Intensive

SCIENCE INTENSIVE PROGRAMME FOR FROM 3

CHAPTER 9 : STARS AND GALAXIES
FOR
FOR
FORM
FOR FORM
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SCIENCE
SCIENCE

1 The Sun is the centre of our Solar System.

(2)

(3)

Solar System
2 The Sun is actually a star because it release heat and
light energy through nuclear reaction.

Solar flares :
A strong explosion of gases that happen suddenly
for few minute / hours in the chromosphere.
Solar flares released charged particles and emit
rays (like X-rays and gamma rays)
Sunspots :
Are dark spots on the surface of the Sun's
photosphere with lower temperature which exist
in groups and have various sizes. It can occurs for
a period of few hours to several months.
The area arround a sunspot has a strong magnetic
field.

3 Structure of the Sun :

(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)

5 The effects of the phenomena that occurs at the Sun

atmosphere :
(1) Influence the weather and climate on Earth.
(2) Disturbance to the communications system.
(3) Produced Aurora lights.

Sun's core :
Consists of hydrogen and helium gases.
Nuclear reaction occurs in the core.
Sun's atmosphere :
Consists of three layers ;
(1) Corona : Outer most layer which only
visible during eclipse of the Sun.
(2)

6 The Universe is defined as all of outer space and

everything in it. The Universe contains thousand of
millions of galaxies.

Temperature is about 1.5 million 0 C

Chromosphere : Bright red layer which
only visible during eclipse of the Sun.

7 Galaxies are classified according to shapes :

Shapes

Types and Examples

(1) Elliptical galaxies

0

(3)

Temperature is between 10,000-50,000 C

Photosphere : compact layer of gas seen
to be shining with yellow light from Earth.

Galaxy M87 in Virgo

Temperature is about 6000 0 C

(2) Spiral galaxies

Milky Way , Andromeda

4 Phenomena that occurs at the Sun's atmosphere ;

(1) Prominence :
an explosion of hot gas that shoots out from the
Sun's chromosphere with shiny bright light which
can take place for a short period or several weeks
Prominences cause flow of wind called Solar
Wind which consists of charged particles.

(3) Irregular galaxies

Magellanic Cloud

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8 Birth and death of a Star :

(1) A Star is born from a nebula ( a large cloud of dust and gases such as hydrogen and helium)
(2) Strong garvitational force cause the particles in Nebula shrink and compressed to from a core.
(3) When the temperature in the core become very high, nuclear reaction occurs and the hydrogen is turned into
Helium. A lot of heat and light energy are released. The core shines and a star is born.
(4) A Star will die when all the hydrogen gas in its core is used up in nuclear reactions.

Nebula

Medium-sized Star

Large Star

Super-large Star

Red Giant

Red Giant

Red Giant

White Dwarf

Super Giant

Super Giant

Black Dwarf

Supernova

Supernova

Neutron Star

Black Hole

( Very small Star )

9 Stars are classified according to their characteristics :

(1) Size
(2) Brightness
(3) Colour and temperature.
10 Constellation is a group of stars that form a certain pattern in the sky.

Orion

Ursa Major

Southern Cross
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