Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
Preface
The SPE Board in June 1982 endorsed revisions to SPE
Tentative
Metric
Standard
(Dec.
1977 JPT. Pages
1575
with
it for
Members
of
the
implementation
as this
Metrication
Subcommittee
included
John M. Campbell,
chairman.
John M. Campbell
&
Co.: Robert A. Campbell.
Magnum
Engineenng
Inc.;
Robert E. Carlile.
Texas Tech U.; J. Donald Clark,
petroleum
consultant;
Hank
Groeneveld,
Mobil
Oil
Canada:
Terry
Pollard.
Howard
B.
consultant.
With
very
retired.
Bradley.
et--c@io
member:
professional/technical
few exceptions.
and
training
Part 1: SI-The
are those
mercial
still to be decided,
and internationally)
standards.
are summarized
in the introduction
to
Additions
will
continue
The subcommittee
a basis for metric
acceptable.
scientific,
groups
(nationally
metric
Introduction
Worldwide
the responsibility
for establishing
engineering,
are converting
industrial.
to SI metric
and cotnunits.
Many
The short-form
kg for
designations
kilograms,
m for
mol
for moles,
etc.)
societies.
equations.
and agencies
are involved
in this process.
in-
cluding.
but not limited
to. the American
Sot. for
Testing and Materials
(ASTM)?
American
Petroleum
Inst. (API)..
American
Nat]. Standards Inst. (ANof Mechanical
Engineers
SI), .
American
Sot.
and
(ASME).
American
Natl.
Metric
Council
practice
bols;
However,
is to call
international
these unit
and national
designations
be followed
standard
unit
sym-
in this report.
SI Units
SI
is based
on seven
well-defined
base
units
that
(ANMC).X
The Canadian Petroleutn
Assn. (CPA) and
other Canadian groups have been especially
active in
conversion
work. SPE intends to hccp its worldwide
quantify
seven hn.sc~ ymntitic~
that hi c,orz~wztiorz are
regarded as dimensionally
independent.
It is a matter ot
choice how many and which quantities
arc considered
memberahlp
base quantities.
SI has chosen the seven babe quantities
and base units listed in Table I. I * as the basis of the lntcrnational
System.
In addition,
there arc two sup-
metric
informed
on the conversion
to and use of SI
unit,.
The term SI
ternational
is an abbreviation
dUnit&
Units.
SI is not identical
or
The
for Le Systgme
International
In-
System
of
Tables
with any of the former
cgs, mks, or
symbols
are identical
in all languages.
rules of spelling,
punctuation,
and pronunciation
are essential
to avoid
errors
in
numerical work and to make the system easier to use and
understand on a worldwide
basis. These rules, together
with decimal usage, units coherence,
and a series of
standard
prefixes
for multiples
and submultiples
of most
plcmentary
A provides
definitions
in
used.
Prepared by T A Pollard for the subcommittee
Based on paper SPE 6212
presented by T A Pollard at Ihe ,976 SPE Annual Techn~ca, Conference and
EXhlb, ho. New Orleans. act 3-6
quantities
1. I
and
(Table
1.2
designating
the dimensions
physical
quantities,
plus
mathematical
SI &rived
I .2).
show
current
practices
equations.
units
formed
by con-
supplementary
units. and
to fhe algebraic relations
linking
the corresponding
derived
rad.\-).
Table
cluding
for
(e.g..
SI velocity.
SI anoular
e
I.3 contains
velocity.
quantities.
symbols
for
sytn-
the mathematical
signs for
together
with appropriate
meter per second.
radian per second.
a number
The
of SI derived
m/s or
radis or
unit>.
in-
and individual
unit hymbolh.
Appendix
B provides a more dctallcd cxplanatmn
their
dctinitions.
the
S!
system
of
unils.
oi
Xld
ahhr-aviations.
Table and flgure numbers of Ihe or,glnal SPE publ,cat,on
chapter
,h,s
58-3
SI Unit Prefixes*
The Sl unit prefixes.
multiplication
symbols
in Table
are shown
factors,
and SI prefix
and national
properly:
standards
the agreements
provide
uniform
rules (summarized
in Appendix
C). It is essential that
these rules be followed closely to provide maximum ease
personnel
of communication
and to avoid costly errors.
of unit names varies somewhat among different
milli,
and
scientists.
One particular
are
known
warning
to
most
is required
engineers
and
communication.
while the customary M and MM prefixes were not. Examples: km means cubic kilometers,
not thousands of
cubic meters; cm* means square centimeters,
nor one-
nebtlton is
(kg. m)/s,
hundredth
of a square meter.
The designation
for 1000
cubic meters is
10 m--not
km3 and Mm,
respectively.
Appendix
C gives examples of the vital importance of
following
the precise use of upper-case and lower-case
letters for prefixes
Application
SI is the form
distinct
is restricted
engineering
units
of mass.
The
quantity
to mean either force or mass. In science and
technology,
the term weight ofa body usually means the
if applied
to the body,
would
give
it an ac-
system preferred
version be
and properly
applied.
Appendix
material,
This secprovides
of the metric
It is important
thoroughly
understood
tion,
together
with
In SI. kilogram
system of metric
General
plications.
force that,
carefully.
however,
that there is no parallelism because
SI prefixes are raised to the power of the unit employed,
Handling
countries
guidance
and recommendations
concerning
usage of the SI form of the metric system.
style
length
mass
time
electric current* *
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
In commercial
the term weight
TABLE 1.1 -
Base Quantity or
Dimension
and
SI BASE WANTiTlES
SI Unit
always
ac-
for
when
AND UNITS
SI Unit Symbol
(Abbreviation),
Use Roman
- (Upright) Type
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
mole +
candela
The seven base unrls. two supplementary units and other terms are
SPE heretofore has arbrlrar~ly used charge q. the product of sfectrlc
tWh%nthe moleis used.the eler~ntaryentitw
rWSt be Spenhed;they
the terms kilogram m&.pound
mole. etc., often are shortened
and everyday
nearly
k
i
K
mol
cd
SPE
Letter Symbol
for Mathematical
Equations,
Use Italic
(Sloping) Type
L
m
t
r
n
TABLE 1.2 -
SI SUPPLEMENTARY
UNITS
Supplementary Quantity or
Dimension
SI Unit
SI Unit Symbol
(Abbreviation),
Use Roman
(Upright) Type
plane angle
solid angle
radian
steradran
rad
sr
The seven base umts, two supplementary units. and other terms are defmed I Appendaxes A and 8. Part 1
IS0 speafn?s these two angles as dlmensnnless wth respect to the seven base quanhties
SPE
Letter Symbol
for Mathematical
Eauations.
Use Italic
(Sloping) Type
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-4
TABLE 1.3 -
Unit
Quantity
gray
meter per second squared
becquerel
radian per second squared
radian per second
square meter
degree Celsius
kilogram per cubic meter
sieverl
farad
coulomb
siemens
volt per meter
henry
volt
ohm
volt
joule
joule per kelvin
newton
hertz
Iux
candela per square meter
lumen
ampere per meter
weber
tesla
volt
watt
Pascal
coulomb
joule
watt
watt per steradian
joule per kilogram kelvin
Pascal
watt per meter kelvin
meter per second
Pascal second
square meter per second
volt
cubic meter
1 per meter
joule
absorbed dose
acceleration
activity (of radionuclides)
angular acceleration
angular velocity
area
Celsius temperature
density
dose equivalent
electric capacitance
electric charge
electrical conductance
electric field strength
electric inductance
electric potential
electric resistance
electromotive force
energy
entropy
force
frequency
illuminance
luminance
luminous flux
magnetic field strength
magnetic flux
magnetic flux density
potential difference
power
pressure
quantity of electricity
quantity of heat
radiant flux
radiant intensity
specific heat
stress
thermal conductivity
velocity
viscosity, dynamic
viscosity, kinematic
voltage
volume*
wave number
work
HANDBOOK
GY
Bq
C
..,
sv
E
S
Ii
V
n
V
J
N
HZ
lx
Im
Wb
T
V
W
Pa
C
J
W
.
Formula,
Use Roman Type
J/kg
ml.9
1Is
rad/s2
rad/s
m2
K
kg/m3
J/kg
A.sN ( = GN)
As
AN
V/m
V&A ( = Wb/A)
W/A
VIA
W/A
N.m
J/K
kgm/$
l/s
lm/m2
cd/m2
cdsr
A/m
vs
Wb/m2
W/A
J/s
N/m2
As
N*m
J/s
Wlsr
J(kgW
Pa
.
,..
V
..
.
J
Nlm2
W/(m.K)
m/s
Pas
ml/s
WIA
m3
l/m
N.m
In 1964, the General Conference on Welghls and Measures adopted liter as a special name for the cubic decimeter but discouraged the
use of later for volume measurement 01 extreme precision (see Appendix 8).
TABLE 1.4 -
SI
Prefix
Multiplication Factor
1 000 OOLl000 000 000 000 =
1 ooo 000 000 000 000 =
1 000 000 000 000 =
1 000 000 000 =
1000000 =
lOOO=
100 =
10 =
0.1 =
0.01 =
0.001 =
0.000001 =
0.000 000 001 =
0.000 000 000 001 =
0.000 000 000 000 001 =
108
105
102
1OQ
106
103
102
10
10-l
10m2
10m3
1Om6
10eg
lo-l2
lo-l5
exa**
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hectot
deka$
deci$
centi*
milli
micro
nano
pica
femto
SI UNIT PREFIXES
SI Prefix
Symbol,
Use Roman
TypeE
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
Pronunciation (U.S.)
ex a (a as in a bout)
as in p eta1
as in terra ce
jig a (a as in a bout)
as in mega phone
as in kilo watt
heck toe
deck a (a as in a bout)
as in deci mal
as in senri ment
as in mili tary
as in micro phone
nan oh (an as in an t)
peek oh
fern toe (tern as in
fern inine)
as in anafo my
Meaning (U.S.)
Meaning
In Other
Countries
milliardth
billionth
thousand billionth
trillionth
trillion
thousand billion
billion
milliard
The l~rsl syllable of every prehx IS accented lo assure that the prellx will retain Its Ideniiiy Therefore. the prelerred pronunxlion
of kllomeler places the accent on the first syllable, not the
second.
Approved by the 15th General Conlerencs of WaghIs and Measures (CGPM). May-June ,975.
tThese terms should be avoided in technaal wrong because the denomlnatnns above 1 millon are dlflerent in most other countries. as lndlcated I the last column.
tWhtle hecto, deka.dect, and cents are St prehxes. their use generally should be avolded except for the SI UN mult~pleslorarea. volume, moment, and nontechmcal use of centmwer, as
for body and clothing measremet.
weight,
the quantity
referred
to
58-5
the joule,
together
with
its multiples,
kilowatt-hour
energy,
megajoule.
newtons
for force.
Gravity
is involved
or scale.
When
in determining
a standard
the
new
areas;
force
(N
is preferred
for all applications.
The
is used widely
as a measure of electric
should
eventually
and moment
it
not be introduced
should
be
arm is expressed
m) by SPE as a convention
into any
replaced
when
by
the
in newton
meters
expressing
torque
energies.
buoyancy.
indirect-
in their use.
etc.-is
to be discontinued.
Use
of
the
bar
is
The use of the same name for units of force and mass
causes confusion.
When non-9
units are being con-
discouraged
gravimetnc
whether
the pressure is absolute
(above zero) or
gauge
(above atmospheric
pressure). If the context
is meant, the word
leaves any doubt as to which
engineering
units,
mnne
(1.0 Mg),
is
by the standards
pressure
Linear Dimensions.
Ref.
3 provides
discussions
of
and tolerances
of interest to
must
pressure
be qualified
of
appropriately:
13 kPa,
pressure of 13 kPa,
or
. . .at
...at
an
absolute
etc.
in that field.
modynamic
gauge
organizations.
temperature.
Degrees
Celsius
(C)
is an SI
Tables
1.1 through
formal
names,
their
individual
unit symbols.
by
Vir-
and temperature
There
called centigrade)
esu,
1.3 include
with
is a long
(e.g.,
dyne.
stokes.
is related directly
to the kelvin
scale as follows:
the
temperature
interval
1 C= 1 K,
exactly.
Celsius
temperature
(Tot)
is related
to thermodynamic
gauss, gilbert,
abampere,
statvolt,
angstrom.
fermi, micron,
mho, candle, calorie, atmosphere,
mm
Hg, and metric horsepower).
The reasons for abandoning the non-9 units are discussed in Appendix
B. Two of
temperature
(Tx)
where To =273.1.5
coherence
intervals.
symbol
The Celsius
scale (formerly
as follows:
Tot =TK --To exactly,
K by definition.
Note that the SI unit
whereas
the
older
degrees
Fahrenheit,
is K without
temperature
degrees
marks
the degree
units
are
Rankine,
shown
on the unit
simplicity
as
degrees
symbol
and Rounding3
Conversion
Table 1.7, Appendix
D, contains
general conversion
hour,
Angles. The SI unit for plane angle is the radian. The use
of the arc degree and its decimal submultiples
is permissible when the radian is not a convenient unit. Use of
the minute and second is discouraged
cartography.
steradians.
Solid
angles
should
except possibly
be
expressed
for
in
plementing
dimension
ferred
The
special
name liter
has
(see Appendix
B),
to the measurement
of liq-
for im-
the nature
of the
all conversions,
the number of significant
should be such that accuracy is neither
digits
retained
sacrificed nor
exaggerated.
