ELECTROLYSIS

Section B
1. Diagram shows the apparatus set-up for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution
using carbon electrodes.
a) Based on Diagram, state the factors that determine the products formed at electrode
P and electrode Q. [2m]
Concentration of the ions. The position of the ions in the electrochemical series.
b) Explain the reactions at electrode, P and Q. Include the following in your
explanation: list of ions attracted to each of electrodes, P and Q, names of the ions
selectively discharged at each electrode. The reason why the ions are selectively
discharged, half equation for each reaction. [10m]
Ions present in the solution: Na+, Cl-, H+, OH Ions attracted to electrode P: Na+, H+
Ions attracted to electrode Q: Cl -, OH Ion discharged at electrode P: H+
Ion discharged at electrode Q: Cl At electrode P, H+ is discharged because it is placed lower than Na + in the electrochemical
series.
At electrode Q, Cl - is discharged because its concentration is higher than OH P: 2H+ + 2e- H2
Q: 2Cl- Cl2 + 2ec) An experiment is carried out to determine the relative position of three metals, silver,
L and M, in the electrochemical series. Diagram shows the results of the experiment.
i. Based on the results, arrange the three metals in order of increasing electropositivity.
Explain your answer. [6m]
Ag, M, L. L and M can displace Ag + from silver nitrate solution. Hence, both L and M are place
higher than Ag in the electrochemical series. M cannot displace L from L nitrate solution.
Therefore, M is placed lower than L in the electrochemical series.
ii. If M is copper, name the product form in experiment II. [2m]
Silver and copper(II) nitrate solution.
2. a) Table shows the results of a series of experiments carried out the construct the
electrochemical series. The positive terminal and value for the potential difference for
the pair of metals X and copper, Cu are not give. W, X and Y are not the actual symbols
of the metals.
i. Based on the values of the potential differences, arrange the metals in descending
order in the electrochemical series. [1m]
W, X, Y, Cu
ii. Predict the value of the positive terminal and the potential difference of the pair of
metals X and Cu. Explain your answer. [3m]
Positive terminal: Cu
Potential difference: 1.3v
The potential difference for W/Cu pair is 3.1 V. The potential difference for W/X pair is 1.8V.
Hence, the potential difference for X/Cu pair is 1.3V.
b) Diagram shows a voltaic cell. Metal Q is situated below copper in the
electrochemical series. State the positive terminal and the negative terminal of this
cell. Suggest a metal that is suitable as metal Q and a solution that is suitable as
solution R. [4m]
Positive terminal: Q
Negative terminal: Cu
Metal Q: Silver, Ag
Solution R: Silver nitrate
c) Experiment I and experiment II are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the
discharge of ions at the electrodes. Table shows the apparatus set-up and the
observations for experiment I and experiment II.
i. Name the products formed at the anodes and the cathodes in experiment I and
experiment II. Explain your answer using half equations. [10m]
Experiment I
Anode: Oxygen
Cathode: Hydrogen
Explanation: Potassium iodide solution consists of K +, H+, I- and OH- ions.
At the anode, OH- ion is selectively discharged because the concentration of I - ion is low.

2 H 2 O+O2+ 4 e
4 OH

At the cathode, H + ion is selectively discharged because it is placed lower than K + in the
electrochemical series.

H 2
++2 e
2 H

Experiment II
Anode: Iodine
Cathode: Hydrogen
Explanation: Concentrated potassium iodide solution is used in this experiment.
At the anode, I- is selectively discharge because the concentration of I -is higher than OH-

I 2 +2 e
2I

At the cathode, H + ion is selectively discharged because it is placed lower than K + in the
electrochemical series.

