Lecture Presentations on

Environmental Engineering
Course EENV101
Part 2b Wk 7-8
Solid-Waste Management
Chapter Ten of Textbook
By Engr. Jessica. M. Castillo
3rd Term 2015-2016

COURSE OBJECTIVES
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

Explain important ecology concepts relevant to environmental

engineering such as biodiversity, pollution effects,
bioaccumulation, Climate Change, waste management,
among others. (CO1)
Articulate the different environmental scenario in terms of
hazards and risks in the air, water and soil environment.
(CO2)
Discuss the different environmental control technologies and
principles for Green Engineering. (CO3)
State the existing international agreements, local laws, rules
and regulations of the government on environmental issues.
(CO4)
Recommend environmental solutions and appropriate design
treatment schemes to reduce environmental risks such as
pollution control and proper waste disposal. (CO5)

Week 7-8 : Learning Objectives

Describe the key components of a solid-waste management system. (CO1)
Identify the objectives of solid-waste management
Distinguish between municipal solid wastes and other solid wastes. (CO1, CO2,
CO4)
Explain the process of conducting the Waste Accumulation and Characteristics
Study (WACS). (CO1, CO2)
Explain the issues associated with design and operation of successful solid
waste subsystems (collection, transfer stations, material recovery facilities,
composting facilities, waste to energy facilities, and landfills). (CO3)
Solve mixing problems to determine an appropriate C/N ratio for composting. .
(CO2)
Integrate principles of the pollution prevention hierarchy into a Solid Waste
Management System. (CO1)
Explain the concerns with landfill gas and leachate and how they are
addressed.
Discuss important provisions of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
the Philippines (R.A. 9003) and its IRR. (CO3)

Environmental Issues:

Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Green House Effect
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Noise Pollution

Solid Wastes

Denuded forests
Landslides
Fish kill
Oil spill
etc

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ENGINEERING
WASTE GENERATION
Kinds of Solid Wastes and its sources
STORAGE
Material Recovery Facility
COLLECTION
Solid waste Reduction

TRANSPORT
PROCESSING
Management Technologies

DISPOSAL
In all of these stages wastes have to be reduced.

Sources of Solid Wastes

Residential (e.g. Detached homes, apartments)

Commercial (stores, restaurants, malls etc.
Institutional (schools, hospitals etc.)
Construction and Demolition (road construction)
Municipal services (markets, slaughter houses etc.)
Treatment Plant sites (MRFs, dumpsites etc.)
Industrial (food processing plants, power plants)
Agricultural (cropping farms, dairies, orchards)
Mining (coal mining, oil/gas exploration)

Kinds of Solid Wastes

Definition of Solid WASTE
- a generic term used to describe the things
we throw away: garbage, refuse, trash
-discarded item that can be reused, recycled,
or reclaimed.
- sludge

- toxic and
hazardous wastes

Characteristics OR TYPES of Solid Waste

Nature of the material
Organic
Inorganic
Putrescible (biodegradable)
Non-putrescible (non-biodegradable)
Combustible
Non-combustible (ceramics, metals)
zeroresource.com
Non- Biodegradable (plastics, metals)
Toxic and Hazardous

household chemicals
medical wastes
harmful chemicals
Industrial wastes

CHARACTERIZING SOLID WASTES

Origin /Source
Municipal (MSW) : homes, commercial,
institutional)
Non-municipal: agricultural, industry, mining
etc.
Disposal
Reuse- Recycle
Energy transformation
Nature
Non-combustible (ceramics, metals)
Non- Biodegradable (plastics, metals)

Amount of Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW)
The density of solid waste is the mass of
solid waste per unit volume. The density of
collected solid waste is 180 to 450 kg/m3
The amount of MSW generated is simply
the amount generated per capita
multiplied by the
number of population.

bioenergypro.com

Municipal/ City Solid Wastes of

http://naga.gov.ph/go/ecologicalNAGA (WACS) profile/page/2/

Factors affecting solid wastes accumulation

Rapid Urbanization
Changing Lifestyles
Public Indifference
Consumption Patterns
Public awareness
Government initiatives

Problems with Municipal Solid

Wastes

Accumulation
Pollution
Collection
Dump sites
Material Recovery Facility
Recycling
Market for recyclables
Health Impacts
etc

Sample Problem : Collection and Transport :

A municipality with a population of 250,000 generates
MSW of 0.3 kg/capita daily.
a) How much MSW is generated by the town/wk?
b) If the garbage is collected twice a week, with 2 truckloads
per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon,
how many truckloads per week would that be.
Note that the capacity of the is truck 5 metric tons,
but only 75% is the actual load.
c) How much is the cost of garbage collection per week,
if the rental of the truck is P3,000 per load.
d) If the MSW is reduced by half, how much savings
would that be per annum?

