MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Lecture #01

Transmission Line Theory.

Telegraphers Equations.

Overview of Transmission Lines

Physically, a transmission line is a device which
guides the transmission of electromagnetic energy
from one point to another.
Common examples of transmission lines include:
Power lines
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber

Ideal Transmission Line as a

Canonical Circuit Element
The ideal transmission line model is a
distributed circuit element wherein the
voltages and currents are functions of
position as well as time.

The voltages and currents within the ideal
transmission line circuit element are
solutions to wave equations.

Topics of this Lecture

Circuit model of a transmission line.

Derive the telegraphers equations of a transmission line and their

general solutions.

1. INTRODUCTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

l <<

Circuit theory

Transmission line theory v(0) v(l)

l >>

Geometric optics, GTD, PTD

v(0) = v(l)

1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Low frequency

High frequency

Z = R + j L
6

Parallel--Plate Waveguide
Parallel
Field & Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition
by David Cheng
Copyright 1989 Addison-Wesley

Microstrip Transmission Line

The TEM mode of
PPWG is a reasonable
approximation to the
microstrip transmission
line.

Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by

David M. Pozar
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Coaxial Cable
Idealized geometry for analysis

Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by

David M. Pozar
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Practical embodiment

http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/co
mmunication-system/transmission-line

Two--Wire Transmission Line

Two
Idealized geometry for analysis

Practical embodiments

2a

,
http://www.daenotes.com/electro
nics/communicationsystem/transmission-line
10

1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Multiport Microwave Network
Dimension ~

Circuit
Theory

Transmission Line Theory

1-D Wave Theory

Extended Circuit
Theory

ElectroMagnetics
Theory

Maxwell equations in
special cases

11

1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A signal is distributed in time and space that causes

phase delay while propagating from the source to the load;

At low frequencies (the wavelength is much greater than
the line length >> l ) the line can be considered as short;

When l the phase delay must be taken into
account.

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1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i(x , t ) i( x+x , t )

Source

v( x, t )

Z0

R x L x

Load

v( x+x, t )

ZL

G x
0

x x+x

C x

x+ x

R [/m] - Losses in metal

G [S/m] - Losses in dielectric
L [H/m] - induction of metal caused by
magnetic field in the line structure
C [F/m] - capacitance in the line structure

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2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION

--------------------------------------------i(x) R x

v(x)

L x

G x

i(x+x)

C x

v(x+x)

x+x

For the fragment x in the line:

i (x, t )
t
v(x + x, t )
i ( x + x , t ) = i ( x , t ) G x v ( x + x , t ) C x
t
v ( x + x , t ) = v ( x , t ) R x i ( x , t ) L x

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2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION

--------------------------------------------Let x 0: v(x, t ) = R i(x, t ) + L i (x, t )

x

i ( x, t )
v( x, t )
= G v ( x, t ) + C
x
t

If the signal is sinusoidal in time, v and i can be expressed in the frequency

domain and the telegraphers equations can be written as follows:
2V ( x, )
2
= ( ) V ( x, ) ,
2
x

where

2 I ( x, )
2
= ( ) I ( x, )
2
x

( )2 = ( R + j L ) (G + j C )
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Telegraphers equation in the frequency domain:

2V ( x )
= 2 V ( x )
2
x
2 I (x )
= 2 I (x )
2
x
Solution of the telegraphers equation:
V(x) = V+ e x + V-e x
I(x) = I + e x + I-e x
Z0 =

V+ V
=
I+
I

Z0 =

R + jL
G + j C

I(x) =

1
[V+ e x V-e x ]
Z0

: Characteristic impedance

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Lossless transmission line:

= + j = j LC
= LC

Z 0 = R0 =

L
C

=0
(resistive)

2
2
=
LC

1
vp = =

LC

V(z) = V+ e jx + V-e jx
V
V
I(z) = + e jx e jx
Z0
Z0

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