Proper
specified
given
fac-
accuracy
The conversion
of quantities should be handled with
careful regard to the implied correspondence
between the
accuracy of the data and the given number of digits. In
11.4
conversion
procedure
is
quantity
by the conversion
in Table
number
been approved
and the
of the SI units.
mark,
known
and
the principal
of significant
ft
to
meters:
rounds to 3.47
digits.
round
to multiply
the
factor exactly as
to the appropriate
For example,
11.4x0.3048=3.474
to convert
72,
which
m.
performing
the multiplication;
reduces
ac-
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
56-6
commensurate
with
includes rounding
number of signifi-
its intended
precision.
or maximum,
HANDBOOK
is not violated.
wide
a width
requires
is obviously
equivalents
suitable
for measuring
in SI units,
and the
the specific
For example,
have
to drjne
is said to he significant.
vulue or quantity
a distance
been recorded
as 157 m; this
number
has three
1 mm. Similarly,
a gauge or caliper graduated in divisions of 0.02 mm is comparable to one graduated in divi-
significant
digits. If the measurement had been made to
the nearest 0.1 m, the distance may have been 157.4
sions of 0.001
m-four
in. Analogous
situations
exist
for mass,
significant
digits.
General Conversion.
establishing
quantity
as a necessary
retain.
The
precision
should
decimalization
relate
to the
ed
It is theretbre
to
of
dicate a specific
I xh that
precision
cstitnale
of
before
precisiorl
should
fhur7
one-tend7
the precision
Digits)
smaller
should
of significant
be
digits
converting.
he
771;s
dicate the
population
a number.
rounded
to
The
or to in-
1970
U.S.
thousands
was
203 185 000. The six left-hand digits of this number are
significant;
each measures a value. The three right-hand
digits are zeros that merely indicate the magnitude of the
number
rounded
to the nearest
further,
each
of
measurements
is of
specified
stnullet
value,
magnitude
figure
thousand.
To illustrate
the
following
estimates
and
different
magnitude,
but each is
to have only
one significant
digit:
tcrlrrtrt7c~e
of the dimension
dimension
number
the
the intend-
.~/7011/rl twlw
flrcut-flc~\ c~ftr7f~L4.slr~emrft
.vt~ul/cr
verted
a quantity
of ititertdnl
thctt1 l/l?
necessary to determine
may have
to 157.4.
number
rounded
of digits
of a noncritical
been 157.36,
~fotw exists.
is estimated.
rounded
to
(see section
After
1 000
100
the con-
a minimum
10
on Significant
0.01
0.001
0.000
It
is also
important
1.
to note
that,
for
the
first
three
/z in.
1. A stirring
estimated
to be about
Converted.
is
I .4
is
MPa) based on an
accuracy of _+0.25% for the tension tester and other factors. Therefore,
the converted
dimension,
344.7379
MPa. should be rounded to the nearest whole unit, 345
MPa.
3. Test pressure 2OOk 15 psi: Since one-tenth of the
tolerance is + 1.5 psi (10.34 kPa). the converted dimenhion should
be rounded
1378.9514-t
103.421
to the nearest
35 kPa becomes
10 kPa.
138Oi
Thus.
100 kPa.
which
must
be drawn
the minimum
tain
from
values
should
number of significant
the required
this practice
may be feasible.
must be used
be rounded
to
accuracy.
In certain cases, deviation
to use convenient
or whole numbers
of three numbers
drawn
rounded
subtracted,
stated as a limit,
such as not
multiplied,
Consider
three sources,
the addition
the first of
to whole
number.
A quantity
from
48 mm (approximate)
of
in. =47.625
mm exact, 47.6 mm normal rounding, 47.5
mm (approximate)
rounded to preferred or convenient
half-millimeter.
a variety
data required
from
more than
a precision
The
digit
farther
to be
added had been 217 985 000, the rounding before addition would have produced 218 000 000, in which case
the zero following
218 would have been a significant
digit.
The rule for multiplication
and division
is that the
product
or quotient
shall contain no more significant
digits
in the number
with
the fewest
should
be noted;
requires
for addition
rounding
and sub-
digits
to the
58-7
Examples:
4.463 25 if rounded
be 4.463.
8.376
52 if rounded
be 8.377.
4.365
00 if rounded
to
4.355
00 if rounded
discussions
of
this
subject
are provided
ASTM,
API,
and ASME
publications
recommended
to the interested reader.
Other Units
Temperature.
tolerances
Celsius
General
guidance
is given
in Table
for
by
arc
converting
to kelvins
1.5. Normally,
and
or degrees
temperatures
expressed
in a whole number of degrees Fahrenheit
should be converted to the nearest 0.5 K (or 0.5C).
As
with other quantities,
the number of significant
digits to
retain will depend on implied accuracy of the original
dimension:
e.g.,*
difference.
100*5F
Multiplication:
113.2~1.43=161.876
Division:
113.2+1.43=79.16
Addition:
to 79.2
113.2+1.43=114.63
rounded
Subtraction:
to 114.6
113.2-1.43=111.77
rounded
to 162.
1.000~50F
estimated
rounded
above
product
and
quotient
are limited
to three
digits
because
1.43 contains
only
three
digits. In contrast. the rounded answers in the
examples
contain
four
signifi-
or
measurements.
Numben
that ure cxwt counts (and conthat arc exuct) at-c treated as though thq
aversion ,firctors
cmsist ofotlinjrzitr rumher oj.sip$cant
digit.,. Stated
more simply.
when a
with a
measurement.
the number of significant
digits in the
answer is the same as the number of significant
digit?, in
rhe measurement.
If a count of 40 is multiplied
by a
measurement of 10.2. the product is 408. However,
if 40
wcrc an estimate accurate only to the nearest IO and,
hence. contained
be 300.
one significant
digit.
the product
would
Rounding Values lo
estimated
(tolerance):
implied accuracy.
total 20F (nearest 10C)
rounds
bc
Values
to 54Ok3OC.
with
converted
an uncertainty
without
rounding
by
factors
see Table
I .7.
the
approximate
1 psi=7
kPa.
For conversion
conversion
ofconverting
factors
and explanatory
notes on
to mctcrs.
on General
the lntl.
the Intl.
Conversion.
is
unchanged
increased by 1
unchanged
increased
if even,
by I if odd
Unless a number of rounded values are lo appear I a gfven problem, mosl roundlngs
conform lo the ,,is, two procedures - 1.e rounding upward when the llrst dlgll dw
carded IS 5 or hlger
quan-
factor:
See Appendlx
accuracy.
The
implied
I C) 37.7778&2.7778C
537.7778k27.7778C
to 111.8.
significant
significant
(tolerance);
total 2F (nearest
rounds to 38+3C.
rounded
Tolerance
(K or C)
X0.5
*I
+3
+ 5.5
-8.5
k-11
t 14
PETROLEUM
58-8
Organization
for
Standardization
provide
clarifying
Symbols
10.
Standards.
usages.
1.9. Appendix
F, is offered
as a memory
jog-
ballpark
ger or guide to help locate the metric
relative to customary units. Table 1.9 is not a conversion
table. For accurate conversions,
refer to Table 1.7, or to
Tables
2.2
and 2.3
for
petroleum-industry
values
units,
to practical
II.
12.
and
precision
as
13.
References*
14.
I. The lntematmnal System of Units (Sl). NBS Special Publication 330. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Natl. Bureau of Standards,
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washmgton.
D.C.
(1981).
(Order by SD Catalog
No.
c13.10:330/3.)
7. S1 Units and Recommendations for the Use of Thctr Multtplca
and of Certain Other Units, wcond edition, 1981.02-15. Intl.
Standard IS0
1000. lntl. Oganlzation
for Standardlzatton.
American Natl. Standards Inst. (ANSI). New York (1981).
3 Standard for Metrtc Practtce, E 380-82. Amencan Sot. ftir
Testing and Materials. Philadelphia. (Slmdar matcrlal published
in 1EEE Std. 268-1982.)
4
IS.
16.
APPENDIX
Terminology
A3
To ensure consistently
reliable
practices,
understanding
clear
Accuracy
Metric
to some
standard
recognized
at SPE
A characteristic
atomic weight
(SPE Symbols Standard)
atomic weight
(elsewhere)
equivalent
mass of molecule
molar
molar@
molecular weight
(SPE Symbols Standard)
molecular weight
(elsewhere)
normal - obsolete
mDimensonless
precision).
or calculated
error
in Appendix
M
M
l
cor-
Term
mass of atom
relative atomic mass
mole
molecular mass
molar (means, divided by
amount of substance)
concentration
molar mass
relative molecular mass
system
of
Standardized Usage
Dimensions
(IS0 Symbols,
See Table 1 .l)
This
value.
The
value
of an operation,
of a coherent
Old Usage
Term
certain
units, as described
or quotient
TABLE 1.6 -
related
as follows.
or specified
the systematic
negligible.
the
rect or accurate.
Coherence.
For information
headquarters
from
of a measured
Approximate.
Natl.
are defined
(as distinguished
and rounding
of
Accordingly,
degree of conformity
concept involves
which is seldom
.&w~c Edirorid
G&P.
thlrd edition. American
Councd (ANMC). Washington. D.C. (July 1981).
conversion
terms is prerequisite.
HANDBOOK
nontechnical
ENGINEERING
SI Unit
Symbol
kg
.
mol
kg
l/m01
mo1/m3
kg/mol
l
resulting
quantity.
units, and derived
Deviation.
design
limits
Variation
from
supplementary
set.
a specified
requirement,
usually
(see also Tolerance).
dimension
defining
upper
numerals
(0 to 9).
58-9
and lower
of SI is
that there is one, and only one, unit for each physical
quantity-the
meter for length (L), kilogram (instead of
gram) for mass (m). second for time (r). etc. From these
Two
meanings:
(1)
group
of
fun-
equations
in
or
(velocity),
damental
(physical)
quantities,
arbitrarily
selected,
terms of which all other quantities can be measured
identified. 9 Dimensions
or the basic components
tool of dimensional
analysis.
The dimensions
quantities
considered
dimension-
(2) A geometric
ment in a design,
such as length
magnitude of such a quantity.
and angle.
Figure (numerical).
value
An arithmetic
expressed
by
Precision
(as distinguished
degree
of
mutual
measurements
Quantity.
titative
a value
from
agreement
(repeatability
A concept
descriptions
existing
used
quantities,
such
(acceleration),
as
F=ma
tB=dLldt
(force),
nuclear.
A force of 1 N applied
set of symbols.
Such symbols
current
eliminate
practices
the con-
in different
disciplines,
such as the use of b for both the hur (a
unit of pressure) and barn (a unit of area).
in name only.
accuracy).
The
individual
between
advantage
between
multiples
relation
of SI is its retenmultiples
and sub-
quantity.
and reproducibility).
Prefixes
for
of a physical
or
fusion
the
u=dv/dt
ele-
or the
or a fraction.
convenient
among
quantities
by simple
qualitative
and
phenomenon.
quan-
are established
for designating
multiple
and sub-
Coherence.
Another
major
advantage
of SI is its
This system of units has been chosen in such
coherence.
value or quantity
a way that the equations between numerical values, including the numerical factors, have the same form as the
corresponding
equations
between the quantities:
this
Tolerance.
bilateral)
quantity;
dimension
The
total
range
of
variation
(usually
constitutes
a coherent
units of a coherent
tors only the number
or quotient
or U.K.
units)
equal to
them.
APPENDIX
SI Units
Equations
1. In a coherent
system,
between
as numerical
fac-
the product
resulting quantity.
For example, in any coherent system,
unit area results when unit length is multiplied
by unit
length (1 m x 1 m= 1 m*), unit force when unit mass* is
multiplied
by unit acceleration
(1 kgx 1 m/s* = 1 N),
unit work when unit force is multiplied
by unit length (1
N x 1 m= 1 J), and unit power when unit work is divided
by unit time (I J+ 1 second= 1 W). Thus, in a coherent
system in which the meter is the unit of length, the
B3
Advantages of SI Units
SI is a rationalized
selection of units from the metric
system that individually
are not new. They include a unit
of force (the newton), which was introduced in place of
the kilogram-force
to indicate by its name that it is a unit
of force and not of mass. SI is a coherent system with
seven base units for which
system.
names, symbols,
definitions
have been established.
Many
arc defined in terms of the base units,
and precise
derived units
with symbols
not
coherent.
Much
worse
disparities
and hectare
occur
in
systems of customary
units (both nonmetric and older
metric) that require many numerical adjustment
factors
in equations.
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-10
physical
quantities
as units of
those quantities.
The remaining units are defined by appropriate cxperimcnts
related to the theoretical intcrrclations of all the quantities.
units pertaining
tior7 rc~~crrrld
For convenience
to c~r-fuin hrrsc>ylrrrfztitics
us
of analysis.
(Table
unirs
tl7c.w
ur7it.s
algebraically
is defined
as
(Adopted
by Ninth
CGPM
lY48.)
~Irf by (~~171*0-
dir77~~r7siot7all~~ ir7tlqxwder7t;
HANDBOOK
Kchi77
temperature.
modynamic
(K)-The
kelvin.
unit of thermodynamic
is the fraction
11273. IS of the thertemperature
of the triple point of water.
of substance of
other
(Adopted
base units
are defined
phenomena-e.g.,
specified
the wave
atomic
in terms
lengths
of reproducible
and frequencies
of
transitions.
ions, electrons.
other
such particles.
Metric Units
Non-S1
of
by 14th CGPM
branches
of
1971.)
Note-When
the mole is used. the elementary
entities must be specified and may be atoms. molecules.
in
particles.
or specified
Crrn&/u
(cd)-The
candela
a given
direction
of
monochromatic
radiation
intensity
ing
both
thcsc
units
and
SI units
cannot
be written
decimeter.
The Third
and Measures
(CGPM)
General
ly
pressure.
established
Careful
the
liter
determinations
so defined
which.
having
its vertex
the
subsequent-
as equivalent
to
Physical
Quantity
Absorbed
dose
Activity
follow
(parenthetical
temperature
French definitions
units
Dose equivalent
of infinite
length.
circular
cross-section.
to
matter
by
is I J/kg.
transition
per second,
temperature
(symbol
by Tot =T,
-To,
factors Q (quality
factor) and N
(product of any other multiplying factors)
stipulated
by the
of 9 192 63 I
to the transi-
1967.)
radiation
defined
multiplied
imparted
equivalent
dose
of
of the
Sc~nrzci (s)-The
second is the duration
770 periods of the radiation corresponding
to that of a
to the radius
Celsius
of SI
items added).
Mrfer
cm)-The
meter is the length equal to I 650
763.73
wavelengths
in vacuum of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p I~) and
angle
nuclear
supplementary
solid
The hrcyuerrl
(Bq) is the activity of a radionuclide
decaying at
the rate of one spontaneous
of the original
equal
ionizing
mass
Celsius
Authorized
the
of the seven
sides of length
which
Conference
in 1901 defined
ol
l/683
of
of frequency
groups
Intl. Commission
on Radiological Protection
is I J/kg.
Electric
capacitance
The&r&
(F) is the capacitance
of a capacitor between the plates
of which there appears a difference of potential of I V when
it is charged by a quantity
electricity
equal to I C.
of
WE
SI METRIC
SYSTEM
The
Electric
conductance
Electric
Electric
Electric
siemens
conductance
inductance
potential
difference,
tromotive
OF UNITS
elecforce
resistance
of
of current
which
a current
duced
by
a conductor
of
in
1 A is pro-
an electric
Power
electromotive
represents
a rate
transfer of I J/s.
Electric
ly at a rate of 1 A/s.
The volr (V) is the difference
quantity of
electricity
electric
potential
1 V
between
is
of
two points of
when a constant
the
source
of
charge,
dif-
any
elec-
No other SI derived
names at this time.
APPENDIX
is that
force
always
capitalized.
which
phenomenon
the period
of
is 1 second.
(Im)
is the luminous
flux
The ember,
is the magnetic
a circuit
of one
turn,
produces
in it an electromotive
force of 1 V as it is
reduced to zero at a uniform rate
in I s.
Magnetic
flux
density
magnetic
induction
current
of
1 A,
names, including
The
prefixes,
are not
degree
short forms
centrigrade
for metric
is now
unit symbols. They are lower case except that the first
letter is upper case when the unit is named for a person.
to this rule in the U.S.
Examples:
an acceleration of I m/s.
The hertz (Hz) is the frequency
a periodic
special
capitalized
except at the beginning
of a sentence or in
titles.
Note
that for
degree
Celsius
the word
degree
is lower case; the modifier
Celsius
is
of
C3**
Capitals. I/nits-Unit
(An exception
liter.)
(N)
to 1
distance
nr~r~~
is equal
obsolete.
Symbols-The
The
(C),
A.s.
tromotive
force.
The joule (J) is the work done
when the point of application
of
a force of 1 N is displaced
a
of 1 m in the direction
the coulomb
two
of the force.
flux
energy
The pascul
being
Luminous
of
or stress of I Nim2.
Electric
charge is the time integral of electric current; its unit,
of
Illuminance
The
Pressure or stress
force
Frequency
and the
resistance
Force
on an element
potential
difference
of 1 V.
The hpn~l (H) is the inductance
of a closed circuit in which an
a conductor
Energy
58-l 1
STANDARD
is the symbol
Unit Name
Unit Symbol
meter**
mm
newton
Pascal
L for
Pa
served
for quantity
for length.
Prejx Symbols-All
pronunciation
symbols,
prefix
I .4. Notice
and
five are upper case and all the rest lower case.
The importance of following
the precise use of uppercase and lower-case
amples
of prefixes
ex-
and units.
ton).
Processing-Limited
Character
retain their
prescribed
Setsforms
for
a
is
recommended.
Names
of SI units
except
for lux,
The spellings metre and l~tre are preferred by IS0 but meter
ottlclal u s QcNernmenl spelhngs.
form
hertz,
their
and
PETROLEUM
58-12
Values less than one take the singular form of the unit
name; for example, 0.5 kilogram or % kilogram.
While
decimal
notation
(0.5, 0.35,
fractions
6.87) is generally
are acceptable,
preferred,
except
singular
understood.
Avoid other mixtures of words and symbols.
Examples:
Use meter per second, not m/s. Use only one
and
per
I m and 100 m.
in any combination
ond squared,
except at
current of 1.5 mA is
Examples:
found..
measured
350x
The
field
125 m.
ty;
W/m/K.
overlooked).
seven five
decimal
Example:
The oral
is written 0.75 or 0,75.
sign
expression
will
be
counting
from
the
examples
For a unit
point
decimal
marker.
A comma
should not be used between the groups of three9 ; instead, a space is left to avoid confusion, since the comma
is the IS0 standard for the decimal marker.
In a four-digit
number, the space is not required unless
the four-digit
number is in a column with numbers of
five digits or more:
For
4,720,525
write
4 720 525
For
For
For
0.52875
6,875
0.6875
write
write
write
0.528 75
6875 or 6 875
0.6875 or
0.687
for
milligram.
When a symbol
letters making
kA,
m/s*,
name
time,
not
derived
plane
not kglft3
decimal)
not
a space or a
angle,
up the symbol
to which
the number
or
units,
except
rotation-e.g.,
use
or kg/gal.
not 10 mm/m
or
or 10 m/km.
kiloampere;
a number
W/(m.K),
as a product,
and
or
mg,
orders
of
it refers, a
prefixes
magnitude,
thus
should be used to
eliminating
non-
significant
digits and leading zeros in decimal fractions
and providing
a convenient
alternative
to the powersof-10 notation preferred in computation.
For example,
12 300 m (in computations)
follows
m/s/s;
or as a percentage-e.g.,
0.01 or l%,
are
SI
Examples
whereas
calculations-e.g.,
use 6.2~5,
not 6.2.5.
Do not mix nonmetric units with metric
indicate
name.
language,
The symbol
kg/m3,
in the English
meter or newton-meter,
not newton.meter.
In the case of
the watt hour, the space may be omitted-watthour.
those
the
hyphen is recommended
but never a product
dot (a
period raised to a centered position)-e.g.,
write newton
not be
vent
a faint
only
of units-e.g.,
might
are understood
and a symbol
For a unit symbol derived as a quotient do not, for example, write k.p.h. or kph for km/h because the first two
km/h
the possibility
HANDBOOK
such as those
is 2, 3, 4, or 5.
are the same in
ENGINEERING
computation
situations);
becomes
0.0123
computations)
becomes
12.3 nA (in noncomputation
situations).
Selection-When
expressing a quantity by a numerical
mm,
value
lo6
When
N, 30 K, 20C.
a quantity
is used as an adjective,
a hyphen
should be used between the number and the symbol (except C). Examples: It is a 35-mm film; the film width is
35 mm. I bought a 6-kg turkey; the turkey weighs 6 kg.
Leave a space on each side of signs for multiplication,
division,
addition,
pound symbol.
kg/m3;
and subtraction,
Examples:
volume)-e.g..
meter
per second
volume,
place a modifier
derived
meter.
units:-e.g..
a com-
N.m.
Powers.
For unit
cubed
after
the
lowed
except within
4 cm x 3 m (not 4 cm X 3 m);
by the power
squared.
For area or
cubic
write
meter
and watt
the symbol
superscript-e.g.,
per square
fol-
14 m and 26
and a unit,
prefixes
should
be chosen
so that the
cubic
centimeter
for
is preferable
multiple
throughout.
3. For certain quantities in particular applications,
one
certain multiple
is used customarily;
an example is the
millimeter
in mechanical
engineering
drawings,
even
when the values
mm.
Powers
of Units-An
exponent
attached
to a symbol
containing
a prefix indicates that the multiple
or submulripie of the unit (the unit with its prefix) is raised to
the power expressed by the exponent. For example,
=(10p2m)3
=(10P9s)
-1
= 10 -6,3
=109s-
1 mm*/s
=(10-m)2/s
= 10-5m2/s
Pre$xes-Double
or multiple
1 cm3
1 ns-
Double
58-13
the equations
should
be restated
using
SI unit
symbols,
or a sentence, paragraph,
or note should be
added stating the factor to be used to convert
the
prefixes
calculated
units.
result
in customary
SI
should
Pronunciation
of Metric Terms
use GW (gigawatt),
not LMW;
The
use pm (picometer),
not ppm;
use Gg (gigagram),
not Mkg;
use 13.58 m, not 13 m 580 mm.
Prefix
Mixtures-Do
not
use a mixture
candela
of prefixes
joule
Pascal
thus, megagram
per cubic
of a com-
meter (Mg/m3),
should be expressed
base
by powers
units
of
SI,
the
The preferred
pronunciation
siemens
syllable.
Pronounce
For pronunciation
of unit prefixes,
on a machine
an
However,
names of decimal
multiples
Prefises
Alone-Do
not
use
prefix
unit-e.g.,
use kilogram,
not kilo.
Calculations-Errors
in calculations
if, instead of using
derived
prefixes,
without
before
numeral,
typing
terference
the
with
using
notation-e.g.,
1 MJ=
values in
lo6 J.
in a prefix
is omitted:
meaning
letters available
megohm,
to
avoid
in-
work,
it is useful
on the typewriter.
to
If all SI
Greek lower-case
p (pronounced
mew.
not
is necessary, since this is the symbol for micro.
one millionth.
The symbol
can be approximated
symbols
care
on a conventional
machine by using a lower-case u and
adding the tail by hand (p). A third choice is to spell out
can be minimized
numerical
a con-
keyboard.
numerals
and the
superscript
position
upright
*moo)
powers-of-10
and
by attaching
1.4.
with
ordinary
have Greek
submultiples
of the unit of mass are formed
prefixes to the word gram.
see Table
Typewriting Recommendations
Superscripts. The question arises of how numerical
coherence.)
rhymes
of
is well
kilogram
is the only one whose name, for historical
reasons, contains a prefix; it is also the coherent SI unit
A and B for discussions
names
Compound
Units--It
is preferable
that prefixes not be
used in the denominators
of complex units, except for
kilogram (kg) which is a base unit. However,
there are
cases where the use of such prefixes is necessary to ob-
of the unit
are recommended:
is acceptable.
pound
of most
ing pronunciations
pronunciation
kilohm,
the Greek
be useful;
upper-case
omega
no
additional
difficulty
in
manuscript
used.
expressions,
symbols
are preferred
in com-
over words.
little
difference
the numerical
between
one
the lower-case
(1).
cl
The European
there is
(I)
and
symbol
for
Attachment.
giving
SI now recommends
Attachment
of letters to a unit symbol for
information
about the nature of the quantity is in-
If the context
supplementary
making
and Vat
is in doubt
descriptive
the meanings
for volts
clear.
phrases
be added
to
the upright
Typewriter Modification.
thllowing
symbols
superscripts
micro;
symbols
could
capital
Where
L.
frequently
be included
for degree;
derived
. for a product
as a product;
used, the
on typewriters:
Greek p for
and Greek
Q for ohm.
for
58-l 4
PETROLEUM
A special type-ball
Q, and
vailable
that contains
other characters
used
for some typewriters.
replaceable
character
FL,
in technical
reports is
Some machines
have
Where
to resemble
printing.
For example.
The symbol
are quicker
write
(not sloping
Shorthand. Stenographers
generally
more
is not warranted.
The following
HANDBOOK
is a further
example
1.7.
keys.
p. it is recommended
fewer
precision
ENGINEERING
will
to write
or italic).
To Convert
From
pound-force
per
To
Multiply
By
square foot
pound-force
per
Pa
4.788
square inch
inch
Pa
m
026 E+OI
forms
These conversions
mean that
APPENDIX D
General Conversion
I inch becomes
1.7 is intended
1. To
mcasurc
m&c
units.
the fundamental
Relationships
arc
the
result
prcssions
of
of
physical
tnultiplying
and metric
by an astcrlsk
measurements
factors
measurements
or miscellaneous
numbers
units of
coherent
Relationships
that are exact in terms of
SI unit arc followed
by an asterisk.
appmximatc.
2. To provide
2encral
given
units
either
or arc only
for converting
cx-
by
and
numbers
to corresponding
0.0254
m (exactly).
Organization
The conversion
factors generally
by units having
specific
names and compound
units
derived from these specific units. A number of units
starting with the pound
p section of the list.
Conversion
new
listed
units.
26 Pa,
becomes 6894.757 Pa or
6.894 757 kPa, and
Factors
General
Table
becomes 47.880
I Ibf/in.
be
symbol
(lb)
factors classified
in Refs.
by physical
alphabetical
examples follow.
