By:

Nor Haslina Hashim (PhD)

Room 12, Level 3, North Tower,
FKAAS
(H/P: 019-2016792)

Physical Water Quality Parameter

Suspended Solid
Turbidity
Color
Taste and Odor
Temperature
Chemical Water Quality Parameters
pH
Alkalinity
Hardness
Dissolve Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Nitrogen
Oil and Grease
Biological Water Quality Parameter

Water resources is
important on Earth and
without it we
Water sources are useful
cant
from the humans and
do many things
animals.
or
satisfied
our needs.
We would have to
take care of the
water because in
few years
there's not
going to be enough
water for us.

Water is a
renewable natural
resources also like
air and
soil.

Municipal Uses
Agricultural Uses
Industrial Uses
Rural Uses
Household
Recreation/environmental
water use

ii) Water Resources

Water resources:
1. Snow / Rain
2. Surface Water
i) Watershed
ii) Lake /River /Reservoir

3.Groundwater
- Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in
the pore space of soil and rocks.
- Flowing within aquifers below the water table.

4. Desalination
- saline water is converted to
fresh water.

Municipal Uses
Agricultural Uses
Industrial Uses
Rural Uses

Is the technical term that is based upon the

characteristics of water in relation to guideline
values of what is suitable for human consumption
and for all usual domestic purpose

Water environmental quality parameters

-

Are the natural and man-made chemical,

biological and microbiological characteristics of
rivers, lakes and groundwater.
it provides important information about the
health of a water body.
Are used to find out if the quality water is good
enough for drinking water, recreation, irrigation
and aquatic life.
These include chemical, physical and biological
parameters

Water

Wastewater

WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS

1. Physical
parameters

2. Chemical
parameters

3. Biological
parameters

- This parameters respond to the sense of sight,

touch, taste or smell

Suspended solid

odor

color
temperature

turbidity

Is a measure of the amount of particulate matter

that is suspended in water. Unit-FTU
(FormazinTurbidity Unit) NTU (Nephlometric
Turbidity Unit).
1FTU=1NTU
Water that has HIGH turbidity appears CLOUDY/
OPAQUE.
HIGH turbidity can cause INCREASED of water
TEMPERATURE

WHY???

- More suspended particles will absorb more heat which in turn

lowers dissolved O2 levels.
- Such particles (SS clay, silt, finely divided organic material,
plankton) can also prevent sunlight from reaching plants
below surface hence DECREASE the rate of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
- So, LESS O2 is produced by plant

It is a major factor in determining which species

are present in the stream
Temperature will impacts:
i) the rates of metabolism and growth of aquatic
organism
ii) rate of plant photosynthesis
iii) solubility of O2 in water[0C, DO = 14.6 mg/l;
20C, DO = 9.1 mg/l]
iv) organisms sensitivity to disease, parasites and
toxic materials

Cool water tastes better

Temperature affects rate of chemical and
microbiological reactions
The most suitable drinking waters are consistently
cool and do not have temperature fluctuations
of more than a few degrees
Groundwater and surface water from mountain
area generally meet these criteria

Total Solids (TS)

TSS (Total Suspended Solids)
Dissolved solids
Volatile Solids
Volatile Dissolved Solids
Unit: mg/l

Solids
Important water quality parameters
Total, size and type of solids are sample
dependent

Total solids, TS
suspended solids, SS
total dissolved solid, TDS = TS-TSS

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Suspended (> 1mm)

Solids

colloids (1mm 0.01mm)

Dissolved (<0.01mm)

Organic

Solids
Inorganic
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Boleh turas,
Filterable

Solids
Tidak boleh turas,
Non-filterable
Boleh mendak,
Settleable

Solids
Tidak boleh mendak,
Non-settleable

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Meruap (Volatile)

Solids
Tidak meruap (Non-volatile)

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Suspended solids
Can be found in water in the following forms:
terampai (suspended)

terlarut (dissolved)
Suspended soilds comprise of:
Zarah organik (organic),

Bukan organik (inorganic) atau

Larutan tak bercampur (immiscible liquids).
Zarah inorganik:

tanah liat (clay),

Lumpur (silt) dan partikel tanah yang lain.
Zarah organik:
fiber tumbuhan (plant fiber),
pepejal biologi (biological materials such as alga,
bacteria etc).

