after this fertilizer referrals and similar
viscous grains are sown, which no doubt capture all the malice of
bitterness in it left. Usually sufficient to sow once such things, and usually
must sow the same repeatedly. Also grain sowing in that land of
acedaraque, bitter almond, myrtle and laurel, take away all the bitterness
that hath until it fully heals. Our view, says Kutsmi, if the things
mentioned in this land are planted together planting apricot branches and
marshmallows, and the same in all corrupt land, fertilize it collecting much
of the corruption that has one. In sour soil, being source and slimeing,
which is thin, it tends to be emanating or permeation of this same taste,
which manifests itself proves that the taste, though she is pure or after
putting in water. This benefits until retiring and removing all the bitter,
and be entirely good to fertilize repeatedly that kind of manure identified
as suitable for this purpose; and what is also removed entirely sour, it is to
fertilize with manure noted for source and slimeing land taken in its
generality; which it consists of ash pomegranate, human excrement and
dung.
Know, he adds the same author, that to every corrupt land, either by what
may be its corruption, brackish, hot, pungent, fetid, thin, heavy, sticky
aspect, sour, for too styptic, fertilizes the murky water of the streams ,
impounded it sometime, much dust or silt that lets you; the more turbid
water which it may the better for the earth, because that washing and
cooling it (though he needed this drink), leaving it a different sweet land
(for no other carries water but more subtle dust and better ), with this
strengthens it if it were thin or weak, it has a place for her good manure. If
it is salt cleans and loosens the salts with moisture, takes them with her
sweetness, and her coldness off the heat. If it is hot, this is properly the
best fertilizer of all to her about her coldness that will turn off the heat. If
foul-smelling, corrects this vice sweet and turbid water is introduced, and
good and soft ground that this lets and mixed with it; and that is to miss
the whole, if these avenues are some years in a row ; Although you should

give to the ground after deep plowing back, and fertilize with some soft
and sweet manure. If it is source or slimeing, dust fertilizes it makes
murky water; but it has to turn four times, once each month from early
June to early September; as well as the sun and the earth that is mixed
completely consume one or other kind of secretion. According to the
author he cited the general remedy for all land declined any good and
regulate their temperament is light and gentle twenty-four hours
continuous rain: at which follows fertilizing the gasal call or laundress,
which is more abundant at twice; ; which improves brackish soil, bitter and
sour when it comes to fall on them The third fertilizer is the storm of the
avenues if left in the same land that brings other ground; which fertilizer is
also for every caste of land in general. Although, mediate Allah, be
fertilizer for the land said two rains; but do not benefit fully, unless very
often repeated, that is, having rained twenty-four hours, and stopped after
rain, strong winds shake the earth for two or three days, then return to
rain as much as before continuing this alternative sometimes.
ARTICLE III
Of fertilizers according Nabathea Agriculture the soil mixed with stones,
bricks, pots, plaster, clay and debris that have pieces of cloth and various
other things it benefits, such as collecting in the house, of the ways in
which small stones and gravel, diverse and contrary to the taste of the
powder substances such as salt, vitriol, different cuesquecillos (or nuts) is
contained; whose dust is very cold, very hot, or part very dry and wet part
to the extreme of getting an external manifest corruption and absolute:
and so it contains any other foreign substance powder as prosaws, chips
cane, stone fragments carved, plaster gravel, limestone and similar
materials; whose amount lot of things being in and forming a part of the
earth, they make too corrupt.
Nothing prospers on such land out of the palm trees and large. The
payment for which any flawed for some of these mixtures, is to bring to
her land of good soil known for such; and the best that you can take is the
viscous red that when touched by hand stick to it like glue *;which it is
incorporated by throwing it over after donkey dung and manure mixing it
all with that sort of corrupt land from your deck to the center as to deepen
the mites; since the good land together with such manure is a fertilizer if it
is incorporated it deeply.
After mixing is irrigated so back water that may stagnate even as a cubit
high, and so leaving it for a few days until it drain, then returning it to mix
the same things, it is sometimes irrigated, and then planting eggplant and
all kinds of vegetables; among which if most regardless of good grass, it
will be very advantageous fertilizer, except
sea kale, cabbage, radish, turnip, carrot, leek Syriac and the like. It is good
for vegetables and eggplant this land; but it is not planted in it any
odorous plant, vegetables, and fruit trees. The land tainted by the crowd
that contained human corpses, it is such an excessive degree; and the
remedy for this corruption is the same as for sour and fetid earth, which

should be invoiced in the fall as winter approached to come to receive the

rains soon this improvement.
Know, fellow brothers and my friends, says Kutsmi, that all corrupt land,
whether she or corruption of whatever kind, is improved fertilizers
described qualities, considered and in particular with respect to the
benefit of certain plants and seeds , or as generally in relation to the plant
genus all together; except the sour odor and land improvement never any
fertilizer, unless it rains a lot and getting that water or another such
repeated years.
ARTICLE IV
The qualities of the porous land, dock, tough, tight, compressed * and
other than those mentioned above.
*
These three castes of related land, but each slightly different, are called,
in the original motlazez, motlabed and aktnaz, or moktnezat. The
packed earth, says the author of Nabathea Agriculture, not on purpose for
planting; whose quality is known to be doubtful doing in different parts of
her three holes cubit and a half deep each; whose land kept apart
respectively and carefully collected in earthen vessel, it brings another
porous compact soil from which no doubt not be of such quality, and
balancing it with the extracted from the pits to be equal in weight, is
thrown into the thereof, and in them is stepped and board feet; which if
left some, it is understood that the land where such holes are made is
lumpy and very hard, and not provided for plantations; But if it is to grow
vegetables and grains. But if the second land enters the site occupied by
the first without her absolutely nothing left, it is good for planting of trees,
such as the porous soil; and not the hard and lumpy, which is only
purpose for sowings.
The ancient land distinguished dogged tight, because although they are
almost equal status with each other; but the first is the most tucked into
each other more tightly locked to the second, and is closer to the
hardness of the stone and the same lumpy.
Even little to differentiate themselves these three species of land, yet
tight and lumpy
have some closeness and mutual brotherhood that has dogged for being
something
different. With regard to the soft and porous, is not the same as the other.
The porous approaches the fatuous, and the difference between the two is
that the porous pARTICLEs is discontinuous in composing, whose meaning
considered is consumed parts; well yes these are some well hidden or
locked with other soft-absolute continuity is what the constitution of its
parts resembles the tough, having served softness of their gender
combination; in what clearly he is opposed to that. Already mentioned
above that all land is soft sandstone by the sponginess that communicates
the sand; and the thick substance is very soft due to their condition (or
nature) or whatever wet spring. The land has an average between very

tenacious and porous is apropos to vines, the signal that is such is

whether stops in the center with some of the water it receives, and
evaporates after the speech of the stations. The land has an average
between very tenacious and porous is apropos to vines, the signal that is
such is whether stops in the center with some of the water it receives, and
evaporates after the speech the stations. Such it is not a good land for
vineyards. The land is particularly porous to the most convenient of all
vines; and if I had together with this quality of being thin, it is best for
them; which they are raised in it very robust and very good lineage. The
land of very tough and tight texture to the hardness of gravel, whether
that is by its very nature, implies the retention of water on its surface;
which cannot imbibe much quantity or engage it at the center. It vines are
lost; but it is ideal for vegetables and similar plants
The one who drinks all the water hiding in its center and depth, and it is
dry on the surface, it is not good for vineyards and softly or muddy, such
as it may be introduced into the center for some water and some remain
on the surface.
ARTICLE V
Of the signals to see if the ground is wet, we will say something in the
third chapter of this work, where it will be the properties of the land
indicating its proximity or distance from the water, whereby also known
moisture or dryness the same.
We have explained fairly and competently, says Kutsmi, differences in
species of land, convenience or inconvenience of some for certain plants;
which come near to understanding which has already understood what the
main plant science, respective to their cultivation and conservation.
Sagrit appoint in the Nabathea Agriculture, cultivation and planting of
trees and other plants, and how to preserve them from the calamities is
not equal in all regions, but this varies according to the diversity thereof;
and so on it is advantageously a breeding what other fails equal
prosperity. He adds that it comes in this book, as appropriate to the
climate of the Chaldean in particular also for the climates and regions of
similar temperament. For which reason I have copied of the work into the
present what has seemed to agree on the west side of Spain; and also
that the Chaldean is in the fourth climate, and it is said that part of Spain
also it is; and also because attending to what is said in that work on most
dominating temperaments there, I have found that in our region are equal
with short difference. All this because I moved to transfer in this book the
content of the work.
ARTICLE VI
The signs of good or poor quality of the land according to others authors
than the two aforementioned books of Ibn-Hajdj and Agriculture
Nabathea.