I. Find the conversion
factor
as a number
(B/D)/psi
Convert
IO, with
(i.e..
seven or fewer
decimal
places
(E-01)
Each number
is fol-
substitute
six or fewer
total digits).
list by substitution
to (mj/d)/Pa.
m/d
arc
units. Two
for productivity
1 B/D
to
7.57 (E+03)
in&x,
I.589
873
Pa. Then.
757 (E-03)]
916 (E-OS)
(m3/d)/Pa.
For example,
2. Find the
MJim. Convert
3.386
of converted
or
3.523
quantities
The conversion
factors for other compound
units can
generated
easily
from
numbers
given
in the
Notation
than
In the
3 and 4.
Conversion
factors are presented for ready adaptation to
computer readout and electronic data transmission.
The
equal to or greater
arc located
907 (E-02)
389 (E+03)
is 3.523
is 3.386
907~
389~
IO-
I ii to 3.048*
[I.609
344 (E+03)]
3 386.389.
the conversion
m; and
is exact
(E-01)
m.
IO3
or
An asterisk
conversion
factor
for tonf.mile/ft
to
I tonf to 8.896 444 (E+03)
N: 1 mile to
shown
indicates
that
=4.697
322 (E+07)
(N.m)/m
=4.697
322 (E+Ol)
MJim.
or J/m
digits (for rounding purposes) are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in ac-
When conversion
factors for complex compound units
are being calculated
from Table I .7. numerical uncer-
cordance
tainties
with procedures
outlined
in the preceding
text.
may
significant)
Based on ASTM Pub E380-82 @?I 3), values Of COelSlO IaCtOrs tabulated
herewth are identical with those in E380-82, generally slm~far material IS found m
Ref 4 Conversion values in earlier edltlons of E 380 (for example E 380.74) are
based on Ref 15 wh,ch has available some faclors w,,h more than seven d,g,,s
already
Mechtly
\cvcn
be present
digit
in the seventh
of the answer
(or lesser
last
because of roundings
for certain
quantities.
58-15
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
abampere
abcoulomb
abfarad
abhenry
abmho
ampere (A)
coulomb (C)
farad (F)
henry (H)
siemens (S)
1.O
1.O
1.O
1.0
1.O
E+Ol
E+Ol
E+O9
E-09
E+09
abohm
abvolt
acrefoot (U.S. survey)
acre (U.S survey)
ampere hour
ohm (0)
volt (V)
meter3 (m3)
mete? (m)
coulomb (C)
1.0
1.0
1.233489
4.046 873
3.6
E-09
E-08
E+03
E + 03
E+03
are
angstrom
astronomical unit
atmosphere (standard)
atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf/cm2)
meter* (m2)
meter (m)
meter (m)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
1.O
1.O
1.495979
1.013250
9.806 650
E+02
E-10
E+ll
E+05
E + 04
bar
barn
barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal)
board foot
Pascal (Pa)
meter* (m*)
meter3 (m)
meter3 (m)
1.O
1.O
1.589873
2.359 737
E+05
E-28
E-01
E - 03
Elntish thermal
Bntish thermal
Bntish thermal
Bntish thermal
Bntish thermal
Bntlsh thermal
joule
loule
joule
joule
joule
joule
1.055 056
1.05587
1.054 350
1.05967
1.05480
1.05468
E + 03
E+03
E + 03
E+03
E+03
E+03
1.730 735
E f 00
1.729 577
E + 00
1.442 279
E ~ 01
1.441 314
E-01
5.192 204
E +02
unit
unit
unit
unit
umt
unit
(International Table)
(mean)
(thermochemical)
(39F)
(59F)
(60F)
(J)
(J)
(J)
(J)
(J)
(J)
5.188 732
E+02
watt(W)
watt (W)
watt(W)
watt (W)
2.930711
2.928 751
1.757250
1.054350
E-01
E - 01
E+Ol
E+03
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
(International Table)ift?
(thermochemlcai)ifV
(thermochemical)i(ft*-hr)
(thermochemical)i(H2-min)
(thermochemical)i(ft*-s)
1.135653
1.134893
3.152481
1.891 489
1.134893
E+04
E+04
E-00
E + 02
E+04
Btu (thermochemical)/(irxZ-s)
Btu (International Table)I(hr-V-OF)
(thermal conductance)
Btu (thermochemical)i(hr-V-OF)
(thermal conductance)
Btu (International Table)i(s-R*-F)
Btu (thermochemical)@tt*-OF)
1.634 246
E + 06
5.678 263
E + 00
5.674 466 E + 00
2.044 175 E + 04
2.042 808 E + 04
2.326
2.324 444
E+03
E + 03
4.186 8
E+03
4.184 000
E +03
Fence 1893 the U S bass 01 length measurement has been dewed IrOm metric standards In 1959 a small rellnement was made I the defimlmn of the yard to resolve
d,screpanc,es both I this country and abroad. which changed ,ts length from 3600 3937 m lo 0 9144 m exactly This resulted I the new value being shorter by two parts I a
rrvlnn At the same time it was deaded that any data r leet derived from and publIshed as a result of geodetic surveys withm the U S would wna~n with the old standard
(1 f, = ,200 3937 m) unt,l further dec,s,on Th,s loot IS named the U S suvey loot As a result, all U S land measurements I U S. cstoma~ 1,s WIIIrelate tothe meter by the
old standard All the mnvers~on factors I these tables for umts relerenced to thus loatnote are based on the U.S survey foot. ratherthaiihe
inlernatu,nal loot Con&on
Iactors for me land measure glen below may be delemned
from the loltowlng relatlonships
1 league = 3 miles (exactly)
1 rod = 16~ fl (exactly]
1 chain = 66 fl (exactly)
1 SectIon
1 sq mile
1 townsh,p = 36 sq m,les
@This value was adopted m 1956. Some of the older lnlernatlonal
Tables use Ihe value 1 055 D4 E + 03 The exact con~ers!on factor IS 1 055 055 852 62 E + 03
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-16
HANDBOOK
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS (continued)
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To
To Convert From
Multiply By
bushel
caliber
calorie
calorie
calorie
(U.S.)
(inchj
(International Table)
(mean)
(thermochemical)
mete? (ml)
meter (m)
joule (J)
joule (J)
joule (J)
3.523 907
2.54
4.1868
4.19002
4.184
E - 02
E-02
E+OO
E+OO
E+OO
calorie
calorie
calorie
calorie
calorie
(15C)
(20C)
(kilogram, International Table)
(kilogram, mean)
(kilogram, thermochemical)
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
(J)
(J)
(J)
(J)
(J)
4.185 80
4.181 90
4.186 8
4.190 02
4.184
E+OO
E+OO
E+03
E+03
E+03
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
per
per
per
per
per
4.184
4.186
4.184
4.186 8
4.184
E+04
E+03
E+03
E+03
E+03
cal
cal
cal
cal
cal
(thermochemical)/cm*
(International Table)/g
(thermochemical)ig
(International Table)/(gX)
(thermochemical)/(gX)
meter* (J/m)
kilogram (J/kg)
kilogram (J/kg)
kilogram kelvin [Jl(kgK)]
kilogram kelvin [J/(kg.K)]
cal (thermochemical)imin
cal (thermochemical)is
cal (thermochemical)/(cmz.min)
cal (thermochemical)/(cm**s)
cal (thermochemical)~(cm+C)
capture unit (cu. = 10m3cm-)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt per meter (W/m*)
watt per mete? (W/m2)
watt per meter kelvin [W/(m.K)]
per meter (m-l)
6.973 333
4.184
6.973 333
4.184
4.184
1.O
E - 02
E+OO
E + 02
E+O4
E+02
E-01
carat (metric)
centimeter of mercury (0C)
centimeter of water (4C)
centipoise
centistokes
kilogram (kg)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal second (Pas)
mete? per second (m*/s)
2.0
1.33322
9.806 38
1.O
1.O
E-04
Et03
E + 01
E-03
E-06
circular mil
cl0
cup
curie
cycle per second
mete? (m2)
kelvin mete? per watt [(Km*)/W]
meteP (m3)
becquerel (Bq)
hertz (Hz)
5.067 075
2.003 712
2.365 882
3.7
1 .O
E - 10
E-01
E - 04
Et10
E+OO
second (s)
second (s)
radian (rad)
8.640 000
8.616 409
1745329
E + 04
E+04
E-02
degree
degree
degree
degree
degree
kelvin (K)
T, = T,c + 273.15
degree Celsius
kelvin (K)
kelvin (K)
r, = (T, - 32)11.8
T, = (T, + 459.67)/1.8
Celsius
centigrade (see degree Celsius)
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Rankine
r, = J41.8
Fshr-ft2/Btu(International Table)
(thermal resistance)
F.hr-ftVBtu (thermochemical)
(thermal resistance)
denier
dyne
dynecm
dyne/cm2
electronvolt
1.762 250
1.111 111
1.O
1.O
1.O
1.602 19
E - 01
E-07
E-05
E-07
E-01
E-19
EMU
EMU
EMU
EMU
EMU
of
of
of
of
of
capacitance
current
electric potential
inductance
resistance
farad (F)
ampere (A)
volt (V)
henry U-V
ohm (0)
1.O
1.O
1.O
1.O
1.O
E+O9
E+Ol
E-08
E-09
E-09
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
of
of
of
of
of
capacitance
current
electnc potential
inductance
resistance
farad (F)
ampere (A)
volt (V)
henry 0-U
ohm (0)
1.112650
3.335 6
2.997 9
8.987554
8.987 554
E-12
E- 10
E+02
E+ll
E + 11
erg
erg/cm%
erg/s
faraday (based on carbon-l 2)
faraday (chemical)
faraday (physical)
fathom
fermi (femtometer)
fluid ounce (U.S.)
joule (J)
watt per meter* (W/m>)
watt (W)
coulomb (C)
coulomb (C)
coulomb (C)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m3)
1.o
1.O
1.O
9.648
9.649
9.652
1.828
1.o
2.957
E-07
E-03
E-07
E + 04
E + 04
E+04
E+OO
E-15
E - 05
foot
foot (U.S. survey)1
meter (m)
meter (m)
3.048
3.048 006
70
57
19
8
353
E-01
E -01
58-17
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS (continued)
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To
To Convert From
Multiply By
Pascal (Pa)
meter2 (m)
mete? per second (m*is)
meter? per second (mis)
2.988
9.290
2.580
9.290
98
304
640
304
E +03
E - 02
E - 05
E - 02
mete?
mete?
mete?
mete?
2.831
4.719
2.831
8.630
685
474
685
975
E - 02
E -04
E -02
E -03
footcandle
footlambert
8.466 667
5.080
3.048
3.048
1.076391
3.426 259
E - 05
E-03
E-01
E-01
E+Ol
E + 00
ft-lbf
ft-lbf/hr
ft-lbfimin
ft-lbf/s
ft-poundal
free fall, standard (g)
joule (J)
watf (W)
watt (wj
watt (W)
joule (J)
meter per second (m/s)
1.355818
3.766 161
2.259 697
1.355818
4.214 011
9.806 650
E+OO
E -04
E - 02
E+OO
E -02
E + 00
cm/s?
qallon (Canadian liquid)
gallon (U.K. liquid)
gallon (U.S. dry)
gallon (US liquid)
gal (U.S. liquid)iday
gal (US. liquid)/min
gal (U.S. liquid)/hphr
(SFC, specific fuel consumption)
1.O
4.546 090
4.546 092
4.404 884
3.785412
4.381 264
6.309 020
E-02
E - 03
E - 03
E - 03
E-03
E - 08
E - 05
1.410089
E-09
7.957 747
1.O
1.o
7.957 747
1.420 654
1.182941
E - 04
E-09
E-04
E - 01
E - 04
E-04
grad
grad
grain (117000 Ibm avoirdupois)
grain (Ibm avoirdupoisi7000)lgaI
(U.S. liquid)
degree (angular)
radian (rad)
kilogram (kg)
9.0
1.570796
6.479 891
E-01
E-02
E - 05
1.711 806
gram
glcm3
gram-force/cm2
hectare
horsepower (550 ft-lbfis)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram per mete? (kg/m3)
Pascal (Pa)
meter* (m2)
watt (W)
1.O
E-03
1.O
Et03
9.806 650 E + 01
1.O
E+04
7.456 999 E + 02
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
9.809 50
7.460
7.354 99
7.460 43
7.457 0
ff (moment of section)@)
fUhr
ft/min
ftk
ft/SZ
(boiler)
(electric)
(metric)
(water)
(U.K.)
