Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering:
Week 2
Year 3 Semester 2
2015
Shiromi Karunaratne
Email-shiromi.k@sliit.lk
Mobile- 0776368620
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Unit 2-DW
1
in Sri Lanka
Water use and fit-for-purpose treatment
Wastewater
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Material to be covered
Water Quality: Physical, Chemical and Microbiological
Water Quality and Health
Raw water sources, water treatment and distribution
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Water Quality:
Physical water quality parameters
Chemical water quality parameters and
Microbiological water quality parameters
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Continued.
The pH of water can vary between 0 and 14. When the pH of a
substance is above 7, it is a basic substance. When the pH of a
substance is below 7, it is an acid substance. The further the pH lies
above or below 7, the more basic or acid a solution is.
The pH is a logarithmic factor; when a solution becomes ten times
more acidic, the pH will fall by one unit. When a solution becomes a
hundred times more acidic the pH will fall by two units.
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Water Chemistry
Physical properties of water:
The basic properties of water relevant to water treatment are density
and viscosity.
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distillation
adsorption
Find the definitions by your self
precipitation
gas stripping
liquid extraction
reverse osmosis (membrane filtration with pore size in
ionic size range, ~10)
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Dissolved substances
Can be simple atoms (e.g. charged ions)
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Colloidal substances
Removal by high ultracentrifuge or tight membrane
processes.
Exhibit Tyndall effect (light scattering by particles), ,
reflected light causing turbidity
Both suspended and colloidal particles have a surface
charge, NOT an ionic charge
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Particulates in water
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Acid/base
e.g. pH correction
Ion association
e.g. environmental processes - heavy metals
Oxidation-reduction
e.g. water chlorination
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Precipitation reactions
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When an acid substance ends up in water, it will give up a hydrogen ion to the
water. The water will then become acid.
The number of hydrogen ions that the water will receive determines the pH.
When a basic substance enters the water it will take up hydrogen ions.
This will lower the pH of the water.
When a substance is strongly acidic it will give up more H+ ions to the water.
Strong bases will give up more OH-.
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Acid/base reactions
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Rusting
In an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, one atom or compound will steal
electrons from another atom or compound. A classic example of a redox reaction
is rusting. When rusting happens, oxygen steals electrons from iron. Oxygen gets
reduced while iron gets oxidized.
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Turbidity
The presence of suspended material such as clay, silt, finely
divided organic material, plankton, and other particulate
material in water
measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)
Tyndall effect due to light scattering by particles
useful for control of risks of micro-organisms
<1 NTU at time of disinfection
<0.2 and max of 0.5 NTU for control of cryptosporidium,
giardia risk
Turbidity greater than 5 NTU is easily detectable
usually objectionable on aesthetic grounds.
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Colour
True colour (filtered); apparent colour includes
particulates
ADWG <15 Hazen Units
Dissolved organic substances from decaying vegetation
and some inorganic compounds (Fe, Mn)
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) see later slides
Occasionally excessive blooms of algae or the growth of
aquatic micro-organisms can impart colour
Colour itself is not a he
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Temperature
Temperature affects taste
10-15oC is most palatable.
Fridge taste???
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Chemical
Major ions (majorCharacteristics
components of TDS)
Chloride
Naturally occurring salt, seawater
No health guideline, taste issue at >250mg/L
High Cl- promotes corrosion
Values up to 350mg/L in water supplies, guideline is 250mg/L
Sulfate
Taste effects at >250mg/L; Laxative effects >500 mg/L
Carbonate, bicarbonate
Alkalinity
Sodium
Can affect individuals suffering from heart, kidney problems at >20 mg/L. Aesthetic limit,
180 mg/L
Calcium, Magnesium
Hardness
Potassium
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Chemical Characteristics
pH
6.5-8.5, new cement pipes can increase pH
buffering capacity of water
alkalinity/acidity
Conductivity
an indirect measure of total dissolved salts (TDS)
inverse of ???
