PE 3013 Final

Open book, notes, programs; closed neighbor

User functions should not contain references to cells or worksheets.
Variables should have meaningful names that are easy to understand; code
should be commented where necessary for clarification.
Code should be indented to allow easy reading.
E-mail your exam to me as YOUR_NAME_Final_2006.xls before 3:30pm.
Any e-mails sent after 3:30pm will be penalized at 5 points/minute late. My email address is lgt@utulsa.edu
Good luck!!!

In Drilling Engineering, you will deal with the flow of non-Newtonian Fluids such as
drilling mud and cement slurries in pipes. For these types of fluids, the apparent viscosity
changes with the applied shear stress (or pressure drop). Your task will be to write a
program that computes the frictional pressure gradient for flow of a yield power-law fluid
in pipes; i.e., a fluid for which the wall shear stress is given by
m
v
w y K .
x
(Dont panic, you dont have to program or even fully understand the above equation.)
These fluids are characterized by the following given properties:
y - the minimum applied shear stress required to get the fluid moving; (These
fluids set when they are not flowing (like jello), and a minimum pressure drop
must be applied before they even begin to move.) Units lbf/100ft2 or Pa.
K Fluid consistency index. Units lbf/100ft2 secm or Pa secm.
m - Power law exponent (dimensionless).
Note: all equations below assume that we are using SI units, however, users will want
to input field units, so the following conversion factors must be used prior to performing
calculations.
Volume
Flow Rate
Pressure
Density
Pressure
Gradient
Length

1 gal=
1 gpm=
1
lbf/100ft2=
1 ppg=

3.78510-3
6.3083310-5

m3
m3/Sec

0.4788

Pa

119.826

kg/ m3

1 psi/ft =

22620.6

Pa/m

1 inch =

0.0254

1. Given fluid properties, ( y , K, m), pipe internal diameter, D, and fluid density ,
q
and flow rate q, calculate the fluid velocity, V, (rate/pipe area, i.e.,

m/s).

2. Calculate the wall shear stress w , by solving the following nonlinear equation
using Newtons method.
f w

8V ( w y )

1
D
K m w3
1

f w

1 m
m

4m

3m 1

2m
2m 2
2
2

w 1 2m y w (1 m)(1 2m) y 0

4 w y m 1 3m 2m 2 w3 3m 1 m w2 y 6m 2 w y2 6m 3 y3
K

1
m

1 6m 11m

6m 3 w4

As a first guess, assume w 1.1 y .

3. Compute the Generalized Reynolds Number
8V 2
N RE
w
4 w
16
dp
, f
(and the

D
N RE
dL f
computation is complete); otherwise, flow is turbulent and we must proceed to
step 5.
5. Compute the turbulent friction factor using the following procedure:
a. Compute
2

y
y
2m 2
2m y
4m


1
1
w 1 2m 1 m w
1 2 m w
3m 1

b. Compute N
4 3
w

N
c. Compute
8V

D
d. Recompute the (yield power-law) Reynolds Number as,
D NV 2 N
N RE
8 N 1
e. Solve
N
1

1
4
0.4
0.75 log10 N RE f 2 1.2
N
N
f

for the friction factor using a method similar to the one you used for the
Colebrook equation. (For a first guess, assume f = 0.005)
6. Compute the frictional pressure gradient from
2 f V 2
dp

D
dL f
4. If N RE 2100 , flow is laminar, and

Example
INPUT
Pipe Internal diameter, D, inch =
Fluid Density, , ppg =

2.25
9

SI
0.05715
1078.43

m
kg/m3

Yield Shear Stress, y lbf/100ft2 =

13.2

6.32016

Pa

0.58
0.471

0.58
0.22551

Pa-sm

Power Law Exponent, m =

Consistency Index, K, lbf/100ft2 - sm=

OUTPUT:
Q(gpm)
10
20
30
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
180
210
230
250

V,
m/sec
0.246
0.492
0.738
0.984
1.230
1.598
1.967
2.459
3.074
3.689
4.427
5.164
5.656
6.148

Tw, pa

NRE

9.323
10.411
11.250
11.963
12.595
13.443
14.204
15.126
16.168
17.122
18.178
19.160
19.781
20.378

55.967
200.459
417.400
697.851
1035.633
1639.874
2350.843
3449.421
5042.187
6856.400
9299.578
12009.256
13953.588
16002.226

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.273
0.290
0.307
0.321
0.335
0.347
0.354
0.360

0.2859
0.0798
0.0383
0.0229
0.0154
0.0098
0.0057
0.0050
0.0045
0.0041
0.0038
0.0036
0.0034
0.0033

dP/dL,
Pa/m
652.495
728.697
787.411
837.276
881.547
940.866
830.204
1142.973
1593.131
2106.492
2802.141
3582.654
4148.278
4749.550

Regime
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent