Introduction to Gender Studies Text

The field is struggling for the meaning of gender in this society. There are many
societal factors that may endorse the study and even some elements negate them.
The supporters of the gender studies pursuit it for the sake of general interest and the

elements who negates it are doing so at individual basis. There is only one subject,
introduced by the societal thinkers, impartial scholars and true learners about the
gender studies, so that students can get familiar with gender at broad perspective.

Under the normal circumstances, the four dimensions of this segment of the society
studied in Gender studies.

Gender Studies
Firstly, the historical foundations of the gender studies and the origin of this subject.
The time bounded techniques had been used in this exploration. For example,

Theories of Womens Studies by Gloria Bowles basically pursuits for the historical

bindings of the studies and demonstrates the foots of this study as the proper
discipline in many aspects.

Secondly, the subject matter covers the grounds of economic way and the action

needed for the economic part in terms of gender studies. For example, the study
initiated by Micaela Di Leonardo, proposed the linkage of Gender studies with the

materialist approach and the approach that shows that the meaning and the hidden

knowledge behind the meaning is not the only requirement of this literature.
Oppositely, the political economy and the dimensions of political economy is also a

way of thinking in all aspects. There is known linkage between the political economy
and the gender studies. the subject matter also showed that the globalization is

pursuit for this change because the nature of the studies is highly depending upon

the female character of this world more than male. The study of BF Reskin proposed

the reality of the male occupations and the same occupations are consistently
adopting by female with the same pace.

Thirdly, the history is also something that is non changeable and constitutes

importance because of endorsement by the historian of sociology and anthropology.

There is strong link between these two different mindset and there is new subject
comes with the new idea and the mindset to think about the gender. Cristina

Bacchilega in his book Postmodern Fairy Tale: Gender and Narrative Strategies

proposed about the same idea. The initial ideas presented by him in the book told a

old story with the modern language in justified way about historical background of
the gender studies with new look. The acts that was doing repeatedly by the gender
is actually inherited in him for long.

Fourthly, while the introductory material presented here said about the gender and

the studies directly related with the gender in best possible way showed that the
Feminism and are acts as both the private and the public one. The idea boosted while
the JB Landes studied about the linkage of philosophy with this subject. The same

writer proposed that the cultural studies are also closely related with the gender
studies because the culture is also amalgamation of both sex with different

proportions. The same gender study in philosophical paradigm constitutes some

roots in epistemology as well. The developmental studies endorse its usage and take

as good in all aspects. K Lennon and M Whiford also initiates the study about in
1994 about the feminist view, feminist thinking and the Feminist schools of thoughts
about the epistemology in well-mannered way.

Overview of Difference Between Gender

and Womens Studies
The Gender studies is the new subject to academics across the world because

the world and elements of the culture are tending to achieve the realistic
approach towards the exploration of ills in society. The basic motive behind

the exploration of ill is to confronts the challenges in human life. The subject
is not ancient one and oppositely it is new to the society. The society that is

showing some endorsements towards the reality approach so that gender

differentiation can come forward as truth. (Cotterill, 1992)

Gender studies is the paradigm shift in academics and this shift is being
obtained through the consistent behavior of women in women struggle against

freedom. Realistically speaking, the subject matter debate is not end till date
because of different viewpoints of the society about the gender studies at the

same platform. It is known fact that the women studies are always considered

the major elements related with the women only. Those elements that are

highly considerable in the way and should be done with the immediate
improvement in the timeline at womens perspective. The women issue is the
one of the main elements among those that considered the women at first place

in society and should be molded in the sense that may endorse the way of
society towards the women.

The women issues may be same as the society said and may be highly

integrated as the Hillary Clinton thinks. The women issues may be same as

the urban women said during her daily life and may be same as the women
issues buzzed up by the rural living life. The main element in which the
women can think, ponder and initiates the discourse analysis is being

understandable and discussed in the women studies in this society. (Cotterill,

1992) The women issues are not a static form in which the women can thinks

and responds in the static form, it is the flexible paradigm that show that how
the women confront the challenges in her life. The challenges that issues of
friendship, he challenges of vulnerability in the society and the challenges that
is confronted by the women against the power distribution in the same society.
The challenges are itself creating various issues in the women life and women

can think that people of society are still unaware the methods that show that
how these issues can be resolved. The women researchers and the women
responded are the two ways to think about the issues of the same community

in which the both exist with almost the same mindset but in the different way.