Reducing Solid Waste Generation:

(Sustainability Six)
1. Consume less.
2. Redesign, manufacturing processes and
products to use less material and energy.
3. Redesign, manufacturing processes
and products to use less waste and
pollution.
4. Develop products that are easy to repair,
reuse, remanufacture, compost or recycle.
5. Design products to last longer.
6. Eliminate or reduce unnecessary
packaging.

Waste Management vs.

Waste reduction
Sanitary Landfill
Incineration
Energy Conversion
Green Engineering Designs
Recycling, reuse of products
Composting
Redesign Sources of Waste
Process Modification
Education and Legislation

Solid Waste Collection

The Local Government elected officials decides:
How is the collection to be done?
How often would the collection be?
What wastes should be collected
note: usually hazardous wastes are not included.

CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
METHODS
- Open Dumps
- Sanitary Landfills
- Burning or Incineration

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
- Ozone depletion
- Soil and ground water contamination
- Rivers and Lakes pollution

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003

ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACT OF 2000
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN
ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING
FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

DENR Administrative Order 49 1998

Sect. 1.4 Technical Guidelines for

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
The principles of Ecological Waste Management
(EWM) have been adopted by the
(DENR) and the Presidential Task Force on Waste
Management (PTFWM) as the
main strategy to address the growing problems of
solid waste management.
These principles centre of the so-called 3Rs of
effective solid waste management:
reduction of waste (waste minimization);
recovery of waste for recycling; and
re-use of materials, primarily for energy
generation.

RECYCLING AND
MATERIAL RECOVERY

Solution:

Reuse and Recycle

Give examples
Refer to : http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/57ways/57ways_27.html

Waste to Energy Incineration

COMPOSTING
Carbonaceous
+

Nitrogenous

http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6956

What is a compost?
Compost is partially decomposed organic matter. It is dark and easily
crumbled and has an earthy aroma. It is created by biological processes in
which soil-inhabiting organisms break down plant tissue.
When decomposition is complete, compost has turned to a darkbrown powdery material called humus. The processes occurring in a compost
pile are similar to those that break down organic matter in soil. However,
decomposition occurs much more rapidly in the compost pile because the
environment can be made ideal for the microbes to do their work .
http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6956

Compost therefore is a better alternative to chemical fertilizer,

because it does not only contain (N-P-K) but also other minerals and
microorganisms needed by the plants. However, the process should be
controlled in such a way that non beneficial components are excluded.

COMPOSTING PROBLEM

REFER to page 547 of textbook

Replace oat straw with rice straw
and determine the proper ingredient
for composting.

Composting Process
The length of time necessary for
the composting process depends on
several conditions:
Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
Surface area of particles
Aeration
Moisture
Temperature

Eco-industrial Revolution
- Goal is to make industrial manufacturing
processes cleaner and more sustainable
by redesigning them to mimic how
nature deals with wastes.
- Nature: waste outputs becomes nutrient
inputs
- Resource exchange webs: wastes of
one manufacturer becomes raw
materials for another

Phytoremediation is the direct use of trees,

green plants and their associated
microorganisms to stabilize or reduce
contamination in soils, persistent metals,
sludge, sediments, surface water, or ground
water.

Selling Services instead of

things
Example:

Outsourcing:
Instead of simply selling air
conditioning units, they provide air
conditioning systems to manufacturing
plants. The service company provides the
maintenance and repairs, improvements etc.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ENGINEERING

WASTE GENERATION
Kinds of Solid Wastes and its sources
STORAGE
Material Recovery Facility
COLLECTION
Solid waste Reduction
TRANSPORT
PROCESSING
Management Technologies

DISPOSAL
In all of these stages wastes have to be reduced.

Sanitary Landfill
* sites where waste
is isolated from the environment until it is safe.

http://worldfromeyes.blogspot.com/2011/04/sanitary-landfill-waste-management.html

Minimum Requirements:
Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on
land which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining
materials should be brought to the site to reduce leakage from the base
of the site (leachate) and help reduce contamination of groundwater and
surrounding soil. If a liner - soil or synthetic - is provided without a
system of leachate collection, all leachate will eventually reach the
surrounding environment. Leachate collection and treatment must be
stressed as a basic requirement.
Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from
local geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal
plan and a final restoration plan should also be developed.
Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to
supervise site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and
the regular operation and maintenance.
Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in
layers and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily
helps make the waste less accessible to pests and vermin.
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-landfills.html

HAZARDOUS WASTES
Refers to any solid waste or combination of
solid wastes which is toxic, ignitable, corrosive or
reactive enough that may
(1) cause harm, or significantly contribute to an
increase in mortality or an increase in serious
irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or
(2) pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health or the environment when
improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed
of, or otherwise managed;

Hazardous Wastes include:

Infectious waste from hospitals: equipment,
instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature
from patients who are suspected to have or have been
diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must
therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies,
laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens .(i.e. all
tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and
secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals).
Nuclear wastes made radioactive by exposure to
the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of
nuclear fuels but does not include nuclear fuel, or
radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of
fabrication so as to be usable for any scientific, medical,
agricultural, commercial, or industrial purpose.

