Medical Applications of Terahertz Imaging

Sponsored by The Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering

Emma MacPherson, KT Chan and YT Zhang - Department of Electronic Engineering
Anil T. Ahuja - Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging
W H Cheung - Deptartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Vincent Wallace, collaborator TeraView Ltd, Cambridge

Terahertz (1012 Hz) pulsed imaging is a new technique and has only emerged in the last five
years as a potential new clinical tool for medical imaging. The optical excitation required for
emission of terahertz radiation is derived from a femtosecond pulsed laser (commonly a TiSapphire laser at 800nm). The radiation produced is focused onto the sample of interest and then
detected coherently in a reflection geometry such that the measurement is non-invasive. There
are strong water absorptions in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum which
therefore means that imaging using terahertz radiation would be a useful tool to investigate soft
tissues.
Terahertz pulsed imaging (TPITM) is a non-destructive, non-ionising imaging modality with uses
in medicine. TPI uses pulses of electromagnetic radiation typically with a full-width halfmaximum of 0.3 ps and an average power of 100 nW. The pulses are detected coherently using a
photoconductive device and the Fourier-transformed pulse gives a usable frequency range of
0.13 THz. A point measurement is analogous to an ultrasound A scan. Reflections off different
layers are used to determine the structure at depth (similar to ultra-sound echoes). By raster
scanning to take several points within an area (C scan), TPI gives three-dimensional information
and can reveal structures beneath the surface (with spatial resolution precision of 20um and axial
resolution of 40um). A key advantage of terahertz imaging over techniques such as ultrasound
and x-ray is that unique spectral information is obtained which can be used to distinguish
between tissue types. TeraView Ltd was the first company to develop commercialized terahertz
imaging and spectroscopy systems (www.teraview.com) and is known worldwide for its research
developments in the terahertz field. Prof. E MacPherson previously worked closely with Wallace
and Fitzgerald at TeraView Ltd, analyzing breast cancer and skin cancer terahertz spectroscopy
data.

There are also many other areas in medicine which would benefit from an intra-operative probe
sensitive to soft tissues. For example osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis,
caused by the breakdown of cartilage. It usually affects weight-bearing joints like hip, knee, feet
and spine, which causes the joints to degenerate and painful. After cartilage erosion, bone
grinding may occur, leading to thickening and forming of osteophytes. As a result, pain, stiffness,
swelling and reduced range of motion will be presented as symptoms. According to a survey in
2003, the estimated number of people with OA in Hong Kong was 200,000. Therefore, OA is a
major medical challenge with high socioeconomic impact.
In summary, terahertz imaging is a new technique with many potential applications. It uses non
ionising radiation to obtain both frequency and time domain information. Therefore it has great
potential to be used in medicine to breach the short comings of other medical imaging
techniques, and due to the impact of its potential applications, such as reducing the number of
second surgical procedures in breast cancer and detecting OA there is a great medical incentive
to investigate the in vivo usage of terahertz imaging.