Hongyipao

The hongyipao (Chinese: ; pinyin: hngypo; engineered by the Chinese after the Chinese defeated the
literally: red barbarian cannon"; Hangul: ; RR: Portuguese at the Battle of Xicaowan in 1521 and caphong-ipo) was a smoothbore muzzle-loading culverin in- tured their guns as war booty.
troduced to China and Korea from the Portuguese colony
of Macau in the early 17th century. The term red
barbarian cannonderives from the weapons' supposed 1 See also
Dutch origins, as the Dutch were calledred haired barbarians in Chinese. However, the cannons were origi Korean cannon
nally produced by the Portuguese at Macau, with the exception of two cannons dredged up from a Dutch ship
List of muzzle-loading guns
in 1621. The Dutch ship may have been in fact an English ship and the cannons had English coats of arms. The
English ship Unicorn sank near Macau. After the Ming 2 References
dynasty suered a series of defeats against the Later Jin
dynasty, they contacted the Portuguese to have iron can[1] Chase 2003, p. 168.
nons made for them. Attempts were made to bring Portuguese gunners to the north as well, but they were re- [2] Wakeman Jr. 1985, pp. 76-77.
peatedly turned away because Chinese ocials harbored
[3] Stephen Turnbull (20 August 2012). Siege Weapons of the
suspicions against them.* [1]
Far East (2): AD 960-1644. Osprey Publishing. pp. 21.
ISBN 978-1-78200-226-0.

Several of the ocials who supported the use of the new

technology were Christians, among them Xu Guangqi (a
convert of the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci), and Sun Yuanhua, the governor of Shandong. The Chongzhen Emperor
asked a German Jesuit, Father Johann Adam Schall von
Bell, to establish a foundry in Beijing to cast the new
cannons. The rst pieces produced there could throw
a forty-pound shot. In 1623 some hongyipao were deployed to China's northern frontier at Sun Yuanhua's request under generals such as Sun Chengzong and Yuan
Chonghuan.* [2]* [3]* [4] They were used to repel Nurhaci
at the Battle of Ningyuan in 1626.* [5] After the Later Jin
captured a Ming artillery unit at Yongping in 1629, they
too began production of the hongyipao. The manufacture and use of the hongyipao within the Later Jin Banner
armies were carried out by Han Chinese defectors called
ujen coohai (heavy troops). The Jurchen forces did not
manufacture nor wield the guns themselves. The Later
Jin forces under Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, used these
cannons along with the generalissimocannons (also
of European design) to great eect at the Battle of Dalinghe in 1631.* [6] After the later Jin became the Qing
and the Jurchens and Han Chinese defectors were reorganized into the Eight Banners, the Han Chinese Banners
continued to exclusively wield the gunpowder weapons
like artillery and muskets while the Manchu Banners did
not use them. Han Chinese Bannermen wielding artillery
helped the Qing reduce Ming fortresses and cities under
siege.

[4] Kenneth Warren Chase (7 July 2003). Firearms: A Global

History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168.
ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.
[5] Chase 2003, p. 169.
[6] Wakeman Jr. 1985, pp. 170-194.

3 Bibliography
Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003), Firearms: A Global
History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN
9780521822749
Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order
in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley: University
of California Press, ISBN 0520048040

4 External links
http://www.grandhistorian.com/
chinesesiegewarfare/siegeweapons-earlycannons.
html

The Folangji was the rst western designed gun reverse

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