(m3)
per second (m1.s)
per second (mVs)
(ml)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
E-02
E + 03
E+02
E+02
E + 02
E+O2
second (s)
second (s)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
3.600
3.590
5.080
4.535
000 E + 03
170 E + 03
235 E + 01
924 E + 01
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch
meter (m)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
2.54
3.386
3.376
2.490
2.488
38
85
82
4
E-02
E + 03
E + 03
E + 02
E+02
sq in.
cu in. (volume; section modulus)i41
in.3/min
in4 (moment of section)13
meter*
meteP
mete?
meteP
6.451
1.638
2.731
4.162
6
706
177
314
E-04
E ~ 05
E-07
E-07
in/s
in .I$
kayser
kelvin
of
of
of
of
mercury (32F)
mercury (60F)
water (39.2F)
water (60F)
(m*)
(m)
per second (m%)
(ma)
I31Thus sometimes IS tailed the rrwment of merha of a plane sechon about a spafled
14The exact c~nwrslon factor IS 1.636 706 4E-05
~XIS
2.54
E-02
2.54
E-02
1.O
E+02
T., = T, - 273.15
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-18
HANDBOOK
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS (continued)
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To
To Convert From
Multiply By
joule (J)
joule (J)
joule (J)
watt (W)
watt (W)
4.186 8
4.190 02
4.184
6.973 333
4.184
kilogram-force (kgf)
kgf.m
kgfs*im (mass)
kgf/cm2
kgf/m*
kgf/mm?
newton (N)
newton meter (N.m)
kilogram (kg)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
9.806
9.806
9.806
9.806
9.806
9.806
km/h
kilopond
kilowatthour (kW-hr)
kip (1000 Ibf)
kip/in.* (ksi)
knot (international)
2.777 778 E - 01
9.806 65 E + 00
3.6
E+06
4.448 222 E + 03
6.894 757 E + 06
5.144444
E-01
lambert
lambert
langley
league
light year
IiteV
1in
E+04
3.183099
E+03
4.184
E+04
(see Footnote 1)
9.46055
E+15
1.0
E-03
maxwell
mho
microinch
microsecond/foot (@ft)
micron
mil
weber (Wb)
siemens (S)
meter (m)
microsecond/meter (&m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
1.o
1.o
2.54
3.280 840
1.O
2.54
E-08
E+OO
E-08
E + 00
E-06
E-05
mile
mile
mile
mile
mile
mile
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
1.609 344
1.609 3
1.609 347
1.852
1.853 184
1.852
E + 03
E+03
E + 03
E+03
E+03
E+03
E + 06
E + 06
E-01
E + 00
E +Ol
E+03
kilocalorie
kilocalorie
kilocalorie
kilocalorie
kilocalorie
(International Table)
(mean)
(thermochemical)
(thermochemical)imin
(thermochemical)/s
(international)
(statute)
(U.S. survey))
(international nautical)
(U.K. nautical)
(U.S. nautical)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
E+03
E+03
E+03
E + 01
E+03
65 E + 00
65 E + 00
65 E + 00
65 E + 04
65 E + 00
65 E + 06
sq mile (international)
sq mile (U.S. survey)
mileihr (international)
mileihr (international)
mileimin (international)
mile/s (international)
mete? (m2)
mete? (m2)
meter per second (m/s)
kilometer per hour (kmih)
meter per second (m/s)
meter per second (m/s)
2.589
2.589
4.470
1.609
2.682
1.609
millibar
millimeter of mercury (0C)
minute (angle)
minute (mean solar)
mcnute (sidereal)
month (mean calendar)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal (Pa)
radian (rad)
second (s)
second (s)
second (s)
1.O
1.33322
2.908 882
6.0
5.983617
2.628 000
E+02
E+02
E - 04
E+Ol
E+Ol
E + 06
oersted
ohm centimeter
ohm circular-mil per ft
7.957 747
1.O
E + 01
E-02
1.662 426
E ~ 03
ounce (avoirdupois)
ounce {troy or apothecary)
ounce (U.K. fluid)
ounce (U.S. fluidj
ounce-force
ozf.in.
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
meter3 (m)
mete? (m3)
newton (N)
newton meter (N.m)
2.834 952
3.110348
2.841 307
2.957 353
2.780 139
7.061 552
E ~ G2
E-02
E-05
E - 05
E-01
E - 03
kilogram per
kilogram per
kilogram per
kilogram per
kilogram per
meter (m)
mete? (m3)
6.236 021
7.489 152
1.729994
3.051 517
3.390 575
3.085 678
8.809 768
E + 00
E+OO
E+03
E-01
E - 02
E + 16
E ~ 03
pennyweight
perm (C)@)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram per Pascal second meter*
[kg!(Pas.m2)]
meterj (kg/m>)
metep (kgimJ)
meterj (kg/mJ)
meter2 (kg/m2)
meter (kg/m)
%, 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name liter as a special name for the c,,blc decr,,eter
slightly (prewous value, 1 WO 028 dm3 and m expression of preclslon volume measurement this lact must be kept I mind
t61Not the sameas resewmr
per,
988
998
4
344
24
344
E-11
58-19
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS (continued)
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
Multiply By
To Convert From
perm (23C)16
perm.in. (OC)c71
perm.in. (23C)
5.74525
E-11
1.45322
E-12
1.459 29
E- 12
phol
oica (orinters)
pint (U.S. dryj
oint (U.S. liauid)
point (printers)
poise (absolute viscosity)
1.O
4.217518
5.506 105
4.731 765
3.514 598
1.o
E+04
E-03
E-04
E - 04
E - 04
E-01
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
4.535 924
3.732417
4.214 011
2.926 397
E - 01
E-01
E-02
E - 04
Ibmift-hr
lbmift -s
IbmW
Ibm/ft3
Ibm/gal (U.K. liquid)
lbmigal (U.S. liquid)
4.133 789
1.488 164
4.882 428
1.601 846
9.977 633
1.198264
E -04
E+OO
E + 00
E +Ol
E + 01
E+02
lbmihr
Ibm/(hp hr)
(SFC, specific fuel consumption)
Ibmlin.3
lbmimin
lbmis
Ibm/yd3
1.259979
E-04
krlogram
krlogram
ktlogram
kilogram
kilogram
1.689
2.767
7.559
4.535
5.932
E - 07
E + 04
E - 03
E - 01
E - 01
poundal
poundalift
poundal-s/R2
newton (N)
Pascal (Pa)
Pascal second (Pas)
1.382 550 E - 01
1.488 164 E+OO
1.488 164 E+OO
pound-force (lbf)91
IbfWO
Ibf-ft:in.J
lbf-in.l
Ibf-rn.:ln.l
Ibf-sift
lbfift
IbfW
Ibfiin.
Ibf/itxz (psi)
lbfllbm (thrust/weight [mass] ratio)
newton (N)
newton meter (N.m)
newton meter per meter [(N-m)/m)]
newton meter (N.m)
newton meter per meter [(N-m)/mj
Pascal second (Pas)
newton per meter (N/m)
Pascal (Pa)
newton per meter (N/m)
Pascal (Pa)
newton per kilogram (N/kg)
4.448 222
1.355818
5.337 866
1.129848
4.448 222
4.788 026
1.459 390
4.788 026
1.751 268
6.894 757
9.806 650
mete? (m3)
meter3 (m3)
gray (GY)
1 per Pascal second [ 1/(Pas)]
meter (m)
coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)
second (angle)
second (sidereal)
section
shake
radian (rad)
second (s)
meter2 (m*)
second (s)
slug
slug/(ft-s)
slug/fV
kilogram (kg)
Pascal second (Pas)
kilogram per metel3 (kg/m3)
1.459 390
4.788 026
5.153 788
E t 01
E t 01
E+02
statampere
statcoulomb
statfarad
stathenry
statmho
ampere (A)
coulomb (C)
farad (F)
henry (H)
sremens (S)
3.335 640
3.335 640
1.112650
8.987 554
1.112650
E 110
E - 10
E-12
E + 11
E-12
statohm
statvolt
stere
ohm (It)
volt (V)
mete? (m)
8.987 554
2.997 925
1.O
Et 11
E + 02
E+OO
Moment
(kg)
(kg)
meter (kg-m)
mete? (kg-m*)
per
per
per
per
per
Joule (kg/J)
mete? (kg/ma)
second (kg/s)
second (kg/s)
meter] (kgim3)
659
990
873
924
764
E + 00
E+OO
E +Ot
E-01
E t 00
E + 01
E t 01
E + 01
Et 02
E + 03
E t 00
58-20
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF UNITS (continued)
(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
stilb
stokes (kinematic viscosity)
1.O
1.O
E+04
E-04
tablespoon
teaspoon
tex
therm
metef (m3)
mete? (m3)
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
joule (J)
1.470 676
4.928 922
1.O
1.055 056
E - 05
E - 06
E-06
E + 08
ton (assay)
ton (tong, 2,240 Ibm)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
joule (J)
watt (W)
metep (m3)
2.916 667
1.016047
1.o
4.184
3.516 800
2.831 685
E-02
E+03
E+03
E+09
E +03
E + 00
kllogram (kg)
kilogram per mete? (kg/m3)
kilogram per second (kg/s)
newton (N)
kilogram (kg)
9.071 847
1.328 939
2.519958
8.896 444
1.O
E + 02
E + 03
E-01
E + 03
E+03
Pascal (Pa)
mete? (mz)
weber (Wb)
joule (J)
joule (J)
watt per meter? (W/m)
watt per meter2 (W/m2)
1.33322
E+02
(see Footnote 1)
1.256 637 E - 67
3.60
E+03
1.O
E+OO
1.O
Et04
1.550003
E+03
yard
yd2
Yd3
ydJ/min
meter (m)
mete? (m2)
mete? (m3)
mete? per second (m%)
9.144
8.361 274
7.645 549
1.274 258
E-01
E - 01
E - 01
E - 02
year (calendar)
year (sidereal)
year (tropical)
second (s)
second (s)
second (s)
3.153600
3.155 815
3.155693
Et07
Ei07
E+07
ton
ton
ton
ton
(metric)
(nuclear equivalent of TNT)
(refrigeration)
(register)
value
APPENDIX E
TABLE 1.8 -
Location
Argentina, Paraguay
Cadiz, Chile, Peru
California,
except San Francisco
San Francisco
Central America
Colombia
Honduras
Mexico
Portugal, Brazil
Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, Philippine Islands
Texas
Jan. 26, 1801, to Jan. 27, 1838
Jan. 27, 1838 to June 17, 1919, for
surveys of state land made for Land Office
Jan. 27, 1838 lo June 17, 1919, on private surveys
(unless changed to 33-113 in. by custom arising
to dignity of law and overcoming former law)
June 17, 1919, to present
Value of
Vara in Inches
Conversion Factor,
Varas to Meters
Source
34.12
33.37
8.666
8.476
E-01
E-01
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
33.3720
33.0
33.87
31.5
33.0
43.0
33.38
8.478 49
8.38
8.603
8.00
8.38
8.380
1.09
8.479
E-01
E-01
E-01
E-01
E-01
E-01
Et00
E-01
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
Refs. 16 and 17
Ref. 16
Ref. 17
32.8748
8.350 20
E-01
Ref. 16
33-113
8.466 667
E-01
Ref. 16
32.8748
33-113
8.350 20
8.466 667
E-01
E-01
Ref. 16
Ref. 16
*It IS evident from Ref 16 that accurate defined lengths 01 the vala varied slgnlflcantly, according to hlslotlcal date and localay used
Coers~~s. the user should check Closely lnlo Lhe dale and localIon of the wrveys mvolved, with due regard lo what local ,x,cl,ce
and place
This value quoted horn Websters New lnternakmal D~chona~
58-21
TABLE l.Q-MEMORY
JOGGER-METRIC
UNITS
0.16
1000
1 2300
2.3
4
1
1
1
0.5
1
-i
30
0.3
0.03
0.06
0.1
{
foot-pound-force
foot-pound-force per minute
foot-pound-force per second
horsepower
horsepower, boiler
inch
kilowatthour
mile
ounce (avoirdupois)
ounce (fluid)
pound-force
pound-force per square inch (pressure, psi)
pound-mass
pound-mass per cubic foot
section
ton, long (2240 pounds-mass)
ton, metric (tonne)
ton, short
Exactaqulvalents
0.4
g
1.4
0.02
1.4
750
10
2.5
3.6
1.6
28
30
4.5
7
0.5
16
260
2.6
2.6
1000
1000
900
square meters
hectare
cubic meter
joules
joules per kilogram
kilojoules per kilogram
joules
millipascal-second
square millimeter per second
square micrometer
kelvin
millinewton per meter
centimeters
meter
cubic meter
cubic meter per kilogram
square meter
~i%%&n$%cond
joules
watt
watts
watts (% kilowatt)
kilowatts
centimeters
megajoules
kilometers
grams
cubic centimeters
newtons
kilopascals
kilogram
kilograms per cubic meter
hectares
million square meters
square kilometers
kilograms
kilograms
kilograms
APPENDIX F
by John M Campbell
commonly to achieve convenient unit size. Any approved prefix may be used in combination with an approved SI unit without violation of these standards except where otherwise noted.
Other Allowable. A small, selected list of non-3
that are approved temporuril~~ for the convenience
English-metric transition. Use of the allowable
may be discouraged but is not prohibited. Any
tional. non-9 unit not shown is prohibited under
standards.
units
of the
units
tradithese
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-22
HANDBOOK
(a). Note that (a) is used as the abbreviation for year (annum) instead of (yr). The use of the minute as a &me unit
is discouraged because of abbreviation
problems. It
should be used only when another time unit is absolutciy
inappropriate.
Date and Time Designation
The Subcommittee proposes to recommend a standard
date and time designation to the American Nat]. Standards Inst., as shown below. This form already has been
introduced in Canada.
