Viscous Interactions

4.1 Leading-Edge Interactions

4.2 High-Altitude Vehicle Aerodynamics Scaling
4.3 Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions;
Shock-Shock Interactions

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Leading-Edge Interactions
or Viscous Interactions
Consider a flat plate in a hypersonic stream
Shock Wave
M >> 1

Boundary Layer
Displacement, *

Boundary layer displaces the flow:

Shock wave forms
Pressure rise compresses the BL, introduces an
axial pressure gradient
Changes growth of BL, which affects shock
Use theory to determine scaling of this effect
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Leading-Edge Interactions
or Viscous Interactions
CFD solutions:
M = 6, Re = 284,000 based on plate length

Adiabatic Wall

Cold Wall: Tw/Te=2

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Viscous Interactions
Use approximate variation of pressure with flow
turning angle to derive variation of displacement
thickness with M and Re

Adiabatic Wall

Cold Wall

Strong
Weak

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Viscous Interactions
Comparison of theory with CFD:

Adiabatic Wall

Cold Wall

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Viscous Interactions
Comparison of theory with CFD:

Adiabatic Wall

Cold Wall

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Viscous Interactions:
Vehicle Scaling
Aerodynamic coefficients scale differently:

Viscous interactions tend to increase drag, but not

change lift much
L/D should scale with
CD should increase with
Effect is larger for vehicles with large wetted area
Approach free-molecular limit at very low density
(large )

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Viscous Interactions:
Vehicle Scaling

From Anderson (1989) and Stollery (1972)

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Shock-Shock Interactions
Edney classified shock interactions into 6 types:

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Shock-Shock Interactions:
Example

Mach 14.2, ReD=4000 Flow on a Cylinder with a 10o Shock Generator

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Shock-Shock Interactions:
Example
Huge increase in surface pressure and heat flux
Note compression of BL

Surface Pressure and Heat Flux Relative to Undisturbed Flow

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Shock-Shock Interactions
Huge localized pressure and heating augmentation
Jet compresses boundary layer
In reality, jet is unsteady
Augmentation for turbulent flow, reacting gas is
difficult (impossible) to compute.
Strength decreases with cylinder sweep
Limited experiments in this area: Berry and Nowak
S-SI must be avoided or designed around
Bow shock wing-leading edge interaction

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Shock-Boundary Layer
Interactions
Shock impinges on a boundary layer

Compression of BL
Separation

CFD of a 2D Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction

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Shock-Boundary Layer
Interactions
CFD of a 2-D Laminar Mach 6 SW-BL Interaction

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Shock-Boundary Layer
Interactions
SBLI also cause high localized pressure & heating
SBLI also occur on compression corners:
If laminar, separation is large; shear layer
transitions at all but lowest Re
Turbulent separation is much smaller, unsteady?
Tend to be a much larger issue inside engines
Difficult (impossible) to accurately compute high
Mach number turbulent interactions

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