Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.Simple Present
a). exprima o actiune care se desfasoara in mod obisnuit sau repetat, pe axa prezentului
Forma afirmativa se realizeaza adaugand terminatia -s verbelor la persona a 3-a sg. m, f, n. Exceptie fac doar cateva verbe
care primesc terminatia -es : do, go, wash , watch.
Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:
every+ day /week /month/ year
ever e.g. Do you ever go to school?
never e.g I never do my homework in the morning.
always
often
usually e.g. I usually walk to the park.
sometimes
on Saturday ...prin mentionarea unei perioade
during...the weekend...pe parcursul
b).exprima un adevar general valabil
e.g. Water boils at 100 degrees C.
c).exprima o actiune viitoare, parte a unui program oficial
e.g. Our plane leaves at 10 oclock.
2. Present Continuous
a). exprima o actiune care se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii
vb.to be + vb. de conjugat +-ing
e.g. I am learning now.
Always apare ca o exceptie, se refera la o actiune prin care aratam iritarea vorbitorului in legatura cu alta actiune.
e.g. He is always starting his car when I want to have a rest.
b).exprima o actiune planificata, un aranjament care se va petrece in viitorul apropiat
e.g.We are visiting our neighbours tomorrow.
3. Past Simple exprima o actiune care s-a desfasurat la un moment dat si care nu are nici o legatura cu prezentul
Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:
yesterday
last + week/ month/ year
a day before yesterday
ago
- se foloseste cu mentionarea unui an anterior celui prezent : e.g.I read this book in 1995.
Forma afirmativa:+ ed / vb. neregulate forma II
Forma interogativa: did
Forma negativa: did not
USED TO exprima o atitudine personala, repetitiva, in trecut:
e.g. I used to go swimming a lot (but I dont now).
WOULD poate exprima o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod obisnuit la un moment dat in trecut, o activitate obisnuita,
caracteristica unei persoane:
e.g. Every week he would buy his mother a bunch of flowers.
Cand conjunctia when isi formeaza singura intrebarea este urmata in mod obligatoriu de past tense.
7. Past Perfect Simple exprima o actiune trecuta, anterioara altei actiuni trecute
had + vb. la forma a III-a
e.g. He told me that he had sent the letter.
Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:
Abia ca: Hardly..when
No sooner .than
Just..when
e.g. He had hardly got into the room when somebody rang at the door.
I had no sooner got into the room than somebody rang at the door.
I had just got into the room when somebody rang at the door.
8. Past Perfect Continuous exprima o actiune in progres si anterioara fata de alta actiune trecuta
had + been + vb.+ ing
e.g We had been walking for two hours when we saw a lake in the distance. ( mai intai am realizat o actiune in progres,
accea de a umbla timp de 2 ore si abia apoi am realizat o actiune fixa , am zarit lacul, dar ambele actiuni s-au realizat in
trecut)
Se utilizeaza cu since ( pentru a indica un moment in timp) si for ( pt a indica o perioada de timp)
e.g I had been learning since 2 oclock when hw arrived home. ( momentul din timp e ora 2)
She had been watching TV for 3 hours when mother came home. (perioada de timp e de 3 ore)
9. Future Simple
will + vb.
e.g We will write you a letter.
Atentie!!!!! Nu se foloseste in propozitii temporale cu referire la viitor
e.g I will give you a phone, when I arrive home. ( deci I will give you a phone e principala , iar when I arrive home e
subordonata temporala. Nu e corect spus I will give you a phone, when I will arrive home.) Te voi suna cand ajung acasa.
NU Te voi suna cand voi ajunge acasa
10. Future Continuous se refera la o actiune planificata in viitorul apropiat.
Will+ vb.+ ing
e.g. This time next week I will be flying to Paris.
11. Future Perfect exprima o actiune viitoare, dar anterioara fata de un alt moment din viitor
Will + have+ V la forma a III-a
e.g I will have written the letter by noon tomorrow.
12. Future Perfect Continuous exprima o actiune anterioara si in progres fata de un moment din viitor
Will + have+been + V+ ing
e.g Next year in May, my sister will have been working in this shop for ten years.
13. Alte mijloace de exprimare a viitorului:
To be going to = a avea de gand sa
e.g. I am going to help you.
To be to = a urma sa
e.g. I am to do this.
To be about to = a fi pe cale sa
e.g. She is about to leave us.
To be due to (scheduled time)
e.g. The play is due to start in 5 minutes.
The flight is due at 6.20.
I will vs I am going to
will - decizia e luata in momentul vorbirii
e.g. "George phoned while you were out. ""Oh, really? I' ll phone him back"
going to - decizia e luata inainte de momentul vorbirii
e.g. "George phoned while you were out. ""Yes, I know. I' m going to phone him back.
MODAL VERBS
Conceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de asa numitele "modal auxiliary verbs" : can,
could, should, must, need, ought to, used to, dare.
Caracteristici:
Nu au infinitiv lung
Nu primesc "s" la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu
Nu primesc "-ing"
Verbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to, ought to
Nu au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au echivalenti
Formeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul + not
1. Can
2. Could
Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la trecut.Cu acest inteles can/could poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul.Dar cand
intelesul este de to succid in, to manage, to achieve-se foloseste numai echivalentul, dar nu si la negativ
Cerere politicoasa, mai politicoasa decat can Could I help you?
3. May
Exprima o permisiune(formal english). Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to be allowed to; to
be permited to
Exprima o posibilitate. Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu it is possible/ maybe/ perhaps
May+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii Ex: She may be sleeping now.
May+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut Ex: She may have lost the key.
Exprima o urare, speranta May all your dreams come true! sau May good luck attend you!
In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust: I hope that you may find tickets.
In propozitia de scop dupa so that: I sit on the first row so that I may see and hear well.
4. Might
Exprima indignare, iritare, repros You might look in to my eyes when Im talking to you.
In propozitia concesiva dupa : whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how
In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust
In propozitia de scop dupa so that
5. Must
Exprima obligatie, comanda, necessitate .Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to have to
Dont have to
Lipsa de obligatie
Havent got to
Neednt
Must not
NOTA: cand must exprima probabilitate el poate fi inlocuit cu: Im sure/certain/positive, Certain/obviously, Its
likely/probable, Is likely
6. Need are 2 sensuri:
A. verb notional, obisnuit = to be need of (dupa care apare un pronume, substantiv, verb la gerunziu sau infinitiv lung)
Ex: Mother needs a pair of shoes.The windows need washing.
B. Verb modal auxiliar = to have to apare mai mult in interogativ si negativ; poate sa apara si in afirmativ alaturi de never,
hardly, barely
Ex: She need hardly mention her name, since I know it.
Diferenta dintre prezent si trecut:
Do I need...?
Need I...?
ocazie speciala
7. Should
Exprima obligatie, sfat, recomandare (obligatia este mai slaba decat cea cu must)
Exprima surpriza in intrebare retorica Ex:Why should I go there?
Exprima presupunere, deductie logica
In completiva directa dupa: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advise, to urge...that
In propozitia subiectiva dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was
advisable/essential/better/fair/important/natural/necessary/right..that
In propozitia de scop dupa: so that, in order that, lest(ca sa nu..., ca sa nu cumva...), for fear that
In propozitia conditionala tip I si II (intamplare)
Dupa verbe de emotie: to feel sory, to be delighted, to be annoyed, to be shocked
Dupa: dont think why, see no reason why, cant think why
9. Would
Exprima o cerere politicoasa : Would you pass..., Would you please..., Would you be so kind..., Would you mind+
V (-ing)
Obs.
- Nu se foloseste viitorul dupa:if, whether, as soon as,as long as, whenever, after, before, till, until,
directly, immediately.
e.g. He tells me that he will help me when he has time.
He told me that he would help me when he had time.
- In propozitiile atributive introduse de that nu se respecta corespondenta timpurilor.
e.g. I saw a house that I liked / I like.
- In propozitiile comparative introduse de than nu se respecta corespondenta timpurilor.
e.g. Last year he learnt better than he learns this year.
THE CONDITIONAL
Main clause.............. if ..................Secondary Clause
I. FUTURE PRESENT (Regula I se foloseste cu referire la o
actiune viitoare)
I shall write the letter if you give me the address.
II. PRESENT CONDITIONAL.............PAST TENSE (Regula II se foloseste cu referire la o actiune
prezenta )
I shouldnt go there if I were you.
III. PERFECT CONDITIONALPAST PERFECT (Regula III se foloseste cu referire la
o actiune trecuta)
(Should/would + have +f.III )
I should have got a good mark if I had learnt my lesson.
I.
Voi citi cartea aceasta daca mi-o vei imprumuta.
I shall read this book if you lend it to me.
II.
As citi cartea acesta daca mi-ai imprumuta-o.
I should read this book if you lent it to me.
III.
As fi citit cartea aceasta daca mi-ai fi imprumutat-o.
I should have read this book if you had lent it to me.
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Obs.
If+will+infinitive (=be willing/not mind) - it is frequently used in polite requests
e.g. If you will wait a moment.
If+should+infinitive (should used for all persons-->less likely conditions)
e.g. If Tom should come he' ll bring you the book. --> este putin probabil
e.g. Should he come he' ll bring you the book.
(inversion, should replaces if)
if not = unless (+ verb la afirmativ)
e.g. Mrs. Brown won't buy this dress unless her husband likes it.
TENSES
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
will-future
Future Perfect
I drive
I drove
I have driven
I had driven
I will drive
I will have driven
I am driven
I was driven
I have been driven
I had been driven
I will be driven
I will have been driven
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
I am driving
I was driving
I have been driving
I had been driving
I will be driving
I will have been driving
I am being driven
I was being driven
*
I have been being driven
* I had been being driven
* I will be being driven
* I will have been being driven
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Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Will - future
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Verbele neregulate:
http://www.lingolex.com/simplepast/allverbs.htm
http://website.lineone.net/~eshp/verbs.htm
Substantive neregulate:
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/pluralsl.htm
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/index.cfm
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http://www.englishforum.com
http://www.ilovelanguages.com/
http://www.dailygrammar.com/archive.shtml
http://www.english-online.org.uk/course.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/grammar.htm
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/bryson.htm
http://efl.bravepages.com/grammar.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20011024222309/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2527/presentperfect.html
http://eslzone1.tripod.com/eslzone1-tenses/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/
http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/contents.html
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/grlinkte.htm
http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~lfried/grammar/grammar.html
http://www.yellowallet.com.br/Gerund%20or%20Infinitive.htm
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/newlessonf.php
Pronuntie:
http://international.ouc.bc.ca/pronunciation/
Teste:
http://secure.vec.bc.ca/vec/online-test.cfm
http://dias.marcom-education.com/viewForm.php?CustomerId=1&FormId=2
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