H 2
++2 e
2 H

ii. A solution of common salt, sodium chloride, is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
Write a half equation for the reaction at the cathode. [2m]

++2 e H 2
2 H

Section C
1. Diagram shows the apparatus set up for the electrolysis of 1.0mol dm -3 aqueous
solution of compound XY2.
a) Suggest one possible of cation for X 2+ ion. Using your knowledge of factors affecting
the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes,
i. write the half equation for the reaction at the cathode, [3m]
Cu2+
Cu2+ 2e- Cu
ii. state the type of reaction at the cathode. [1m]
Reduction
b) Suggest one possible anion for Y - ion. Name the product at the anode and explain
the formation of the product. Describe one chemical test for the product. [6m]
Chloride ion, ClCl- and OH - are attracted to the anode. Cl - is selectively discharged because its concentration
is higher.
2Cl- - 2e- Cl2
Chemical test: Put a moist blue litmus paper into the gas. It turns red and then bleaches.
c) A student intends to electroplate an iron spoon with silver to make it more attractive.
Plan one laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron spoon. Your answer should
include the following: a list of material and apparatus, procedure of the experiment, a
labelled diagram showing the apparatus set up, the half equation for the reaction at the
anode and the cathode.
Material and apparatus: Silver plate, iron spoon, sandpaper, silber nitrate solution, beaker,
connecting wires, ammeter, dry cells, switch.
Procedure:
1. The iron spoon is cleaned using the sandpaper.
2. Silver nitrate solution is poured into a beaker.
3. The silver plate is made the anode while the iron spoon is made the cathode.
4. The electrodes are connected as shown in the diagram.

i. identify substances J, V, W, X, Y and Z. [6m]

J is ammonia solution. V is carbon dioxide. W is copper (II) carbonate. X is a hydrochloric
acid. Y is a copper(II) chloride. Z is a copper(II) oxide.
ii. solid W reacts with acid X to produce solution J, gas V and water. Write the chemical
equation for the reaction and describe a chemical test for gas V. [4m]
CuCO3 + 2HCl CuCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Anode: Ag Ag+ + eCathode: Ag+ + e- Ag

ACID AND BASES
1. a) Tables shows the pH values for solution of acid A and acid B which have the same
concentration. By using one named example for each acid, explain why the pH values
of the acids are different. [6m]
Acid A is a strong acid. Example is hydrochloric acid.
Acid B is a weak acid. Example is ethanoic acid.
Hydro chloric acid dissociates completely isn water to produce a high concentration of H +
ions. The higher the concentration of H + ions, the lower the pH value. Thus, hydrochloric acid
has a low pH value.
Ethanoic acid dissociates partially in water to produce a low concentration of H + ions. So, it
has a higher pH value compared to hydrochloric acid.
b) Lead (II) sulphate is insoluble in water. Describe the preparation of lead(II) sulphate
in the laboratory. In your description, include the chemical equation involve. [10m]
Lead(II) sulphate solution can be prepared through double decomposition reaction. 25 cm 3 of
1 mol dm3 lead (II) nitrate solution is poured into a beaker. 25 cm 3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium
sulphate solution is added into the beaker. The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. A white
precipitate
is
formed.

Section C
1. a) A farmer discovers that his vegetables are not growing well due to sol problems.
By using your chemistry knowledge, state two possible causes and ways to overcome
the problems by naming the chemical used. [4m]
Soil too acidic. Add powdered lime or limestones to neutralise acidity in soil.
Soil too alkaline. Add a composit of rotting vegetables or leaves to treat basic soil.
b) Table shows the information on action of heat for two lead salts, P and Q. Based on
Table, identify residue Rm gas A, gas B and gas C. [6m]
R is lead (II) oxide. Gas A is carbon dioxide. Gas B is nitogen dioxide. Gas C is oxygen. The
chemical formula for P is PbCO 3. The chemical formula for Q is Pb(NO3)2.
c) Table shows three substances used to prepare magnesium sulphate. [ H 2SO4,
Mg(NO3)2, Carbonate salt] By using the substances, describe how to prepare
magnesium sulphate salt in the laboratory. Include the chemical equations involved in
your description. [10m]
1. Choose a suitable carbonate salt such as potassium carbonate, K 2CO3.
2. Measure 50 cm3 of potassium carbonate and magnesium nitrate solution.
3. Pour both the solution into a conical flask. Shake the flask well.
4. Double decomposition reaction occurs. Magnesium carbonate and potassium nitrate are
produced.