76
year
10
month
03
16
24
hour
minute
day
(76-IO-03-16:24: 14)
I4
second
Time
Area
The hectare (ha) is allowable but its use should be confined to large areas that describe the area1 extent of a por-
H
h
Hz
ha
J
K
kg
kn
L
Im
IX
min
N
naut. mile
R
Pa
rad
S
s
sr
T
v
W
Wb
Quantitv
Name
ampere
annum (year)
becquerel
bar
coulomb
candela
degree Celsius
degree
day
farad
gray
gram
henry
hour
hertz
hectare
joule
kelvin
kilogram
knot
liter
lumen
Iux
meter
minute
minute
newton
U.S. nautical mile
ohm
Pascal
radian
siemens
second
second
steradian
tesla
tonne
volt
watt
weber
electric current
time
activity (of radionuclides)
pressure
quantity of electricity
luminous intensity
temperature
plane angle
time
electric capacitance
absorbed dose
mass
inductance
time
frequency
area
work, energy
temperature
mass
velocity
volume
luminous flux
illuminance
length
time
plane angle
force
length
electric resistance
pressure
plane angle
electrical conductance
time
plane angle
solid angle
magnetic flux density
mass
electric potential
power
magnetic flux
= lo5 Pa
= 24 hours
= 10~3 kg
= 3.6 x 10s
= lo4 m2
58-23
In the U.S., the -er ending for meter and liter is official. The official symbol for the liter is L. In other
countries the symbol may be written as Y and spelled
out with the -re ending (metre, litre). Since SPE is international. it is expected that members will use local
conventions.
Notice that API barrel or simply barrel disappears as an allowable volume term.
BASE UNITS
MASS
HEAT
CONOUCTINCE
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
INDUCTANCE
SUPPLEMENTARY
OENSITV
UNITS
LUMINOUS
SOLID
FLUX
lLLUMlNANCE
ANGLE
SOLID
BROKEN
Fig. Xl-Graphic
LINES
INDICATE
LINES.
MULTIPLICATION.
OIVISION
FLOW
RATE
PETROLEUM
58-24
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
Force
Any force term will use the newton (N). Derived units
involving force also require the newton. The expression
of force using a mass term (like the kilogram) is absolutely forbidden under these standards.
Mass
Permeability
Standard Temperature
Some reference temperature is necessary to show certain
properties of materials, such as density. volume. viscosity. and energy level. Historically, the petroleum industry
almost universally has used 60F [15.56C] as this
reference temperature, and metric systems have used
OC, 2OC, and 25C most commonly, depending on
the data and the area of specialty.
API has opted for 15C because it is close to 60F.
ASME has used 20C in some of its metric guides. The
bulk of continental European data used for gas and oil
correlations is at OC, although 15C is used sometimes.
The SPE Subcommittee feels that the choice between
0C and 15C is arbitrary. Tentatively, a standard of
15C has been adopted simply to conform to API standards. It may be desirable to have a flexible temperature
standard for various applications.
Standard Pressure
To date. some groups have opted for a pressure reference
of 101.325 kPa, which is the equivalent of I std atm.
The Subcommittee
considers this an unacceptable
number. Its adoption possesses some short-term convenience advantages but condemns future generations to
continual odd-number conversions to reflect the change
of pressure on properties. It also violates the powersof-10 aspect of the SI system, one of its primary
advantages.
The current SPE standard is 100 kPa and should be
used until further notice. It is our hope that reason will
prevail and others will adopt this standard.
Gauge and Absolute Pressure
There is no provision for differentiating between gauge
and absolute pressure, and actions by international
bodies prohibit showing the difference by an addendum
to the unit symbol. The Subcommittee recommends that
gauge and absolute be shown using parentheses following p:
p=643
kPa,
p(g)=543
kPa
THE SI METRIC
SYSTEM
OF UNITS
STANDARD
m3/d.
m3.
58-25
58-26
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS
Metric Unit
Customary
Unit
HANDBOOK
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
SPACE: TIME
m
Length
naut mile
km
1.852
E+00
mile
km
1.809 344*
E + 00
chain
2.011 68
E+Ol
link
2.011 68
E-01
E+OO
fathom
1.828 8
1.O
E+OO
yd
fl
9.144
E-01
cm
3.048
3.048
E-01
E+nl
cm
2.54
2.54
E+Ol
E+OO
cm
1.O
1.O
E+Ol
E+00
in.
mm
mm
cm
mm
mil
mm
1.O
E+OO
E+Ol
E+OO
pm
2.54
micron (f.~)
bm
1.O
Length/length
m/m
fUm+
m/km
1.893 939
E-01
Length/volume
m/m3
fUU.S. gal
m/m3
8.051 964
E+Ol
ftw
m/m3
1.078 391
E+Ol
ft/bbl
m/m3
1.917 134
E+OO
Length/temperature
m/K
Area
m2
km2
2.589 988
E +00
section
km2
ha
2.589 988
2.589 988
E +00
E+O2
ha
4.046 858
4.046 856
E+03
E-01
acre
m2
ha
m2
1.o
Ec04
sq yd
m2
8.361 274
E-01
sq fl
m2
cm2
9.290 304
9.290 304
E - 02
E + 02
cm2
6.451 8
6.451 6
E+O2
E+OO
cm2
1.0
1.0
Et02
Et00
sq in.
mm2
cm2
mm2
mm2
mm2
1.0
E+OO
Area/volume
m2/m3
ft?in?
m21cm3
5.699 291
E-03
Area/mass
m2/kg
cm2ig
m*/kg
mYg
1.0
1.0
E-01
E-04
Volume, capacity
m3
cubem
km
4.168 182
E+OO
acre-ft
m3
1.233 489
1.233 489
E+03
E-01
m3
m3
1.o
E+OO
cu vd
m3
7.645 549
E - 01
1.589 873
E-01
cu R
m3
dm3
2.831 685
2.831 685
E-02
E+Ol
m3
dm3
4.546 092
4.546 092
E-03
E+OO
m3
.-tm3
3.785 412
E-03
dm3
ham
U.K. gal
U.S. gal
liter
Conversion
E+OO
U.K. qt
dm3
1.136 523_
Finn
-,-I
rim3
Q
AR7 5X
_.._-__
E-01
dm3
4.731 765
E-01
F+rul
1.0
11s
nt
U.S. pt
An asterisk cdcates
37AiAl7
numbers
are zeros
1 of Table 1 7. Part 1
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
58-27
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unrt
SPACE, TIME
Volume, capacity
Volume/length
(linear displacement)
m3
m31m
Volume/mass
m3ikg
Plane angle
rad
E+Ol
U.K. fl oz
cm3
2.841 308
U.S. fl oz
cm3
2.957 353
E+Ol
cu in.
cmJ
1.638 706
E+Ol
mL
cm3
1.O
E+OO
bbliin.
m31m
6.259 342
Et00
bbl/H
m3/m
5.216 119
E-01
H3/H
m31m
9.290 304
E - 02
U.S. gal/H
m31m
dm31m
1.241 933
1.241 933
E-02
E+Oi
1.O
1.745 329
E+OO
E -. 02 121
Urn
rad
rad
min ()
rad
set ()
rad
1.O
E+OO
2.908 882
1.O
E - 04 12
E+OO
4.848 137
1.o
E - 06 2
E+OO
E+OO
Solid angle
sr
sr
sr
1.o
Time
Ma
1.o
E + 00 W
v
wk
1.0
E+OO
7.0
E+OO
1.o
E+OO
hr
h
min
1.o
6.0
E+OO
E+Ol
h
min
6.0
1.666 667
1.O
E+Ol
E-02
E+OO
min
1.o
E+OO
millimicrosecond
ns
1.0
E+OO
Mass
Mg
1,016 047
E+OO
9.071 847
E-01
U.K. ton
Mg
kg
5.080 235
E+Ol
U.S. cwt
kg
4.535 924
E+Ol
kg
ibm
kg
ka
1.o
E+OO
4.535 924
E-01
oz (troy)
3.110 348
E+Ol
oz (av)
2.834 952
E + 01
1.o
E+OO
grain
m9
6.479 891
E+Ol
m9
9
m9
9
1.o
E+OO
1.O
E+OO
Mass/length
kg/m
Masslarea
kg/m2
Mass/volume
kg/m3
Mass/mass
Wkg
mol
Amount of
substance
see Mechanics
see Mechanics
Ibm mol
kmol
4.535 924
E-01
g mol
std m3 (WC, 1 atm)
kmol
kmol
1.O
4.461 58
E-03
E - 02 II 131
kmol
4.229 32
E-
kmol
1.1953
E - 03 II 131
02 II 131
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-28
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
HANDBOOK
Metric Unit
SPE
Preferred
Customary
Unit
Other
Allowable
J/kg
Btuilbm
MJikg
kJ/kg
Jg
Cal/g
kJ/kg
Jg
caklbm
kcalig mol
J/kg
9.224 141
E+OO
kJ/kmol
4.184
c+o33
Btu/lbm mol
MJikmol
kJ/kmol
2.326
2.326
E-0313
E + OOt3
therm/U.K. gal
MJlm3
kJ/m3
2.320 80
2.320 80
6.446 660
E+04
E+07
E+OO
BtuiUS. gal
MJlm3
kJ/m3
2.787 163
2.787 163
7.742 119
E-01
E+02
E-02
Btu!U.K. gal
MJlm3
kJ/m3
2.320 8
2.320 8
6.446 660
E-01
E+02
E-02
BtuifP
MJlm3
kJ/m3
3.725 895
3.725 895
1.034 971
E-02
E+Ol
E-02
kcal/m3
MJlm3
kJ/m3
4.184
4.184
E-03
E+OO
(kW.h)/kg
Calorific value
(mole basis)
Jimol
Calorific value
(volume basis solids and liquids)
J/m3
kJ/dm3
(kW.h)/dm3
kJ/dm3
(kW,h)/m3
kJ/dm3
(kW.h)/m3
kJidm3
(kW.h)/m3
Calorific value
(volume basis gases)
Jim3
Specific entropy
J1kg.K
Specific heat
capacity
(mass basis)
J/kg.K
Molar heat
capacity
Jlmo1.K
Temperature
(absolute)
Temperature
(traditional)
Temperature
(difference)
Temperature/length
(geothermal gradient)
K/m
Length/temperature
(geothermal step)
m/K
Pressure
Pa
kJidm3
2.326
2.326
6.461 112
E-03
E+OO
E-04
4.184
E+OO
cal/mL
MJ/m3
4.184
E+OO
ft-1bfiU.S. gal
kJ/m
3.581 692
E-01
cal/mL
kJ/m3
J/dm3
4.184.
E+03
kcalim3
kJlm
J/dm3
4.184
E+OO
BtuiH3
kJ/m
Jldm3
(kW. h)/m 3
3.725 895
1.034 971
E+Oi
E-02
J/b. N
J/b. K)
J/h. W
J4g K)
J/h. K)
J/b. to
4.186 8
E+OO
4.184
E+OO
4.184
E+OO
3.6
E+03
Btu/(lbm-R)
kJi(kg.K)
cali(g-K)
kJi(kg.K)
kcal!( kg%)
kJi(kg.K)
kW-hr/(kg-C)
kJ/(kg.K)
Btu/(lbm-F)
kJ/( kg.K)
kcal/(kg-C)
kJ/( kg.K)
Btui(lbm mol-F)
cal!(g mol-C)
4.186 8
E+OO
4.184
E+OO
kJI(kmo1.K)
4.186 8
E+00r3
kJI(kmo1.K)
4.184
E - 0013
1.O
(F - 32)/l .8
F/100 ft
mWm
ft/F
m/K
5.486 4
E-01
atm (760mm Hg at 0C or
14.696 (Ibfiin.2)
MPa
kPa
bar
1.013 25
1.013 25
1,013 25
E-01
E+02
E+OO
bar
MPa
kPa
bar
1.O
1.O
1.0
E-01
E+02
E+OO
MPa
kPa
bar
9.806 65
9.806 65
9.806 65
E-02
E+Ol
E-01
519
E+OO
1.O
E+OO
5i9
E+OO
1.O
E+OO
1.822 689
E+Ol
58-29
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
Customary
Unit
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
Pa
Liquid head
Pa
kPa
3.386 38
E+OO
in. Hg (60F)
kPa
3.376 05
E+OO
kPa
2.490 82
E-01
kPa
2.408 4
E-01
mm Hg (0C) = torr
kPa
1.333 224
E-01
cm Hz0 (4C)
kPa
9.806 38
E-02
Ibf/A* (psf)
kPa
4.788 026
E - 02
v Hg (0C)
pbar
Pa
1.333 224
E-01
Pa
1.O
E-01
dyne/cm2
Pa
1.O
E-01
in. Hg (60F)
kPa
3.376 85
E+OO
kPa
2.490 82
E-01
kPa
2.488 4
E-01
mm Hg (0C) = torr
kPa
1.333 224
E-01
cm HZ0 (4C)
R
kPa
m
9.806 38
E-02
in.
