The Mole Concept

Mole Concept | Stoichiometry Calculations

The Concept of the Mole

Impossible to count all the atoms
Mole (mol): is defined as the amount of substance that
contains the same number of elementary entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12.
1 mol = 6.02214179 1023 elementary entities
NA = 6.02214179 1023 elementary entities/mol

The Concept of the Mole

The Concept of the Mole

Mass of one mole of a substance = mass of an atom of a
substance
24
1 u = 1.66 10
g

Molar Mass
1

Molar Mass: mass of one mole of atom, in g mol

One mole of each element

Dimensional Analysis
Given unit cancels leaving the desired unit
Given Unit Desired Unit/Given Unit = Desired Unit
CF = Desired Unit/Given Unit
For example:
3
1.50 cm 1 m/100 cm = 1.50 10 m
95 USD 46.70 Php/1 USD = 4.4365 103 Php

Mole Calculations
The conversion factor is NA
1 mol = 6.02214179 1023 elementary entities
Follow proper cancellation of units
mass (in grams) = mols g/mol
amount of substance (in mols) = g mol/g
number of entities = mols entities/mols
amount of substance (in mols) = entities mol/entities

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

How many atoms of sulfur are present in 4.07 g?
atoms S = (4.07 g S) (1 mol S/32.065 g S)
(6.022 1023 atoms S/1 mol S) = 7.64 1022 atoms S

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

What is the mass of 2.35 1024 atoms of Cu?
mass Cu = (2.35 1024 atoms Cu) (1 mol Cu/6.022 1023
atoms Cu) (63.546 g Cu/1 mol Cu) = 247.98 g Cu

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

Potassium-40 is one of the few naturally occurring radioactive
isotopes of elements of low atomic number. Its percent natural
abundance among K isotopes is 0.012 %. How many 40K
atoms are present in 225 mL of whole milk containing 1.65 mg
K/mL?
mL milk mg K g K mol K atoms K atoms 40K
225 mL milk (1.65 mg K/mL milk) (1 g K/1000 mg K)
23
(1 mol K/39.10 g K) (6.022 10
atom K/1 mol K)
(0.012 atoms 40K/100 atoms K) = 6.9 1017 atoms 40K

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

A stainless steel ball bearing has a radius of 6.35 mm and a
density of 7.75 g/cm3. Iron is the principal element in steel.
Carbon is a key minor element. The ball bearing contains 0.25
% carbon, by mass. Given that the percent natural abundance
of 13C is 1.108%, how many 13C atoms are present in the ball
bearing.
g/cm3 steel g steel g C mol C atoms C atoms 13C
atoms 13C = 1.2 1019 13C atoms

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

Medical experts generally believe a level of 30 g Pb per
deciliter of blood poses a significant health risk (1 dL = 0.1 L).
Express this level in the unit mol Pb/L blood.
6
30 g Pb/dL blood (1 10 g Pb/1 g)
1
(1 mol Pb/207.20 g Pb) (1 dL blood/1 10 L blood) =
6
6
1.448 10 mol Pb/L blood = 1.448 10 M Pb

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

Medical experts generally believe a level of 30 g Pb per
deciliter of blood poses a significant health risk (1 dL = 0.1 L).
Express this level in the unit mol Pb/L blood.
6
30 g Pb/dL blood (1 10 g Pb/1 g)
1
(1 mol Pb/207.20 g Pb) (1 dL blood/1 10 L blood) =
6
6
1.448 10 mol Pb/L blood = 1.448 10 M Pb

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

Monel metal is a corrosion-resistant copper nickel alloy used in
the electronics industry. A particular alloy with a density of 8.80
g/cm3 and containing 0.022% Si by mass is used to make a
rectangular plate 15.0 cm long, 12.5 cm wide, 3.00 mm thick,
and has a 2.50 cm diameter hole drilled through its center.
How many silicon-30 atoms are found in this plate? The mass
of a silicon atom is 29.97376 u, and the percent natural
abundance of silicon-30 is 3.10%.

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

An analytical balance can detect a mass of 0.1 mg. How many
ions are present in this minimally detectable quantity of MgCl2?

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

How many moles of F atoms are in a 75.0 mL sample of
halothane (composed of C, H, Br, F, Cl; d = 1.871 g/mL)

Halothane

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

The volatile liquid ethyl mercaptan, is one of the most
odoriferous substances known. It is sometimes added to
natural gas to make gas leaks detectable. How many
molecules are contained in a sample? The density of liquid
ethyl mercaptan is 0.84 g/mL.

Mercaptan (C, H and S)

Mole Calculations: Dimensional Analysis

How many molecules of Ag2CO3 are decomposed to yield 75.1
g Ag in this reaction?
Silver Carbonate Silver + Carbon Dioxide + Oxygen

Mass Percent
Determine the molar mass of the compound.
Molar MassABC= MMA + MMB + MMC
Determine the contribution of the given element to the molar
mass.
Formula Subscript Molar Mass of the Element
Take the ratio and multiply by 100.
Mass Percent = (Formula Subscript MMelem)/(MMcomp) 100

Mass Percent
What is the mass percent composition of halothane,
C2HBrClF3?

Determining the Formula

Given the mass percentages, assume 100 g of the sample and
calculate the mass of each element.
Convert to moles.
Divide all of the results by the smallest mole calculated.
Apply multipliers if calculated ratios are not in whole numbers.
Determine EF and MF.

Determining the Formula

Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellant used against household
ants and roaches. Its composition is 62.58% C, 9.63% H and
27.79% O. Its experimentally determined molecular mass is
230 u. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
dibutyl succinate?

Determining the Formula

Determine the formula of the compound 2-deoxyribose, a
sugar that is the basic constituent of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) with the following mass percent compositions: 44.77 % C,
7.52 % H and 47.71 % O.

Combustion Analysis

Combustion Analyzer

Combustion Analysis
Vitamin C is essential for the prevention of scurvy. Combustion
of 0.2000 g sample of this carbon-hydrogen-oxygen
compound yields 0.2998 g CO2 and 0.0819 g H2O. What is the
empirical formula of vitamin C?

Combustion Analysis
Combustion of a 1.505 g sample of thiophene, a carbon
hydrogen sulfur compound, yields 3.149 g 0.645 g and 1.146 g
as the only products of the combustion. What is the empirical
formula of thiophene?