Hazardous Wastes also include:

Toxic Metals or Substances coming from domestic
tools an appliances (including children toys), laboratories,
industrial wastes etc.
Lead is one of the toxic metals that can harm the
nervous system (neurotoxin), resulting to but not limited
to lowered IQ, shortened attention span, hearing damage,
Another is Mercury, which is released into the
environment mostly by burning coal and incinerating wastes
and can build to high levels in some types of fish consumed
by humans. This could also harm the nervous system esp
in developing fetus. Lately some cosmetics are also found
to have high mercury content.

DENR Administrative Order Environment Management Board

Administrative Order No. 2007-23 : Additional Requirements for the Issuance of
the Priority Chemical List (PCL) of 2005. It is a list of existing and new chemicals
that DENR-EMB has determined to a potentially pose unreasonable risk to public
health, workplace, and the environment. ...
Persistence refers to the property of a substance whose half-life in water,
sediment, soil, or air exceeds duration of fifty (50) days. Sludge may be used
as a surrogate for sediment. Metals are considered to be persistent in all
media.
Toxicity refers to the quality of a substance which meets any of the following
criteria:
Acute lethality
Chronic or sub-lethal toxicity
Teratogenicity
Carcinogenicity
Bioaccumulation potential is the measure of a substances ability to
increase its concentration down the food chain.

What Harmful Chemicals Are

in Your Home?
Cleaning
Painting

: Disinfectants, cleaning materials

: Latex and Oil based paint containing
lead, Varnish
Gardening : Pesticides, Weed killers(herbicides)
Automotive : Gasoline, Antifreeze, Battery acid,
Brake and transmission fluid,
rust remover

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary

Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal.
Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed
to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between
nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste
from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).
It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive
waste.
The Convention is also intended
a). to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated,
b). to ensure their environmentally sound management as
closely as possible to the source of generation, and
c). to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the
hazardous and other wastes they generate.
The Convention was opened for signature on 22 March 1989,
and entered into force on 5 May 1992.

Treatment : Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is formally defined as chemical decomposition induced in organic materials by
heat in the absence of oxygen.

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere; actual

pyrolytic systems are operated with less than stoichiometric quantities of oxygen.
Because some oxygen will be present in any pyrolytic system, nominal oxidation will
occur. If volatile or semivolatile materials are present in the waste, thermal desorption
will also occur.
Pyrolysis transforms hazardous organic materials into gaseous components, small
quantities of liquid, and a solid residue (coke) containing fixed carbon and ash.
Pyrolysis of organic materials produces combustible gases, including carbon monoxide,
hydrogen and methane, and other hydrocarbons. If the off-gases are cooled, liquids
condense producing an oil/tar residue and contaminated water.
Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 C
(800 F). The pyrolysis gases require further treatment. The off-gases may be treated in
a secondary combustion chamber, flared, and partially condensed. Particulate removal
equipment such as fabric filters or wet scrubbers are also required.
Source c: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-25.html

Priority Chemicals List

CAS Registry No. Chemical Name
108-90-7 1,4-CHLOROBENZENE
106-93-4 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
95-50-1 0-DICHLOROBENZENE
106-46-7 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
107-06-2 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
122-66-7 1,2 DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
108-46-3 3-HYDROXYPHENOL
7647-18-9 ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
7440-38-2 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
1332-21-4 ASBESTOS*
71-43-2 BENZENE
7440-41-7 BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
7440-43-9 CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
56-23-5 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE*
CHLORINATED ETHERS
CHLOROFLUORO CARBONS*

67-66-3 CHLOROFORM
76-06-2 CHLOROPICRIN
18540-29-9 CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
57-12-5 CYANIDE COMPOUNDS*
64-67-5 DIETHYL SULFATE
106-93-4 ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
75-21-8 ETHYLENE OXIDE
111-30-8 GLUTARALDEHYDE
50-00-0 FORMALDEHYDE
9002-83-9 HALONS*
118-74-1 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
67-72-1 HEXACHLOROETHANE
302-01-2 HYDRAZINE
7439-92-1 LEAD COMPOUNDS
149-30-4 MBT
594-42-3 MERCAFTAN
PERCHLOROMETHYL

7439-97-6 MERCURY COMPOUNDS

74-87-3 METHYL CHLORIDE
75-09-2 METHYLENECHLORIDE
2385-85-5 MIREX
87-86-5 PENTACHLOROPHENOL
127-18-4 PERCHLROETHYLENE
108-95-2 PHENIC ACID
75-44-5 PHOSGENE
85-44-9 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
59536-65- 1 POLYBROMINATED
BIPHENYLS
1336-36-3 POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE**
79-01-6 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TRIBUTYLTIN
7782-49-2 SELENIUM
75-01-4 VINYL CHLORIDE

"Only

after the last

tree has been cut
down, Only after the
last river has been
poisoned, Only after
the last fish has been
caught, Only then will
you find That money
cannot be eaten."
Cree Indian Prophecy