mm
psi/ft
kPa!m
2.262 059
E + 01
psi/l 00 ft
kPa/m
2.262 059
E - 01 w
1.601 846
1.601 846
E+Ol
E +04
g/cm3
1.198 264
1.198264
E+02
E-01
kg/dm3
9.977 633
9.977 633
E + 01
E - 02
g/cm3
1.601 846
1.601 846
E+Ol
E-02
kgidm3
1.o*
1.o
E+03
E+OO
cm
Pressure drop/length
Pa/m
E - 03
E+OO
E - 02
MPa
kPa
bar
Vacuum, draft
6.894 757
6.894 757
6.894 757
Ibflin.2 (psi)
3.048
E-01
2.54
2.54
E+Ol
E+OO
kg/m3
IbmW
Density (liquids)
kg/m3
1bmiU.S. gal
Ibm/U.K. gal
IbmlfP
g/cm3
kg/m3
g/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
API
g/cm3
Density (solids)
kg/m3
IbmW
kg/m3
1.601 846
E+Ol
Specific volume
ma/kg
R3/lbm
(gases)
Specific volume
(liquids)
m31kg
m31g
6.242 796
6.242 796
E - 02
E - 05
m%g
fWlbm
dm3/kg
6.242 796
E + 01
U.K. galilbm
dm31kg
cmYg
1.002 242
E+Ol
cm3/g
141.5!(131.5+API)
U.S. galilbm
dm3/kg
8.345 404
E+OO
Specific volume
(mole basis)
m3/mol
Ug mol
m3/kmol
1.O
E + 003
m3ikmol
m%
E - 0213
m31kg
fWbm mol
bb1iU.S. ton
6.242 796
Specific volume
(clay yield)
1.752 535
E-01
bbl/U.K. ton
m%
Yield (shale
distillation)
m3/kg
bbliU.S. ton
dm%
ut
1.564 763
E-01
1.752 535
E+02
bb1iU.K. ton
dm%
Lit
1.564 763
E+02
dm311
ut
4.172 702
E+OO
Lit
3.725 627
E+OO
1.O
1.0
E-02
E+Ol
dm3/t
Concentration
(mass/mass)
Wb
wt %
Wkg
@kg
Concentration
(mass/volume)
kg/m3
w mm
lbmibbl
w/kg
kg/m3
g/US. gal
kg/m3
gIU.K. gal
kg/m3
gidm3
9L
1.O
E+OO
2.853 010
E+OO
2.641 720
E-01
2.199 692
E-01
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-30
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
HANDBOOK
Customary
Unit
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Gel Metric Unit
Concentration
(volume/volume)
Concentration
(mole/volume)
Concentration
(volume/mole)
kg/m3
m31mJ
mol/m3
m3/mol
g/m3
mg/dmJ
1.198 264
E+02
glm3
mg/dmJ
9.977 633
E + 01
grains/US. gal
gimJ
mg/dm3
1.711 806
E+Ol
grains/W
mg/m3
2.266352
E+O3
IbmilOOO bbl
g/m3
mg/dm3
2.853010
E+OO
mg1U.S. gal
g/m3
mgldm3
2.641 720
E-01
grains000 ft3
mgim3
2.266 352
E+Ol
bbllbbl
m31m3
1.O
E+OO
ftw
m31m3
1.O
E+OO
bbl/acreft
m31m3
ma/ham
1.288 923
1.288 923
E-04
E+OO
vol %
m3/m3
1.O
E-02
U.K. aal/W
dm3/m3
L/m3
1.m=l4R7
F+fP
U.S. aaW
dm3/m3
Urn3
i .336 An8
F+n7
mL/U.S. aal
dm3/m3
L/m3
2.841 720
F-n1
mL/U.K. aal
dm31m3
L/m3
2.199
F-01
vol ppm
cm3im3
dm31m3
L/m3
1.O
1.O
E+OO
E-03
E+Ol
Is2
cm31m3
2.859 406
cm3im3
2.380 952
E+Ol
cmYm3
3.574 253
E+OO
kmollm3
1.198 264
E+02
kmol/m3
9.977633
E+Ol
Ibm mol/fP
kmol/m3
1.601 846
E+Ol
std H3(6oF,
1 atm)/bbl
kmol/m3
7.518 18
E-03
dm3ikmol
Ukmol
3.166 93
E+OO
dm3/kmol
Ukmol
1.330 11
E-01
Throughput
(volume basis)
kg/s
m3/s
million Ibm/yr
ffa
Mg/a
4.535 924
E+02
U.K. toniyr
t/a
Mgla
1.016 047
E+OO
US. toniyr
t/a
Mgla
9.071 847
E-01
U.K. ton/D
Vd
Mgid
t/h, Mgih
1.016047
4.233 529
E+OO
E-02
U.S. ton/D
t/d
tih, Mg/h
9.071 847
3.779 936
E-01
E - 02
E+OO
U.K tonlhr
U.S. tonlhr
t/h
Mg/h
1.016 047
t/h
Mglh
9.071 a47
E-01
lbmlhr
kg/h
4.535 924
E-01
bbl/D
t/a
5.603 036
1.589 a73
6.624 471
E+Ol
E-01
E-03
1.179 869
2.831 685
E-03
E-02
E-01
maid
m3/h
W/D
m3/h
m31d
bbllhr
mJ/h
I.589 a73
113/h
m31h
2.831 685
E-02
U.K. gallhr
m3/h
L/s
4.546 092
1.262 803
E-03
E-03
U.S. gallhr
m31h
US
3.785 412
1.051 503
E-03
E-03
US
2.727 655
7.576 819
E-01
E-02
US
2.271 247
6.309 020
E-01
E ~ 02
U.K. gal/min
U.S. galimin
m31h
m3/h
THE SI METRIC
SYSTEM
OF UNITS
TABLE
2.2-TABLES
STANDARD
OF RECOMMENDED
SI UNITS
(continued)
Metric Unit
Customary
Unit
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
molis
Ibm mol!hr
kmolih
kmolis
4.535 924
1.259 979
FLOW RATE
E - 01
E-04
16,
Pipeline capacity
m31m
bblimile
mVkm
9.879 013
E-02
Flow rate
(mass basis)
kg/s
U.K. tonimin
kg/s
1.693412
E+Ol
Flow rate
(volume basis)
m%
U.S tonimin
kg/s
1.511 974
E+Ol
U.K. tonihr
kg/s
2.822 353
E-01
E-01
U.S. tonihr
kg/s
2.519 958
U.K. ton/D
kg/s
1.175980
E-02
U.S ton/D
kg/s
1.049 982
E-02
million lbmiyr
kg/s
5.249 912
E+OO
U.K. ton/yr
kg/s
3.221 864
E-05
US toniyr
kg/s
2.876 664
E-05
lbmls
kg/s
4.535 924
E-01
lbmlmin
kg/s
7.559 873
E-03
Ibm/hr
kg/s
1.259 979
E-04
bbl/D
m3id
US
1.589 873
1.840 131
E-01
E-03
US
2.831 685
3.277 413
E-02
E-04
US
4.416 314
4.416 314
E-05
E-02
US
7.865 791
7.865 791
E-06
E-03
ftVD
bbl/hr
RVhr
Flow rate
mol/s
(mole basis)
Flow rate/length
(mass basis)
kgism
Flow rate/length
m2is
(volume basis)
Flow rate/area
(mass basis)
kg/sm*
Flow rate/area
(volume basis)
m/s
Flow rate/
pressure drop
(productivity index)
mYsPa
mld
mJls
m%
U.K. galihr
dmVs
US
1.262 803
E-03
U.S. galihr
dm%
US
1.051 503
E-03
U.K. gal/min
dmVs
US
7.576 820
E-02
U.S. galimin
dmVs
US
6.309 020
E - 02
ftVmin
dm3!s
US
4.719 474
E-01
ftVS
dm%
US
2.831 685
E+Ol
Ibm molis
kmolis
4.535 924
E-01=
Ibm mol/hr
kmolis
1.259 979
E - 045
million scWD
kmolis
1.363 449
E - 023
Ibmi(s-ft)
kg/(sm)
1.488 164
E+OO
Ibm/(hr-ft)
kg/(sm)
4.133 789
E-04
U.K. gal!(min-ft)
m%
mV(sm)
2.485 833
E - 04
U.S. gal!(min-ft)
m2is
mV(sm)
2.069 888
E - 04
U.K. gali(hr-in.)
m2/s
mV(sm)
4.971 667
E-05
US. gali(hr-in.)
mVs
mV(sm)
4.139 776
E-05
U.K. gali(hr-ft)
m*/s
mV(sm)
4.143055
E-06
US. gali(hr-ft)
mls
m3/(sm)
3.449 814
E-06
lbm/(s-ft)
kg/sm2
4.882 428
E+OO
lbmi(hr-ft2)
kg/sm2
1.356 230
E-03
W(S4t~)
mis
m(sm*)
3.048
E-01
Wlmin-ftz)
m/s
mV(sm*)
5.08
E-03
U.K. gaV(hr-tn2)
m/s
mV(sm*)
1.957 349
E-03
U.S. gal!(hr-rn2)
m/s
m3/(smz)
1.629 833
E-03
U.K. gal!(mm-ft)
mls
m/(sm*)
8.155 621
E-04
US. gal!(mmW)
mis
mV(sm*)
6.790 972
E - 04
U.K. gali(hr-ft)
mls
mV(sm*)
1.359 270
E-05
U.S. gal!(hr#)
m/s
m31(sm2)
1.131 829
E-05
bbli(D-psr)
mV(d.kPa)
2.305 916
E-02
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-32
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
HANDBOOK
Customary
Unit
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor*
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
therm
MJ
kJ
kW.h
1.055
1.055
1.055
2.930
2.930
2.930
1.055
1.055
2.930
U.S. tonf-mile
MJ
1.431 744
E+Ol
hp-hr
MJ
kJ
kW.h
2.684 520
2.684 520
7.456 999
E+OO
E+03
E-01
ch-hr or CV-hr
MJ
N
kW.h
2.647 796
2.647 796
7.354 99
Et00
E+03
E-01
kW-hr
MJ
kJ
3.6
3.6
E+OO
E+03
Chu
kJ
kW.h
1.899 101
5.275 280
E+OO
E-04
kW.h
1.055 056
2.930 711
E+OO
E-04
quad
MJ
TJ
EJ
MW*h
GW.h
TWh
f3tu
Impact energy
kJ
056
056
056
711
711
711
056
056
711
E+12
Et06
E+OO
Et08
Et05
Et02
E+02
E+05
E+Ol
kcal
kJ
4.184
E+OO
cal
kJ
4.184
E-03
ft-lbf
kJ
1.355 818
E-03
Ibf-ft
kJ
1.355 818
E-03
kJ
1.O
E-03
Ibf-ftz/s2
kJ
4.214 011
E-05
erg
kgf-m
1.O
E-07
9.806 650
E + 00
Ibf-ft
1.355818
E+OO
WorWlength
Jim
U.S. tonf-mileift
MJlm
4.697 322
Et01
Surface energy
J/m2
erg/cm2
mJlmZ
1.O
E+OO
Specific impact
energy
J/m2
kgf.m/cm*
J/cm
9.806 650
E - 00
Ibf+t/in.*
J/cm2
2.101 522
E-01
Power
quadiyr
MJia
TJia
EJia
TW
GW
1.055 056
1.055 056
1.055 056
3.170 979
3.170979
E+12
Et06
E+OO
E-27
E-24
erg/a
Power/area
W/m2
million Btu/hr
MW
2.930 711
E-01
ton of
refrigeration
kW
3.516 853
E+OO
ml/s
kW
1.055 056
E+OO
kW
kW
1 .O
E+OO
kW
7.460 43
E-01
hp (electric)
kW
7.46
E-01
hp (550 ft-lbfis)
kW
7.456 999
E-01
ch or CV
kW
7.354 99
E-01
Btuimin
kW
1.758 427
E-02
ft*lbf/s
kW
1.355 818
E-03
kcalihr
1.162222
E+OO
Btuihr
2.930 711
E-01
Albfimin
2.259 697
E-02
Btuis.ft?
kWlmz
1.135653
E+Ol
cal/hrcm?
kWlm2
1.162222
E-02
Btuihrft?
kW/m2
.-
3.154 591
E-03
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
58-33
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
~callscm2
hfu
W/m3
Heat generation
unit - hgu
(radioactive rocks)
mWlm2
4.184
E+Ol
hpift3
kWlm3
2.633 414
E+Ol
cal/(hpcm3)
kW/m3
1.162 222
E+OO
Btu/(sft3)
kW/m3
3.725 895
E+Ol
Btui(hrW)
kWlm3
1.034 971
E-02
cal/(s-cm3)
pWlm3
4.184
E+12
3.930 148
E-01
Cooling duty
(machinery)
WAN
Btu/(bhp-hr)
W/kW
Specific fuel
consumption
(mass basis)
kg/J
Ibm/(hp-hr)
mg/J
kg/MJ
kg/(kW-h)
1.689 659
6.082 774
E-01
E-01
Specific fuel
consumption
(volume basis)
m3/J
mJ/(kW-hr)
dm31MJ
mm3/J
dm?(kW.h)
2.777 778
1.0
E + 02
E+03
U.S. gal/(hp-hr)
dm3/MJ
mm3/J
1.410089
E+OO
Velocity (linear),
speed
m/s
MECHANICS
knot
km/h
1.852
E+OO
mileihr
km/h
1.609 344
E + 00
m/s
m/s
1.O
E+OO
fUS
m/s
cm/s
mfms
3.048
3.048
3.048
E-01
E+Ol
E - 04@
cm/s
5.08
5.08
E-03
E-01
cm/s
8.466 667
8.466 667
E-02
E - 03
m/d
3.527 778
3.048
E - 03
E-01
cm/s
2.54
2.54
E+Ol
E+OO
cmls
4.233 333
4.233 333
E-01
E ~ 02
1.047 198
6.283 185
2.908 882
E-01
Et00
E-04
ftlmin
ftihr
ft/D
in.&
in./min
m/s
mm/s
mm/s
mm/s
mm/s
Velocity (angular)
radls
revlmin
rev/s
degree/min
radls
rad/s
radls
s/m
S/ft
s/m
Corrosion rate
m/s
in./yr (ipy)
miliyr
mmla
mmla
Rotational frequency
rev/s
rev/s
rev/s
1.O
E+OO
revimin
rev/s
1.666 667
E-02
Acceleration
(linear)
m/s*
Acceleration
(rotational)
rad/s2
Momentum
kg.m/s
KS/m
3.280 840
E + OO@
2.54
2.54
E+Ol
E-02
revimin
radls
1.047 198
E-01
ftk*
m/s2
3.048
3.048
E-01
E+Ol
cm/s2
gal(cm@)
mls2
1.O
E-02
radls2
rad/s2
1.O
E+OO
rpmis
lad/s2
1.047 198
E-01
Ibm.ftJs
kg.m/s
1.382 550
E-01
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-34
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
HANDBOOK
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
MECHANICS
Bending moment,
torque
N.m
Bending moment/
length
N.m/m
Elastic moduli
(Youngs, Shear bulk)
Pa
LI S. tonf
kN
8.896 443
E+OO
kgf (kp)
9.806650
Et00
Ihf
4.448 222
E+OO
1.O
E+OO
ndl
mN
1.382 550
E+02
dyne
mN
1.o
E-02
E + OOO
US. tonf-ft
kN.m
2.711 636
kgf-m
N.m
9.806 650
E + 0001
Ibf-ft
N.m
1.355 818
Ibf-in.