African Anatolian says that, is fertile ground in which there be large and
tall plants with tender, thick and green leaves, linked together and thick
roots; and this is also very good land that you see large wild trees that
nobody has already planted, which though they be medium, it is also the
land; and feeble, if you saw that the same are of a diseased vegetation,
small, thin leaves and branches and thin roots that quickly dried And also
it is not good in which any thorns and wild joyos, whose trees were small.
According Kastos is a sign of good land if they take much increase their
trees are of the kind that may be; middle, if not grow much or have linked
branches; and less if they are thin and weak, according to the quoted
Anatolian, the best land is that which is not much rigor cracks in the heat,
or the rain with the many slides or softness are made, or where the water
dries quickly, or does not stay long time on the surface. The same author
says, it is good land, and even better, the black who suffer the many rains
and waters it is not on purpose for vines. According Kastos is a sign of
good soil if water saturates the continuous rains and does not crack with
the heat.
Jah said common Writers of Agriculture indicate the different species of
land described a white called, to other black, and to the other sandstone;
and they say it is thick as that of a viscous mud and wax forms, and dock
the same thick mud which is not of this viscosity. Discarded in much the
white dock and sandstone; of which the first is nevertheless better quality
than the second. Other species must be more or less that or to this
approach, and others who have a perfect medium between the two. But
this has already been tried up with some timely extension.
Show yourself also the quality of the land by their smell and taste after
pitch and soaked in water; This is done by taking a handful of her surface
if soil for sowing, or in deeper until both cubits or something but when it is
planting, and throwing in a wide mouth glass or new glazed clay, it is
covered with rain water or sweet, and bobs to dilute it. Then allowed to sit
that dust or dirt on the bottom of the glass, and if
registering it then floats in it by way of gross filth or murky, the land is
good indeed; and if not, is weak it can only be improved with the much
manure. Also, if testing it to taste and smell is found sweet, so is the
earth; and it is said that if the water is soft and sweet, the land is
pleasantly soft sweetness; bad, if it whatever bitter or brackish; and of
equal quality and absolutely nothing good, if it be fetid. Kastos says,
though it be salted land is fertile or liberal.
According to Abu-el-Jair, if the smell of the water and dust shall please and
soft, that land is very good because he signal his good temper; and bad, if
be ungrateful odor.
Also, the languor and corruption that are therein indicates to be corrupted
and altered their smell. Flee entirely, they say, of dirt, sand and salt
water; whose material having discussed above, there you can see these
maxims; it would be redundant to repeat them here manifest. Also, if the

mud of the earth mixed with the water is tough like wax, it is a sign of
being good thereof; and inferior, if it were not.
They also say that one of the means by which test whether the earth is
thick and dense, and if it differs from the thin and exhausted, is digging in
which he wishes to
make this test a hole in one cubit deep, and after having cleared to return
to him all that excavated earth; which if something is left over after filling,
such land is thick; if anything, of average quality; poor and thin, if after
entering all, would remain part of the hole to be filled. But according IbnHajaj is not sure this test, look for vegetables the land that is thick,
substantial and non-rough, and in no way the white, viscous or which
resquebrajare in summer. In another, the most suitable for them is not
harsh or weak, compared to the first does not suffer much water, and the
brittle and weak softens in the winter and dry in summer; which it causes
it to wilt quickly (or narrowing) vegetables.
Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel says that whatever good land on the surface
and in the center bad seed is sown; but if compels the need, it is only
planted those trees extend their roots at ground like peach, apple and the
like; although these same sterilized and lose, then that rooted in bad
ground, and even the grass that she was born at the beginning of the year
and dry air becomes heated; unless to be preserved through watering.
Digging the earth with all diligence and care or deep plowing, the bad
comes to the surface; some say that staying with her flawed and
incapable of wetting, must benefit rotted manure good: which is
indispensable for him consist fertilizer such land. It is said that good land
should be used for seed, and inferior to plantations. Doctors Abu-Abdallah
Mahomed Ben-Ibrahim, Ibn- el-Fasel and the wise Abuel-Jair trying
knowledge of the nature of the land on beam with respect to their
suitability for sowing or planting with fertilizer requires everything, and
trees and vegetables that thrive in them, talking about white, says Abu-elJair, that this earth is naturally cold and dry, Abu-Abdallah, Enb-the-Fasel,
who is petite the grass that grows on it even in the time of his greatest
strength is when throw and preserves the flower; which produces in
abundance, unless otherwise thick and fertile part.
That otherwise need this much land cultivation to be hard; that if you work
and dig repeatedly and benefits with much manure (as required quality
cold) trees that are therein will be high, robust, large, cup-shaped. If still
level after shaped and benefited
from manure is soweth, thrive on it any seed, which plants require lots of
copy hot and muck, and much work; but that does not suffer much water
back because of his
coldness. In this same land thrives fig, olive, carob, pears, pomegranate,
almond, quince, pistachios and grapes.

