5/11/2016

RadiationHeatTransfer

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RadiationHeatTransfer
Heattransferduetoemissionofelectromagneticwavesisknownasthermalradiation
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Heattransferthroughradiationtakesplaceinformofelectromagneticwavesmainlyintheinfraredregion.Radiationemittedbyabodyisaconsequenceofthermalagitationofitscomposingmolecules.Radiationheattransfercanbedescribedby
referencetothe'blackbody'.

TheBlackBody

Theblackbodyisdefinedasabodythatabsorbsallradiationthatfallsonitssurface.Actualblackbodiesdon'texistinnaturethoughitscharacteristicsareapproximatedbyaholeinaboxfilledwithhighlyabsorptivematerial.Theemissionspectrumof
suchablackbodywasfirstfullydescribedbyMaxPlanck.
Ablackbodyisahypotheticalbodythatcompletelyabsorbsallwavelengthsofthermalradiationincidentonit.Suchbodiesdonotreflectlight,andthereforeappearblackiftheirtemperaturesarelowenoughsoasnottobeselfluminous.Allblackbodies
heatedtoagiventemperatureemitthermalradiation.
TheradiationenergyperunittimefromablackbodyisproportionaltothefourthpoweroftheabsolutetemperatureandcanbeexpressedwithStefanBoltzmannLawas
q=T4A(1)
where
q=heattransferperunittime(W)
=5.6703108(W/m2K4)TheStefanBoltzmannConstant
T=absolutetemperatureinKelvin(K)
A=areaoftheemittingbody(m2)
TheStefanBoltzmannConstantinImperialUnits
=5.6703108(W/m2K4)
=0.1714108(Btu/(hft 2 oR4))
=0.1191010(Btu/(hin2oR4))

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RadiationHeatTransfer

Heatradiationfromablackbodysurroundingsabsolutezero(pdf)
ExampleHeatRadiationfromthesurfaceoftheSun
Ifthesurfacetemperatureofthesunis5800Kandifweassumethatthesuncanberegardedasablackbodytheradiationenergyperunittimecanbeexpressedbymodifying(1)like
q/A=T4
=(5.6703108W/m2K4)(5800K)4
=6.42107(W/m2)

GrayBodiesandEmissivityCoefficients

Forobjectsotherthanidealblackbodies('graybodies')theStefanBoltzmannLawcanbeexpressedas
q=T4A(2)
where
=emissivitycoefficientoftheobject(one1forablackbody)

Forthegraybodytheincidentradiation(alsocalledirradiation)ispartlyreflected,absorbedortransmitted.

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RadiationHeatTransfer

Theemissivitycoefficientisintherange0<<1,dependingonthetypeofmaterialandthetemperatureofthesurface.
oxidizedIronat390 oF(199 oC)>=0.64
polishedCopperat100 oF(38 oC)>=0.03
emissivitycoefficientsforsomecommonmaterials

NetRadiationLossRate
Ifanhotobjectisradiatingenergytoitscoolersurroundingsthenetradiationheatlossratecanbeexpressedas
q=(Th4Tc4)Ac(3)
where
Th=hotbodyabsolutetemperature(K)
Tc=coldsurroundingsabsolutetemperature(K)
Ac=areaoftheobject(m2)
RadiationConstantsforsomecommonBuildingMaterials
Heatlossfromaheatedsurfacetounheatedsurroundingswithmeanradianttemperaturesareindicatedinthechartbelow.

Lambert'scosinelaw
HeatemissionfromasurfaceinananglecanbeexpressedwithLambert'scosinelawas
q =qcos(4)
where
q =heatemissioninangle
q=heatemissionfromthesurface
=angle
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