N-m
1.129848
E + OOo
E - ,,,O
odl-ft
N.m
4.214011
E- 0210
(Ibf-ft)/in.
(N.m)/m
5.337 866
E + OlO1
(kgf-m)/m
(N.m)/m
9.806 650
E + OOO1
(Ibf-in.)/in.
(N.m)/m
4.448 222
E + OOO
Ibf!in.
GPa
6.894 757
E-06
E-02
Moment of inertia
kqm*
Ibm-ft2
kg.m2
4.214 011
Moment of section
m4
in.4
cm*
4.162 314
E+Ol
Section modulus
m3
cu in.
cu fi
cm3
cm3
1.638
1.638
2.831
2.831
E+Ol
E+04
E+04
E-02
mm3
m3
Stress
Pa
Mass/area
structural loading,
bearing capacity
(mass basis)
U.S. tonf/in.2
MPa
N/mm2
1.378 951
E+Ol
kgWmm2
MPa
N/mm2
9.806 650
E + 00
US. tonf/ft2
MPa
N/mm2
9.576 052
E - 02
IbWin.?(osi)
MPa
N/mm2
6.894 757
E-03
Ibf/ft2 (psf)
kPa
4.788 026
E-02
dyne/cm2
Pa
1.O
E-01
Ibf/lOO ft2
Pa
4.788 026
E-01
kg/m
Ibm/ft
kg/m
1.488 164
E+OO
kg/m2
U.S. ton/ft2
Mgim2
9.764 855
E+OO
Ibm/ft2
kg/m2
4.882 428
E+OO
mm/(mm.K)
5.555 556
E-01
Yield point,
gel strength
Ldrillina fluid)
Mass/length
706
706
685
685
Coefficient of
thermal expansion
m/(m.K)
In./(in.-F)
Diffusivity
m21s
fV/S
mm2/s
9.290 304
E + 04
cm2s
mm21s
1.O
E+02
ft2/hr
mm2/s
2.580 64
E+Ol
(C-m2.hr)/kcal
(K.m2)/kW
8.604 208
E +02
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Thermal resistance
(k.m*)/W
(F-ft2 hr)iBtu
(K.m2VkW
1.761 102
E+O2
Heat flux
Wlm2
Btu/(hr-R*)
kW/mz
3.154 591
E-03
Thermal
conductivity
W/(m.K)
(Cal/s-cm2-%)/cm
W/(m.K)
4.184*
E+02
Btu/(hr-ft-Fift)
W/(m.K)
1.730 735
6.230 646
E+OO
E+OO
kcali(hr-mz-Cim)
W/(m.K)
1.162 222
E+OO
Btu/(hr-R2-Fiin.)
W/(m.K)
1.442 279
E-01
cal/(hr-cm-C/cm)
W/(m.K)
1.162222
E-01
kJ.m/(h.m2.K)
58-35
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
Conversion Factor
Multiolv Customarv
Unii dy Factor to
Get Metric Unit
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Heat transfer
coefficient
W/(m2.K)
cal/(s-cm?-C)
4.184
E+Ol
Btu/(s-ft2-F)
2.044 175
E +Ol
cal/(hr-cm2-C)
1.162 222
E-02
5.678 263
2.044 175
E - 03
E+Ol
E-03
Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
kWi(m2.K)
kJ/(h.m>.K)
Btu/(hr-f&OR)
kW/(m*.K)
5.678 263
kcal/(hr-m2-C)
kWi(m*.K)
1.162222
E-03
6.706 611
E+Ol
Volumetric heat
transfer coefficient
W/(m3.K)
Btui(s-ft3-F)
kW/(m3.K)
Btu/(hr-f13-F)
kW/(m3.K)
1.862 947
E-02
Surface tension
N/m
dyne/cm
mN/m
1.O
E+OO
Viscosity
P&S
(Ibf-s)iin.2
Pas
(Ns)im2
6.894 757
E + 03
(Ibf-s)ift2
Pas
(N.s)/m
4.788 026
E+Ol
(kgf-s)/m*
Pas
(Ns)/m2
9.806 650
E + 00
Ibm/(ft-s)
Pas
(Ns)/m*
1.488 164
E+OO
(dyne-@/cm2
Pas
(Ns):m2
1.O
E-01
cP
Ibm/(ft.hr)
Pa.s
(Ns)/m*
1.O
E-03
Pas
(N+m2
4.133 789
E-04
(dynamic)
Viscosity
m21s
(kinematic)
Permeability
m2
ft%
mm%
9.290 304
E + 04
in.*/s
mm%
6.451 6
E+02
E+O2
m2/hr
mm2is
2.777 778
cm21s
mm2/s
1.o
E+02
ft*/hr
mm2is
2.580 64
E+Ol
cst
mm%
1.O
darcy
km2
km2
9.869 233
E+OO
E -01
9.869 233
9.869 233
E - 04
E-O,,
millidarcy
10m3pm2
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM
Admittance
1.O
E+OO
Capacitance
E+OO
)LF
kC
1.O
Capacity,
storage battery
CLF
A-hr
3.6
E+OO
Charge density
C/m3
C/mm3
C/mm3
1.O
E+OO
Conductance
1.O
E+OO
U (mho)
1.O
E+OO
Conductivity
S/m
S/m
S/m
1.O
E+OO
u/m
S/m
1.O
E+OO
mu/m
mS/m
1.o
E+OO
Current density
A/m2
Almm
A/mm2
1.O
E+OO
Displacement
C/m2
C/cm2
C/cm?
1.o
E+OO
Electric charge
1.O
E+OO
Electric current
1.o
E+OO
Electric dipole
moment
C*m
C.m
C.m
1.o
E+OO
Electric field
strength
V/m
Vim
V/m
1.O
E+OO
Electric flux
1.O
E+OO
Electric polarization
C/m2
C/cm2
C/cm2
1.O
E+OO
Electric potential
1.O
E+OO
mV
mV
1.O
E+OO
A.m2
A.m2
1.O
E+OO
Electromagnetic
moment
A.m2
Electromolive force
1.O
E+OO
Flux of displacement
1.O
E+OO
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-36
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
HANDBOOK
Metric Unit
Customary
Unit
SPE
Preferred
Other
Allowable
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM
Frequency
HZ
cycles/s
HZ
1.O
E+OO
Impedance
1.O
E+OO
slm
@ft
t&m
3.280 840
E+OO
Linear current
densitv
Aim
A/mm
Aimm
1.O
E+OO
Magnetic dipole
moment
Wbsm
Wb.m
Wbm
1.o
E+OO
Magnetic field
strength
A/m
A/mm
Aimm
1.O
E+OO
oersted
Aim
7.957 747
E+Ol
gamma
Aim
7.957 747
E-04
Magnetic flux
Wb
mWb
mWb
1.O
E+OO
Magnetic flux
density
Magnetic induction
mT
mT
1.O
E+OO
gauss
1.o*
E-04
mT
mT
1.O
E+OO
Magnetic moment
A*mZ
A-m2
A.m2
1.o*
E+OO
Magnetic
oolarization
mT
mT
1.O
E+OO
Magnetic potential
difference
1.O
E+OO
Magnetic vector
potential
Wb/m
Wbimm
Wblmm
Magnetization
Aim
A/mm
A/mm
Modulus of
admittance
Modulus of
impedance
Mutual inductance
Permeability
H/m
pH/m
PHim
Permeance
Permittivity
F/m
WFlm
kF/m
Potential difference
Quantity of
electricitv
Reactance
cl
Reluctance
H-
H-1
H-
Resistance
Resistivity
Darn
@cm
fkm
Dm
Drn
Self inductance
mH
mH
Surface density
of charge
C/m*
mClm*
mClmz
Susceptance
Volume density
of charae
C/m3
C/mm3
C/mm3
W,
rad
1.o
E-02
Acoustical enerav
GY
J
GY
J
Acoustical intensity
Wfm2
W/cm2
Wlm*
1.o
Acoustical Dower
Sound oressure
N/m*
Nim2
N/m2
llluminance
lx
footcandle
lx
1.076 391
E+Ol
Illumination
lx
footcandle
lx
1.076 391
E+Ol
lrradiance
Wlm*
W/m2
Wlm*
Light exposure
1x3
footcandles
1x.s
1.076 391
Luminance
cd/m*
cd/m2
cd/m2
Luminous efficacv
ImiW
ImiW
ImiW
1
E+O4
E + 01
TABLE 2.2-TABLES
58-37
Metric Unit
SPE
Preferred
Customary
Unrt
Other
Allowable
Im/mz
lmim2
lm/mZ
Luminous flux
Im
Im
Im
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
cd
Quantity of light
Im.s
1.O
W/(m%r)
talbot
Wl(m%r)
tm.s
Radiance
W/(m%r)
Radiant energy
Radiant flux
Radiant intensity
Wisr
Wlsr
W/sr
Radiant power
nm
1.O
E-01
m-1
1.O
1
Et01
3.7
E+lO
Wave length
Capture unit
mm
lo-km
10.cm-
Radioactivity
curie
E+OO -
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
58-38
TABLE 2.3~SOME
Compressibility of
reservoir fluid
HANDBOOK
ft (fluid)
SPE
Preferred
m (fluid)
psi-
Pa-
Other
Allowable
kPa
Conversion Factor
Multiply Customary
Unit by Factor to
Get Metric Unit
3.048'
E-01
1.450 377
1.450 377
E-04
E-01
Corrosion allowance
in.
mm
2.54'
E+Ol
Corrosion rate
mls
mm/a
2.54'
E-02
Differential orifice
pressure
Pa
miliyr
hw)
in. f-l,0
(at 60F)
2.488 4
2.54'
Gas-oil ratio
m3/m
scfibbl
standard
m3/m3
1.801 175
E-01
E+OO
E -0,
Gas rate
mYs
sci/D
standard
m31d
2.863 640
E-02"'
Geologic time
Yr
fl
cm
3.048'
3.048'
E-01
E+Ol
kJ/h
2.930 711
1.055 056
E-04
E+OO
km21Pa.s
9.869 233
9.669233
E-01
E+02
E-01
cm Hz0
Ma
m
Btu/hr
m?Pas
Mobility
kPa
kW
dicp
~m*/mPas
fl
3.048
Oil rate
m3ls
bbl/D
m31d
1.589 873
E-01
short toniyr
Mgla
Va
9.071 847
E-01
pm2.rn
3.008 142
E-04
mm
2.54
2.54'
E-c00
E+Oi
Particle size
micron
Permeability-thickness
m3
md-ft
w
md.m
in.
cm
Pressure buildup
per cycle
Pa
psi
kPa
6.894 757
E + OO*
Productivity index
m3iPes
bbli(psi-D)
mY(kPad)
2.305 916
E - 0212
Pumping rate
m%
U.S. galimin
m3/h
US
2.271 247
6.309 020
E-01
E-02
radlm
1.047 198
6.283 185
E-01
E+OO
mYha*m
1.286 931
1.288 931
E-04
E+OO
radls
Recovery/unit volume
(oil)
m31m3
Reservoir area
m2
rad/s
vm
bbl/(acre-ft)
m3/m3
km*
sq mile
acre
m3
Reservoir volume
1.0
acre-ft
2.589 988
E+OO
ha
4.046856
E-01
hem
1.233 482
1.233 482
E+03
E-01
m3
Specific productivity
index
m3/Pasm
bbl/(D-psi-R)
mY(kPa-d.m)
7.565 341
E - 02>
Surface or interfacial
tension in reservoir
caoillaries
N/m
dyne/cm
mN/m
1.O
E+OO
Torque
N.m
Ibf-ft
Nom
1.355 818
E + 0013
m/s
ws
m/s
3.048'
E-01
Vessel diameter
l-100 cm
m
in.
cm
2.54'
E+OO
ft
3.048'
E-01
above 100 cm
An asterisk mdlcates
See
Notes
1 through
the cowersum
3 on page 58-E
the numbers
numbers
are zeros
TABLE 2.4-FAHRENHEIT
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