a) i. Referring to experiments I, II, and III, state: The meaning of rate of reaction, Two
factors that affect the rate of reaction. [3m]
Rate of reaction is the volume of gas released per unit time.
Concentration of hydrogen ions and temperature of the reaction.
ii. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I. [2m]

2 HCl+ Zn ZnCl2 + H 2

b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I. [3m[

Number of moles of HCL=

K 2 C O3+ Mg ( N O3 ) 2 MgC O3 +2 KN O3
0
Number of moles yof H 2=
Pb ( N O3 )2 + K 2 S O 4 PbS O4 +2 KN O3
MgC O3 +H 2 S O 4+ C O2+ H 2 O
MgCO3 is an insoluble salt and KNO 3 is a soluble salt.
5. Filter the products. The residue is magnesium carbonate.
6. Put the magnesium carbonate in a test tube. Pour the sulphuric acid into the test tube.
7.
Reaction
occurs.

. The mixture is filtered and the precipitate is washed with distilled water. The precipitate is
dried between filter paper.
c) The sting of a jelly-fish is alkaline and causes pain. Suggest one substance that can
be applied to the skin to relieve the pain without causing further injury. Give three
reasons for your suggestion. [4m]
Substance: Vinegar
Vinegar is acidic thus can neutralise the alkaline sting. Vinegar is a weak acid that will not
burn the skin. Vinegar is also easily available.

SALTS
Section B
1. Diagram shows the reaction scheme of lead(II) carbonate.
a) Lead (II) carbonate reacts with nitric acid to produce salt X, as Y and water. Gas Y
turns lime water chalky.
i. Based on diagram, identify salt X and gas Y. Describe briefly chemical tests to verify
the cation and anion in X solution. [7m]
Salt X: Lead (II) nitrate
Gas Y: Carbon dioxide
Chemical test for cation in solution X: About 2 cm 3 of solution X is mixed with potassium
iodide solution in a test tube. A yellow precipitate is formed to confirm the presence of lead(II)
ion.
Chemical test for anion in solution X: About 2 cm 3 of solution x is mixed with dilute sulphuric
acid and iron(II) sulphate solution in a test tube. A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
are added slowly and carefully down the side of the test tube. A brown ring is observed
confirming the presence of nitrate ion.
ii. In an experiment, excess lead (II) carbonate is added to 100 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of
nitric acid. Write the chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the volume of gas
Y produced at room condition. [6m]

8. Magnesium sulphate salt is obtained. A pure sample of magnesium sulphate salt can be
obtained by recrystallization.
2. a) In an experiment, 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH reacts
completely with x g of sodium hydroxide, NAOH, and is dissolved in 100 cm 3 of
solution. Calculate the value of x. [4m]

c) Diagram shows the results of experiments I, II, and III. Based on the graph,
i. Compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II. [5m]
Rate of reaction is higher in experiment II. Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid whereas
hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid. Thus, the concentration of hydrogen ion in experiment
II is higher than that in experiment I. The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume is higher in
experiment II. As a result, the frequency of collision increases, leading to a higher frequency
of effective collisions.
ii. suggest one way to obtain curve III without changing the zinc, acid or temperature in
experiment II. Explain your answer using the Collision Theory. [5m]
Use a suitable catalyst. Catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway which requires a
lower activation energy. Therefore, the number of collision that are able to overcome the lower
activation energy will increase. As a result, the frequency of effective collisions increase.
iii. explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II is doubled
that of experiment I. [2m]
The acid used in experiment II is a diprotic acid while the acid used in experiment I is a
monoprotic acid. The number of moles of hydrogen ions in experiment II is twice the number
of moles of hydrogen ions in experiment I.