Total solid determined

Suspended solid,
Dissolve organic
inorganic.

Sample is heated, dried, weighed

Quantity of solid based on dry solid dry-mass-ofsolid basis)(mg/L).

Temp 103-105C

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To remove suspended solid in water

Filter paper after filtration process is dried at 104C

The organic content in total solid and suspended

solid is determined through combustion where
sample is heat at 500C for 1 hr

Organic will turn to gas phase

Residue left after combustion is called fixed solids

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Suspended solid

Filter paper (0.45m)

dissolved solid

Apparatus set up for the determination of TSS by using filter

flasks (funnel+flasks) and vacuum pump.

It is due to the presence of dissolved and

suspended matter (metallic ions, chemical
pollutants, plankton and plant pigments from
humus and peat.

Dissolved organic material from humic

substances generally lend a brown or tea color
to water
Dissolved organic material from vegetation and
certain inorganic matter may cause color in
water

Taste problems relating to water could be

indicators of changes in water sources or
treatment process
Inorganic compound such as magnesium,
calcium, sodium, copper, iron and zinc are
generally detected by taste of water.

Caused by foreign matters such as organics

compounds, inorganic salts, bacteria, algae and
dissolved gases
Measurement: Threshold Odor Number (TON)
Examples:
i) addition of ammonia to form monochloramine
in the pipes
ii) excessive manganese & iron present in the
finished water.

Chemical quality refers to general water

characteristics and dissolved mineral levels in the
water
Due to certain industries and agricultural
practices or from natural resources.

It is an important indicators of water quality;

humans, plants and animals
Chemical attributes of water can affect aesthetic
qualities such as how water looks, smells and
tastes.
Assessment of water quality by its chemistry
includes measures of many elements and
molecules dissolved or suspended in the water

Chemical measures can be directly detect

pollutants such as lead and mercury
Also used to detect imbalances within the
ecosystem. Such imbalance may indicate the
presence of certain pollutant.
pH, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates, nitrites, and
ammonia, phosphates, dissolved O2 and
biochemical O2 demand are commonly
measured chemical parameters

pH
alkalinity
Nitrites and nitrates

hardness
Dissolved oxygen
(DO)

Biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD)

Chemical oxygen
demand (COD)

Early version of Periodic Table:

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table

Molecular Formula:

An expression which states the number and type of atoms

present in a molecule of a substance.
Ex:
2H+ + O2- H2O

Fe3+ + Cl-

1)
-

pH
It is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen
ions
The term pH was derived from the manner in
which the hydrogen ion concentration is
calculated
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is
considered to be neutral.
Substances with pH of less than 7 are acidic;
substances with pH greater than 7 are basic

affects chemical and biological reactions

Low pH is corrosive
High pH cause deposits

pH = -log [H3O+]

pH = -log [H+]

pH = log [1/[H+]]
[H+] = antilog(-pH)
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 10-14 M2
pH + pOH = 14

Exercise 1
determine hydrogen ion concentration [H+] of a water
sample with pH 10.
pH = -log [H+]
10 = -log [H+]
therefore,
[H+]= antilog -10
= 10-10 mol/liter
Exercise 2
determine pH of water sample which contain 1 x 10-6.4
mol/liter of hydrogen ion.
pH = -log [H+]
= -log (1 x 10-6.4)
= -[log 1 + log 10-6.4]
= -[0 + (-6.4)log 10]
= 6.4

Find the Hydrogen ion concentration and the

hydroxide ion concentration in tomato juice
having a pH of 4.1.

Concentration unit mol/L then mg/L

Mol/L to mg/L
H+ == atomic weight = 1 g/mol
OH- == atomic weight = 17 g/mol

Mol/L (conc. ) x g/mol (atomic wt) x 1000mg/1g =

mg/L