Ironically, the women study endorsed the same mindset at different levels so
that the community show some integration at large scale. (Cotterill, 1992) The
women researchers are doing well under the way that is highly considerable
but constitutes less power than the women responded in introspective way. The

community sets a mindset that the women issues are the core purpose of both
platforms so that the issues could meet the pragmatic strategies at vast range.
The power is unequally divide between the power responded and power
researchers in the manner that is very useful in the manner.

The women issues cant meet the solutions in any case because the society acts

differently. The Gender studies is entirely a different concept and the

conceptual framework of gender needs the ways in which the respondent

behaves with the researchers but in both men and women perspective.
(Cotterill, 1992) The gender studies are always considered the issues at front

desk in which the both male and female are considerable for the discourse
analysis. The women studies considered the women history and Gender studies
considered the men role in the women history. The women studies initiate the

analysis at women literature and gender studies draws attention towards the
role of men in articulation and even creating it.

In the end, one can say that the women studies pondered upon the women
studies, history of women at this universe and women struggle for freedom so

that the issues could meet the debate desk as soon as possible. The gender
studies are the paradigm shift that show that how the studies of men and
women or interrelated activities during discourse analysis.

Overview About Multidisciplinary Nature

of Gender Studies
The gender studies as the name gives taste of the thematic meaning in
meaningful manner to ponder that how the studies of gender in this consistent
widening population endorse the way that is highly centralized with the studies

of both sexes currently in this universe. When the gender studies decided to do

the relative measures with the immediate study as the research paradigm in

which the studies in this manner is very descriptive it arises as the tool to make
assumptions and expectation. This analysis toll provides the way through the
further research is being carried out with the effective decision making.

The decision making is not so easy because the gender studies is at stake. The

assumption that are providing the glaring way to make assumption about the

gender at first level and influence of sex difference at other. The gender studies

can not only consider the cultural difference in further way but also two other
aspects that are exactly deals with the things in this manner. The social ideas

that show that how the community is going to do the justification is another
way to think about the course material in detail. The ideas of political mindset

with the ideas of social mindset endorsed the way in which the clear difference

is being considered at first level and the difference is about the men and
women.

The same material of gender studies show that how the studies incorporated
the ways in which the scholars thinks and the thinkers reacts. The both

elements of society; masculinity and femininity are always dealing with the
ways in which the society is the only way to show that every aspect in society

behaves with these elements by considering the differences that are always
there and being there forever. The both elements that are integrated with the

way that social constructed platform is the way to get the real maxim in the

beautiful way. After the social constructed element, the other aspect is the
historical touch with the manner that are highly sensitive in the history and
show the struggle of later said in above text.

Particularly, the gender studies are the multidisciplinary nature in the course
because the studies always considered the and even encourage the students
who always a perfect match with different courses. The first course that is

natural science and the students of natural science can accept and even do
better while studying the gender studies. The other students who may done the

health care degree before the study but can do better with the same gender
study. The Students who may got excellence even in education and business
may show that the same interest in the gender studies. In the end, one can say
that knowledge of almost every field can do the indirect support so that
excellence could be achieved even in the sender studies.

Autonomy vs Integration Debate in Gender

Studies
The Concept of autonomy is same in feminist mindset as scholars of moral
psychology have their own. The moral psychology means that self-direction in

ones life is explicit in person life. The self-direction means rules, values,
norms and traditions are being met ideally with way of life.

Autonomy means that personally successfully act exactly according to norms

and values in self-directive mode. For example, in autonomous attitude, person
exactly do according to his already decided motive. This is not wrong to say

that autonomy was considered by early feminist not more than a suspicious

activity. The only reason that was floated over there at that time, unattractive
masculinity rising at society level.

At that time personhood was halted for sake of mild approach towards

masculinist. Oppositely, there are scholars who specifically view feminist in

details and have their own interpretation about autonomy. They argue that

autonomous attitude is necessary to measures exactly oppression of gender in

society. As gender oppression is adopting new ways so feminist thinking are

exactly doing same in today environment.

Feminist thinkers believe that objectification is still there in this world and
should remove. There is still an open challenge exist at feminist forums that
either they should continue with previous though about autonomy or new one.

In the way, re-conceptualization of autonomy is seeming practicably viable at

broad perspective. The concept of relational autonomy is new one and mostly

deals with alteration of feminist view about autonomy. Some thought that
autonomous and self-government is acceptable only when someone declares
as normal.