C h3 COOH + NaOH C H 3 COONa + H 2 O

Section C
1, A student carried out three sets of experiment to investigate the factors that affect
the rate of reaction. The time taken to collect 40 cm3 of hydrogen gas is recorded in
Table 10
a) Zinc, Zn reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCL to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl 2 and
hydrogen gas. H2. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the
maximum volume of hydrogen gas produce in set I. [4m]

( 0.1 50 )
Number of mole of C H 3 COOH
= HCl ZnCl2 + H 2
Zn+2
1000
PbC O3+2 HN O 3 Pb ( N O 3 )2+ C O 2+ H 2 O
Number of mole of NaOH needed=0.005
mol of HCl= 0
Number of moles
1.0 100
Number of mole of HN O3=
x
1000
=0.005
0.0
23+ 16+1
Number of moles of H 2=
0.1
Number of mole of CO2 produced=
2
Maximum volume of H 2=0.
Zn+2 HCl ZnCl2 + H 2
Volume of CO2 produced=0.05 24
40
r . o .r for set I =
90
2 PbC O3
40
r . o .r for set II=
2+C O3
55
PB
b) Table shows the results when zinc reacts with hydrogen chloride in solvent L and
solvent M. Based on Table, suggest the name of solvent L and solvent M. Explain the
observations. Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in solvent L. [6m]
Solvent L is water. Solvent M is methylbenzene. Hydrogen chloride can only show its acidic
characteristics in the presence in water. In water, hydrogen chloride ionises to produce H +
ions. Zinc reacts with hydrogen chloride in water to release hydrogen gas.

b) Based on Table, compare the rates of reaction: [ By referring to collision theory,

explain your answer ]

iii. x can be converted back to lead (II) carbonate through reaction W. Suggest a
suitable chemical substance that can be used to convert X to lead (II) carbonate. Sate
the name of reaction W. State the observation and include an ionic equation in your
answer. [4m]
Chemical substance: sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3
Reaction W: Double decomposition
Observation: A white precipitate is formed
Ionic
equation:

b) Based on Diagram, compare and contrast the observations for lead (II) carbonate
and solid X when both compounds are heated separately. [3m]
Heating of lead(II) carbonate produces a tallow solid and releases a gas that turns limewater
milky. Heating of solid X produces the same yellow solid but releases a colourless gas that
relights a glowing splinter and also a brown gas with pungent smell.
2.Table shows the information about solution P and solution Q with the same
concentration but different pH value.
a) i. Based on Table, state the names of solution P and solution Q. Which solution
shows a lower pH value and explain your answer. [5m]
P is a hydrochloric acid. Q is ethanoic acid. P has a lower pH value. P is a strong acid. P
ionises completely in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions. Hence, its pH
value is low. Q ionises partially in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
Hence, pH value of Q is higher than that of P.
ii. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of solution P reacts with excess copper (II) oxide to produce
copper (II) chloride. Write the chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the
mass of copper (II) chloride formed. [5m]
2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O

i. between set I and set II [3m]

. In methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride cannot ionise and exists in the form of molecules.
Hence it does not react with zinc.
c) You are given a solution that contains a mixture of iron(III) nitrate and iron (III)
chloride. Describe the confirmatory tests to determine the presence of cation and
anion in the solution. You description must include all the materials used, observations
and conclusion. [10m]
Ion Materials used
Procedure
Fe3+ Potassium thiocyanate, dropper, test tube
1. 2cm3 of the mixture is poured into a test tube.
2. A few drops of potassium thiocyanate is added into the test tube.
NO3- Dilute
sulphuric
acid,
iron(II)
sulphate, 1. Add dilute sulphuric acid and iron(II) sulphate to 2 cm
concentrated sulphuric acid, dropper, test tube
2. A few drops of concentrate sulphuric acid are added slowly and carefully down the side of the tilted test tube.
ClDilute nitric acid, silver nitrate solution, test tube, 1. 2 cm3 of the mixture is poured into a test tube.
dropper
2. Dilute nitric acid is added into the mixture followed by silver nitrate solution.