Almond grows particularly excellent, and so fig and carob; of which the fig
and almond trees here have no need much work, or are of such
magnitude as the other trees. Although well bred fig and vine in other
lands; but this grape is very sweet and juicy.
Also species of wild dill, woad, indigo and blonde dyers are
advantageously raised in it. For this kind of land is much fertilizer the
palomina without thereby resulting to the
trees that are in it any harm, as says Abu-el-Jair. This land is qualified with
several qualifiers, according to another author; as it is called from mount
white earth, white bare of grass, white juicy, thick, strong, meaty, sweet,
salt and white; which it is not an advantage, and must be dampened after
wiping water; whose quality is known also by testing to taste. This kind of
land is another, according Jah, parts of slimeing, not thick, powdery color,
which is a mixed vermilion, white and black which again appears in it;
which. according to Abu-el-Jair, is amenable to cultivation. There are also
thick and stubborn fat as usually found in the plains and in the mountains;
which it is better than white, nor need much work. It prevails olive,
pomegranate, oak, carob, alfonsigo, pear, loquat aronio, common medlar,
almond, vines, fig red long, hairy mixed * figs, and all black fig tree
species.
Also there montesina and flat, that being tough, strong and unruly to the
work, before using it much toil and hardship has much growing need for
attenuating toughness that has softened; which thus improved after once
sown without preparation of manure, and suffers much water, which
retains moisture long time. Far from it need a lot of manure, says AbuAbdallah Ibnel-Fasel, we throw so little, attended his heat, which just is
discovered, and so out of respect to the trees any. It is enough for a single
work; well if any seeded repeatedly add some manure is irrigated before
being it: the very same copy of the substance and weakens; and the
opposite happens, they say, if it were little and beasts and two years
rotten. If you remain uneducated, alone it produces that kind of grass that
lacks greenery.
According to Abu-Abdallah Ibnel-Fasel prevails in this land fig, walnut,
almond, Mulberry Tree, pine, juniper, cypress, citrus, carob, alfonsigo, the
myrtle, the jujube, the aronio medlar, the serval, apple, plum and common
porthole (or black), and rose; which here leaves a vivid flesh. It is
maximum cited author, the reddish soil is good for planting and not for
sowing; although it is said that this same color and stony tree is more
convenient, as well as the too black. It also says that the reddish land is
good for vegetables and in it the onion, garlic, eggplant, radish, carrot,
turnip, mustard, cress, the axenuz, caraway, rue and similar plants
prevails.
The land called the ris, which is reddish with little sand mixture, is weak
and thin, and nothing in it prevails; It olive out if much is manured with
pigeon excrement, and its till sometimes. There is another kind of viscous

reddish who does not drink water fast, also known as the ris, and in it the
olive, fig hairy, carob, oak, pear, serval, the medlar aronio prevails,
chestnut and the like. This requires the same work and fertilizer than the
last. The black earth, say Abu-el-Jair, naturally hot and suck is a little bit
docile cropping and plowing; and in which this (gender) does not prevail
any cracks tree, unless after very tilled, irrigated and cultivated
diligently.In the same from mountain tilled good, it prevails olive, carob,
oak, chestnut, serval, pear, plum, cherry trees and the like; But the fig
tree and the peach are here durable, and very fruitful. Here prevail the
crops of beans, barley, lentils, millet, millet, cumin, caraway, black cumin
and the like, and also cress, coriander and mustard. Another from
mountain, hard blow that resists peak to break with her; another similar to
the brown colored ash; and a wet. The too black, says Haj Granadino, it
burns up its decline to just intonation lacking moisture coming he had,
that the decline of the trees still. The payment for these and it is the old
manure therefore ceased to be warm, keeping only moisture. According
Jah, which this kind of thick and viscous whatever is released quickly with
water. And according to another view, which is cracking in the hot season
the trees do not prevail; but wheat, some vegetables and many thorny
bushes as alcarehofa, cambroneras * and the like; although it is of poor
quality which will abound much alcarehofas. The lands of this kind that
they be good, medium or vile known by signs listed above.
The lands of this kind that were good, medium or vile known by signs
listed above. The almdanat earth (or oiled), so named for being along or
near villages and that this has mixture of manure beasts and the like,
even the bottom is good for this cause, and the color of its surface
becomes very black . But if it is of good quality, damaged one this much
manure to plants after the heats yesterday. If sandstone, white, Thekla
sucked, rocky or rough, or of those species of land that benefits much
manure, in this case a lot of them fail the copy.
The land contrary to it is called barniat (or countryside), and which is far
from the villages. The almdanat (or oiled) must be plowed repeatedly so
that the top is incorporated well with the lower and acquire a good
temperament; in which the grains and vegetables that were planted
prevail; and vegetables being irrigated land. All trees, that should and can
suffer much manure prevail advantage in this kind of land. But those who
do not suffer as hazelnut and the like are not here long life, and so the
peach, which is not very fruitful.
The yellow earth, says Abu-Abdallah, is by nature such as cold and dry as
the white, The yellow earth, says Abu-Abdallah, is by nature such as cold
white and dry, although inferior, and it is compared to the mountain black;
which she is most fertile. It is therefore weak and soft, but not improved
by dint of many tasks and very large copy of ancient beasts and sheep on
that one year has passed without which produces absolutely nothing
useful manure. They say that there is no goodness in it these species
namely the mocddanat which is similar to tanned leather, and moist; a tie

to the white, which is muddy and is called elbir, which cracks, and is
softer; and the highly viscous, which is not of good quality. Of these,
according to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, it is good only the first, in which
there prevail trees root but robust, as theft algar, almond, medlar aronio,
oak, chestnut, walnut, palm, citrus, the Mulberry Tree and the like, and
this tilling and fertilizing too much.
The harsh land called mosdrmena and mohdyena says Abu-el-Jair, is by
nature cold and dry, and is two species; one with a mixture of coarse
sand, and other plaster or of little stones. Also there mountain and simple:
the mountain that under its surface with a large amount of stones hath
resists work together and not good quality. The flat, which hail person was
at ground level, it has plowed repeated times to join it with the earth from
the center; thereby it is improved. Making fruitful the work is necessary to
cultivate and irrigate a lot, and enough fertilized copy of sheep manure
and pigeon excrement; and so all mountain land. On rough earth prevails
walnut, alfonsigo, the cabrahigo, the dikdl fig, rose, plum, grapes, (which
is extremely robust breeding), apricot, almond, bay leaves, juniper,
cypress , myrtle (Myrtle or arraihan Moorish), the Aromatario, common
medlar and all the big and small trees that usually grow up in the
mountains.
According to the Nabathea Agriculture, prevails in this land the red fig.
Vegetables, pumpkins (planting before the tasteless), eggplants, species
pennyroyal, rue, the lily, the Almoraduz, the maro (or Stachy) and the like.
Legumes lentils, beans and chickpeas, especially late planting these
beans; whose plants were cultivated with all diligence and care, because
cultivation as it will shorten the product will be much less; and they may
also suffer from the difficult times and contrary winds.
According to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, if this molted to another moist
earth, pumpkins are grown, they are early and tasty achieved. With regard
to the sand, there are three species, according to Abu-el-Jair, a very small,
soft, another thick without consolidation that is not of good quality and
nothing occurs, and another petite with much soil mix, known as the land
hartrat (or hot). According to the Author of the Nabathea Agriculture and
others, the wet sand gets his weakness any alteration of the air, and so in
cold weather cools, and in hot weather warms. Otherwise it is cold; and
likewise declines to such quality sandy soil composed mostly of sand,
even without altering much the air, they say; which, if it is the best part,
gets less cold, whose trees are quickly fading leaves and fruit, believes
Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel. The best kind of this land, says the same
author, is composed of equal parts, which benefited with lots of copy
softens manure cultivation: does not suffer much water, and it is best to
dry to give irrigation in this disposal. Since fast drinking water that is
irrigated correspondingly on the surface is dry and moist in the center. It
prevails palm, pine, tamarisk, cypress and other trees that breed in moist
sand, and vegetables purslane. The harrat land is to margins of the great

rivers, whose dominant color is powdery in fair proportion, has soft sand
mixture without being this much of which is made up.
The land of this kind as may be moist and tender is the best
temperament, says Abu-el-Jair, the more docile to the work, and to give
more angola to plant, to all air and to all water. Does not suffer from
much manure, and only fertilized in cold weather. It is convenient to the
old and rotten, either pure sheep or human excrement in the same form,
or mixed. Here prevail the various species of fruit, arraihanes, ocimos (or
basil) and jasmine, all kinds of vegetables, dikl fig *, White Cordoba and
open, hazel, apple, citrus (or toronjo), the orange , jujube and
pomegranate.
Also it prevails in this land (and other) Lupin, and Mulberry Treeity, rose,
walnut, jujube, medlar, peach, zerezo; Although this tree is not here long
life ready to reach an end, and because its branches being a little gnarled,
surprises and cold damage,
while still tender. Also, the mature fig here late so that the rains to
surprise him.Also it prevails in this land onion, wild leek, linen, Henna,
rice, indigo, cotton, beans, sesame, millet, millet, saffron and all Lawn
vegetables. In short all those genera and species of vegetables and trees
are planted and planted in orchards prevail on this earth. The land called
thick has, according to Abu-el-Jair and others, the white to yellow, and is
crass, strong, viscous, without moisture. The work is unruly, and cracks in
hot weather as deserts or barren land, although close to their slots when it
rains. It is hard and does not penetrate water by much grass and having
viscosity. Copy suffers much water, and there is no doubt that the manure
that is appropriate oxen and sheep, rotten. The thick earth, says AbuAbdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, acquires ease with ash, dung and crop to quibble
and soften. Some say that this land is good (like all that cracking of large
cracks) to seed and not for planting, radishes, turnips, onions, garlic,
caraway or similar plants.
Kastos says that no tree is planted in healthy soil but without harshness or
stones, or the cracking of that; and the same is said of the fields that may
be found to be of the same species, and consumed at most.
ARTICLE VIII
Of land that are not good for sowings or plantings, and none of this
prevails.
Such, says Abu-Abdallah-Ibnel-Fasel and Abu-el-Jair, very yellow (or ocher)
land that is used to color the wood and dyed cloth; the land of a vermilion
ocher loaded call; three species of land of the same name called burka,
which are a tight yellow to
white, and exhaled an odor of alcribite; the gravel pit or stony, which is
below containing white rough limestone (or Calinas) thick, rough and sand
blinded torrents;

the land of blue that mixed with colored clay pottery jars for oil and wine
are made; yellow skin color similar to the wet stone of the same color; the
brackish land, mineral orpiment, alcribite, copper, iron and the like; and so
those kind of very viscous mud, like the soft, Armenian, Roman which is
the main (or thinner) and the bricks are made; saluki land; the mud, the
mud of the rivers and the like. Some call this mhmalat land that is
useless or insignificant. Attempts have been made because of the thick
fertilizers lands, slimeing, source, salt, sandstone and other species that
together mention was made in the previous ARTICLE, according to the
doctrine of Nabathea Agriculture has been extracted; maxims which you
can see and join with the alleged above, taken from the books of the two
Doctors Abu-Abdullah, and Abu-el-Jair; in which you'll have far enough in
this area with the help of Allah, who is the convenience and utility
commands with the influx of secondary causes. He is the supreme Lord,
whom alone adoration and worship is due.