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Chemical Characteristics
Trace ions
Fluoride
Excessive fluoride may produce fluorosis (mottling) of teeth, acceptable
limit 0.8 to 1.3 mg/L; ADWG guideline is 1.5 mg/L
Drinking water in much of the developed world is fluoridated to prevent
tooth decay (controversial)
Bromide
Reacts with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products
Interferes with some oxidation reactions in water treatment
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Chemical Characteristics
Metals
Iron: Causes staining of laundry (iron staining), affects the taste of beverages
such as tea and coffee; easily removed by conventional water treatment
Manganese: Brownish color to water and stains laundry when used for washing,
off taste at 0.1 mg/L, Mn is concentrated in biofilms in distribution pipes, can be
removed by oxidation and conventional water treatment
Lead: Seriously damages health, nervous system, especially in children, possible
carcinogen
Occurs in old water pipes (solder)
ADWG value = 0.01 mg/L Prolonged exposure to relatively small quantities may
result in serious illness or death.
Zinc, copper: Detrimental to health, undesirable taste
Arsenic: Lung and urinary bladder cancer; skin pigment changes and scaling,
hyperkeratosis, reduced blood flow to skin, nerve damage
Other heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Ag
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Chemical Characteristics
Toxic inorganic substances: Nitrates, cyanides
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Microbiological characteristics
Water for drinking and cooking must be made free from diseasecausing organisms (pathogens).
viruses, bacteria, protozoa (amoeba, cryptosporidium, giardia) and
helminths (worms), cyanobacteria
Origin is either infected human or animal discharge
The specific disease-causing organisms present in water are not
easily identified.
surrogates (indicator organisms) are used to detect contamination
in routine tests total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms or E.coli
test.
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Catchment protection
Water treatment
Disinfection
primary disinfection
post-treatment disinfection
Distribution systems
Closed systems
Maintenance of disinfectant residual, redosing of reservoirs and tanks
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DOC (continued)
Dissolved organic carbon (NOM)
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Membrane Fouling
Fouling index
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Bacterial Regrowth
Bacterial Regrowth: Growth of bacteria in the treated water
Bacteria grows if
disinfectant concentration is too low or bacteria is resistant
Sufficient food available (organic carbon for heterotrophic bacteria)
and other nutrients (mainly nitrogen or phosphorus).
Other environmental conditions are suitable (e.g. temperature)
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Design of Coagulation/Flocculation
Major reason to remove microorganisms and turbidity; enhanced coagulation
to remove DOC
In the fresh water bodies small particles (including organic compounds, colloids
microorganisms etc) exist
usually the particle surfaces are negatively charged
To bring them together and make them settle (to remove by gravity), the
charges must be neutralised. This is achieved by coagulants.
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Colloid dynamics
Colloid stability
Colloids are too small to be trapped in the filter and too small to
settle in a reasonable period of time.
Surface is negatively charged
Colloidal particles repel each other (repulsive interparticle forces)
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Colloid destabilization
Addition of positively charged cations such as Na+1, Ca+2, Mg+2, Al+3, or Fe+3
to destabilise the surface charge of colloids and allow aggregation (flocculation)
into particles
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Coagulants
A coagulant is a substance (chemical) that is added to the
water to accomplish coagulation
There are three key properties of a coagulant
Trivalent cation
Non-toxic
Insoluble in the neutral pH range
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Coagulation
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Coagulation
(iv) Polymers:
- Polymers can have a negative charge (anionic), positive
charge (cationic), positive and negative charge
(polyamphotype), or no charge (nonionic)
- Polymers are long-chain carbon compounds of high
molecular weight that have many active sites. The active sites
adhere to flocs, joining them together and producing a larger,
tougher floc that settles better. This process is called
interparticle bridging.
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Flocculation
Bring particles into contact, to collide, stick together and
grow to a size that will readily settle
Accomplished by slow, gentle mixing
Enough mixing must be provided to keep the floc in
suspension
Too much mixing will shear the floc particles and
disperses it
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1. Coagulation
Rapid mixing
Destabilisation of
colloids
Fast mixing to neutralize
charge on colloids before
hydrolysis occurs
2. Adsorption between
particles due to van der
Waals forces
3. Flocculation
Slow mixing
Polyelectrolyte forms
bridges between
particles to form larger
flocs
Shear forces important
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Suspected carcinogens/mutagens
Some countries (Japan, Switzerland) do not allow the use
of polymers due to the contaminants
Some (West Germany, France, and Canada) have stringent
limits
In US in some states require notification to health
authorities when using these polyelectrolytes
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Practice questions
1. What is DOC?
2. What are the problems associated with DOC?
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