RATE OF REACTION
Section B
1. a) Diagram 7 shows the energy profile diagram for the reaction between zinc and
hydrochloric acid. Copper (II) sulphate solution is added to the reactants mixture to
increase the rate of reaction.
i. Which of the values r or s represent the activation energy for the reaction after
adding copper (II) sulphate solution? [1m]
S
ii. By using collision theory, explain how copper (II) sulphate solution increase the rate
of reaction. [4m]
The copper (II) sulphate solution acts as positive catalyst. The copper (II) sulphate solution
enables the reaction to occur through an alternative path with lower activation energy. More
colliding particles are able to overcome this lower activation energy. Frequency of effective
collision increases. This results in a higher rate of reaction.
iii. 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 hydrochloric acid and excess zinc are used in the reaction.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the volume of hydrogen gas
released at room conditions. [5m]

Zn+2 HCl ZnC l 2+H 2

The rate of reaction for set II is higher than that is set I. The concentration of HCl is higher in
set II. It means that the number of hydrogen ions per unit volume is higher in set II. As a
result, the frequency of collisions increases, causing a higher frequency of effective
collusions. Thus, the rate of reaction is higher in set II.
ii. between set II and set III [3m]

r . o .r for set III=

1 1.0 100
Number of moles of H 2 released=
2
1000
1.0 50
Number of moles of P=
1000
3
Volume of H 2 released=0.05 x 24 d m
1
Number of moles of CuCl2 produced= 0.05
2
b) Table shows the information for three sets of experiment to investigate factors
affecting the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Based
on the information in Table, compare the rate of reaction between: [ By using the
collision theory, explain your answers ] [10m]
i. Set I and Set II
The rate of reaction of Set I is higher than that of Set II. In Set I, calcium carbonate powder is
used. The surface are of calcium carbonate powder is larger than the surface area of calcium
carbonate chips. The frequency of collisions among the reacting particles at the reactant
surface increases. The frequency of effective collision increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
increases.
ii. Set II and Set III
The rate of reaction of Set III is higher than that of Set I. In Set III, the concentration of
hydrochloric acid is higher than the concentration of hydrochloric acid in Set I. When the
concentration of hydrochloric acid increases, the number of particles per unit volume also
increases. The particles are closer and the frequency of collision among the reacting particles
increases. The frequency of effective collision increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
increases.
2. Three experiments, I, II and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the
rate of reaction. Table shows the reactants and the condition of reaction involved.

Mass of copper ( II ) chloride formed=0.025 135 g

b) Diagram shows the conversion of solid W to solution Y and solid Z. Analysis on
solution Y is done to identify its cation and anion. Based in Diagram:

40
30

The rate of reaction of set III is higher than that in set I. The reacting temperature is higher in
set III. The kinetic energy of particles increases with an increases in temperature. This means
the number of particles that can achieve the activation energy also increases. So the
frequency of collisions between the particles is higher, causing higher frequency of effective
collision.
c) Catalyst and size of reactant can also affect the rate of reaction between acid and
zinc. Choose one of these two factor and describe an experiment to show how this
factor affects the rate of reaction. [10m]
Catalyst
1. 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution is added to 50 cm 3 of water in a conical flask.
2. The conical flask is stoppered with a rubber stopper that is connected to a delivery tube
which directs the gas produced to a burette that is filled with water in a water trough.
3. The time taken to collect 50 cm 3 of gas is recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated by adding 1.0g of manganese(IV) oxide into the conical flask
containing the hydrogen peroxide solution.
5. The time taken to collect 50 cm 3 of gas is lesser when manganese(IV) oxide is used as the
catalyst.
7. In the presence of the catalyst, an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy is
created.
8. Thus, the frequency of collisions which are able to overcome the lower activation energy
increases.
9. This will increase the frequency of effective collisions.
10. As a result, the rate of reaction increases.
Size of reactants
1. 5.0g of zinc granules are placed into a conical flask.
2. 50cm3 of 0.1 mol dm -3 of hydrochloric acid is poured into the conical flask.
3. The stopper with delivery tube is immediately connected to collect the gas released.
4. The time taken to collect 50 cm 3 of gas is recorded.
5. The experiment is repeated using 5.0g zinc powder.
6. The time taken to collect 50 cm 3 of gas is lesser when zinc powder is used.
7. Zinc powder has a greater surface area that is exposed to the hydrochloric acid.
8. The frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and zinc atoms increases, causing a
higher frequency of effective collision.
9. As a result, the rate of reaction increases.