Internationally speaking, there is lots of difference between discourse of man

about feminist overview and discourse of women in same society. Many

feminists pondered upon way of man thinking. Some western based minds that
have liberal point of view see some positives in masculinity. Western culture

that has generated this mindset also considered it to name as autonomy. The

example of gender studies according to autonomy concepts is glaring in Indian

context.

India is real times example that has shown that gender attitude was changed
after arrival of western based television. The status of women has been

changed since arrival of autonomy because it was more than just feminist view.

Patriarchy is main element to discuss that cannot stop debate between

autonomy and integration. Male-based cultural structure is never acceptable

for feminists because they exactly want its opposition. The concept of
Patriarchy has enhanced gender inequality that was ill of society in previous
era and still a pinching debate.

Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan

The emerging changes in women studies is consider able for evaluating status

of gender studies in Pakistan. Ironically, this is same determinant that can

decide status in Pakistan and same in whole world.

Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan

That approach is always in trend that can provide facilitation towards women

studies. The facilitation that can lower gap between men and women. It is pure
outcome that women studies wants to achieve.Year when women started to

grow was 1989. It was year when Center of Excellence in Womens studies
established by ministry of Women Development.

After establishment, the first step taken towards goal of government to boast

women role in society. The center was initial step and now there are many
steps that has been taking by government since 1989. The center is liable to

conducts research in women studies, gathers information about gender gap and
suggests initial step to lower that identified gap.

Further, center is conducting various sample tests so that real time problem of
women can explore. In June 1997, center was involved in its full operations
towards objective as it set. That research institute has taken three years to gain
title of only research institute of women.

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been working since
the perception inculcated in the Pakistan about Gender Studies. Historically,

the 1999 observed the way in which Country WID Profile-Pakistan was the
biggest platform.

After the policies formulation for the gender in Pakistan, the subject matter
goes with the proper implementation for those polices. The policy
implementation is Pakistan is the way that show which policy was highly
beneficial in rising the status of gender or else.

The society is changing and this paradigm shift endorsed changes during the
development of individual. This subject matter was consistent in change
specifically from 1999 to 2007. This is the principle in which the policy

environment was penetrating at platform of gender studies. The socio-cultural

context is the other mindset that was developed in the same manner so that
gender equality could monitor. The customary practices are also monitored
during the change from one level of study to another level. In the end, one can

say that status of gender studies in Pakistan that was initiated with boasted
behavior is still continue with the same pace.

Overview About the Social Construction of

Gender
The debate of men and women could not end in any sense unless or until a
biggest paradigm shift could be observed in this times as it was in recent times.

The gender studies showed some signs in biological fact while considering the

men and women in large base but all needs of biological fact are not a merely
role in studying the reckless conditions of women status in this world. The
simple biological fact is not the way to endorse the women and negates the
men just upon the facts that has been found in the biological sense.

The biological fact that has been incorporated as the way to deal with

numerous issues is not sufficient unless or until it is amalgamated with the

social implications. (oneonta.edu, 2011) The society in which human creature

lives and feel agile moments in different perspective are highly considerable

at large scale. The women who is almost at the verge of gender inequality are
belongs to the different social group and these social groups after the biological

fact is entirely different from the social group of men in introspective manner.
(oneonta.edu, 2011)

The Social Construction of Gender

The character of social group penetrates in women and after the penetration it

consider the numerous facts in the women as men is unable to even consider
them. The gender is now being used as the term in which the whole successful

way to consider these different social groups in no time is regarded as the way
to deal with. This is the fact of nature that are being used widely as the society
endorse the various ways and methods in different mindset.

The biological sexes transformed from one phase of life to other with some
certain changes that are necessary to occur when the culture allows and unable

to keep constant when the culture negates them. The gender constructions are
based upon the set of interrelated activities and changes that are highly
definable in the way that is being referred as the basic change agent.
(oneonta.edu, 2011)

The biological sexuality is being transformed as the only way to consider the
internal tools that have been used as the initiators of major change in both

gender life. In women perspective the whole biological sexuality is

considerable in the manner that endorse that either every human activity in
which the women lies is really exist or not. The masculine gaze is the important

aspect that shaped the minds of women to think differently because women
consider the gaze seriously and they think that how the men think while gazing
them. In the end, one can say that the whole thinking that has been shifted from
men to women is solely considerable in social construction of gender.

Problematizing the category of Sex:

Queer Theory
The origin of uncomfortable conversations draws attention of individuals
towards the real myth behind the Queer theory that has been a glaring topic in

the community since its inception. The conceptual framework is not only stuck
with the issues as per the required plan of action in the way. The anthology

that focuses on the various debates are the best by product with other concepts

as society needs. Many debates and topics has been introduced in the manner
that exactly required to initiate the way in respective manner.

The important issues that has been a debate regarding the elements as the
intimacy, privacy and even as the sex harassment that has been a normal topic

to discuss with all formalities. The concept initialization regarding the sex and

even the other elements in the gender studies are not the product of abrupt

decision in gender studies. Oppositely, it has been an issue since the inception
of gender and conception of gender linkage with the society. There are possible

four major institutions in the society and these institutions always handles the

matter of gender that has been using as the Queer theory with the same pace
as the gender understand.

Queer Theory
The critical perspective provides the way to give the meaningful intervention
to show that how the community going to consider the legal terms and

regulation in the way that is highly integrated with the queer mindset. The

social aspects that has been discussed since the historical background provides
the way as per the relevancy endorsed the need. Later the Queer way to deal
with the gender studies are highly relevant with the political and cultural

institutions. The only need here to think about the sex as the traditional way to
deal with the different sexes in the same paradigm shift. The same mindset that
has been endorsing the queer and feminist as the main factors to evaluates the

gender deeply show that the both mindsets have been in debate since the wordy
war f sex, gender and sexuality is increased.

The social norms are almost away from the real thinking that directly and

indirectly relate with the subject matter as the Queer theory has been asking.
Therefore, the queer and the feminist way of handling the gender are almost

interlinked in several fronts but in sex front at extra ordinary level. The larger

goals of empowerment and the equality show that the material approach of
society towards the real meaning as the queer theory wants to give in open
society.

1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,65,67,69,71,73,7
5,77,79,81,83,85,87,89,91,93,95,97,99,101,103,105,107,109,111,113,115,117,119,121

The Situation Analysis of Masculinities and

Feminism
The public debate is the only way that always considered behind the success
of any topic in any paradigm with descriptive manner. The public hearings and

views that always endorsed the reality of gender in this culture. The research

material is being increased in the manner that always consider the image of
gender mindset in the cultural framework. The other thing that always behaves
in the society with the introspective manner exactly deals with the policy

making strategies. One can say that the study explore the Masculinity mindset

has been start with the starts of intervention of women moments against for
freedom. (Connell & Connell, 2005)

Masculinities and Feminism

For example, the womens Liberation movement was the toughest way to deal
with the elements in the society. The society that show either the political

discussions about the men and women, it ultimately disturbs the masculinity

mindset with the same thematic expression as possible as it could. The

interrelated values that has been discussed as the meaningful intervention are
being challenged during the debate between men and women.

The men libration moment that has started in the 1970s explores that the

masculinities mindset was started with that event. The male sex role is another

facet in the life of men with the way that was highly important and is highly

considerable in the development of gender in the society. The two elements

that has been in debate since the inception of mindset are power and change.

The social relations that has been incorporated as the main element in

developing the gender and social status in reality through the procedural
change. (Connell & Connell, 2005)

These multiple patterns that are comfortably used as the way to deal with the
confusion during the gender development. The gender practices are the ways
through the masculinities are being judged as per the requirement of society.
The lacking of social with the scientific linkage is the main aspect that has

been used as the main source of information with different ways. The relations
among the gender is the way that are being considered as the main aspect
relevant with the gender and the power. (Connell & Connell, 2005)

The feminism is another way to think at gender perspective. The whole

framework that has been used as the material bindings so that social action
could give the relevant material for different intervention. The need to ready
the contemporary feminism was originated when the understandability among

the two different aspects of gender was evaluated and also consider the combat
violence. In the end, one can say that the political and critical debates over the
topics still not ended yet in any case.

Nature Versus Culture: A Debate in Gender

Development
The debate across the nature identified as the best way to create the linkage
between the biological platform with the gender. The debate draw attention

that the gender is biological in complete sense. The strong relationship that
endorsed the reality that has been given here with the way as amalgamated in

the further combination of gender and sex at broad perspective. The innate
element show that gender have it at great extent. (Jensen, 2015)

The evolutionary mechanisms as per the discussion starts always be a

procreation in the first priority that has been in debate since the inception of

cultural aspect in this society. The nature debates always considered the gender
and the gender related issues at the first priority in which the sex specification

cannot ignore. The biological sense of the gender is always considerable

because the nature is always deals with the biological aspects. The relationship

between the persons sex and gender is definable in exploitative way. (Jensen,
2015)

Nature Versus Culture

Evolutionary mechanisms in two ways are exploitative in nature in terms of
studies, one is procreation that is highly instinctive and the meaningful debate

show that gender is innate as well under this paradigm shift. There are two

major cross-cultural studies named as the Buss in 1994 and Mead in 1935. The

former studies the heterosexual preferences in males and not only in males it
also spreads in females. The later explains the cultural variations in gender role
that is vary according to procedural changes. (Jensen, 2015)

The latter is also known as the Berdache as per the research pondered seriously.
According to Best et al in 1994, he proposed that activities are confronted by

both males and females are exist in this world naturally. The debate was not
just ends there, these challenges and issues are different according to parenting

roles of both and the distinguishes from one another. After the 3 years of this
remarkable debate another researchers comes up with some hypothesis about
the same debate in new paradigms. (Jensen, 2015)

The researcher names as the Pontius in 1997 who believed that males up to

some or may be sometimes at great extent constitutes the superior spatial skills
while discourse analysis could be done through the defined procedure. Nature

always considered that the socialization provides the background to the males

and even females so that they can show that gender is another thing and need
to be discussed deeply. The Gender is also a result after the product creation
comes in to being after socialization. (Jensen, 2015)

The socialization is highly depending upon the family upbringing as well as

societal expectation in the definition of role. It can be justified in this sense

that sometimes the people can show something other than expected from that
particular type of gender. At that sense or one can say at nature argument, the

cultural variations are explicit in defining the gender roles. The agent of

socialization such as the parents, peers and even the education system in
society takes part in the gender development. In the end, one can say that the
culture versus nature is an everlasting debate generally but specifically it has
no limits while considering the gender development in contemporary society.

Feminist Theories and Practice as

Contemporary Perspective
The only vision that should be considered as one of the best way to deal with
the intersections of Feminist theory with the profit intervention at large scale.
The investigation in such a big way cannot possible without the updated
knowledge penetration in this field. There are many discourse analysis ways

that may endorse the research in the way that may benefits the feminist mindset
in this modern society. One can say that the Feminist thinkers are available in

vast range because these thinkers always thinks according to the rationale
thinking that is necessary for the theoretical background of Feminist.

The scholars and student who wants to get the knowledge about the Feminist
way of thinking always have a question in his mind that what is Feminism.
This question is not so easy to answer in several aspects. The encouragement,

endorsement and mindset about the womens rights on three aspects is being
considered as the who mindset about the feminism. This mindset is being
established as the way in which three grounds is being selected and show that

women are entirely equal to men. The first aspect is the political aspect, the

second is the social and third one is economic aspect gives the whole plot of
Feminism. (Baumgardne & Richards)

Feminist Theories and Practice

The other mindset that has been increasing in popularity since the inception of

Feminism mindset in society also considered theLiberal feminism as the

creative way of thinking. The Liberal Feminism is the particular way of

thinking with the defined criterion through the equality between the men and

women is not a big issue anymore. There are some sorts of discriminatory

practices always exists in the society when individual exploit them to collect
the arguments against the equality and at the same time there are some

individuals who believes in alteration of existed forms of arguments about the

inequality. One can say that the Liberal feminism is form of feminist theory

but that form of feminist theory believes in individualistic thinking more than
collective one. (stanford., 2007)

The philosophical form of radical feminism pondered upon society in the way
that is directly related with the Patriarchal roots in the identification of mindset

in composite form. This philosophical roots considered the roots of inequality

that has been existed between the men and women. As the name of depicts that

the women dominance is the clear message of identification of this form of

feminism so that another element of society can explore explicitly. Socially

speaking. in this way, the social form is being considered as the main element
for making a huge difference between the women and men. (Lewis)

The other way that has been very glaring since the conceptual framework of
Feminists mindset rises up show that the Marxist Feminism is another tool to

think about the ways in which society could get benefit. The theory of Karl
Marx that has been using as the best argument about the societal factors in the

society endorse that the society is essentially discoverable according to the

economic laws and regulations. The root of this type of feminism exactly

linked with the work of Marx and Frederick Engels in the complete sense. This
mindset is against the capitalist drive for purpose of profits and profit sharing

in different aspects. The women are being considered as the matter of second

class and less prioritized in this society. The women insocialistic feminism has
been facing the racism as the most common evil in society along with the
homophobia in the worst stage. (Gilbert)

The Feminism and feminist mindset is not a tangible thing in the society and

Psychoanalytic Feminism is the way that also depends upon the unconscious
moves

in

different

way.

This

unconscious

motives

show

that

the Psychoanalytic feminismensures the linkage between the sexuality and

subjectivity in further discourse analysis way to deal with different methods in

reality. The basic problem starts when the strong link strengthened with the

different aspects of society. The link that considered the sexuality and the
subjectivity as the same thing. (stanford, 2011)

Sometimes it happened that the mens feminism can gain the popularity with

the different ways in doing the reality as the major factor. This is a mindset

that is trendy in nature now a day with the different ways and responsible
thinking is being introduced as the major fact according to this discourse
analysis. According to Ben Agger in 1998 the biggest war comes in end when

the sex and gender is being democratized for the hidden agendas to accomplish

in society. The oppression understanding is not incorporated as the main figure

to discuss the but the political agenda of sex and gender consider it in the same
manner. It is not bad to consider the men as the pro-feminist but it is very
essential for men that they should speak as the anti-racism. (Klocke)

The last couple of decades are being considering the Feminist as the current

issues and ultimately scholars are diverting itself towards the postmodern
Feminism by their immediate will sometimes and sometimes indirectly. This
kind of Feminists theory is considering another way to discuss with the people

that Feminism was the modern but it is now postmodern issue to be discussed

under several aspects. The postmodern knowledge in general iOS very

essential to acquire because the literature about postmodern way is highly

centralized with the new minds in society. After the complete realization the

postmodern knowledge should be test at feminist perspective to deal with men,

women and equality between them. (ancestry)

What Is Feminism with Start of Feminist

Mindset
The Complexity while understanding the Feminism can be understood by the
various elements in the society. The society have many aspects and one of the

most important aspect is to gain the Feminism as the major paradigm shift in
discussing the gender in this world. The simple explanation about different

aspects discusses the way that is highly related with the genders perspective
through the complete discourse analysis. (Beasley, 1999)

What Is Feminism?
The literature of feminism is so confusing and complex that the layperson

cannot gain the knowledge as the contemporary western feminism constitutes

in it. The society is concerned with two major and contrasting schools of
thought. One school of thought deals with the social aspect and feminism have
some behavior of attachment from this school. The other aspect is the political

aspect and in the same way the feminism encourages the political myth of
society. (Beasley, 1999)

The widely use of different approach as the past concerns that the complexity
of feminism is highly concerns with the equality in the society. The academic

background and knowledge about the Feminism is still endorsing the reality

that the feminism is the alive conceptual framework and the working is still

required to execute the decision about the feminism. The study that is being
considered as the way of guidance since the previous two decades is now starts

to grasp the attention of staff, students, researchers and scholars from other
studies because all fields endorsing the phenomenon that feminists views are
present in the whole society secretly. (Beasley, 1999)

Even the students are now showing their interest to write about the women and

gender issues in big platform. Another aspect cannot ignore in this field and
that aspect is about the complexities of different trends in Feminism. The

researchers want to explore the material under the Feminism but first they have
to decode the complex information. The students are ready to write about the

students issues but the material is not so satisfactory in developing the

justified material about the understanding of Feminism from the start.
(Beasley, 1999)

To overcome the issues in the literature, the field is required to initiate the such

painless way and straightforward material that could get the writing down with
the vast range of material about the feminism agreeably. The feminism is not
so easy to consider as the field of study because many scholars are doing the
research under the concept that modernist view of contemporary8 feminist is

the basic source and summary of ancient one is sufficient to grasp the overview
about the maxim that what is feminism. (Beasley, 1999)

Liberal Feminism a Collective Thought

The liberal Feminism is the mindset that always considered the factors of

equality between men and women totally against the original feminist
philosophers in this world and acts differently. The political agenda of equality

of women and men is so vast now a day that it could be dangerous for various

aspects. Liberal feminism, inversely, believed as there is no innate

psychological difference that can change the view of men about the women
and women about the men. (Stanford, 2007)

Liberal Feminism
The liberal feminist believed the that the formal equality between men and

women is only considered as the equality not less than that and even no more

than that. The state of affairs is the matter of things that considered as the much

important rather than the other ways and tools to considered the women. One
can say that the state of affairs can meet with its real intervention with the
consideration of women as the main factor in society. The womens interest is

the best served thing that has been considered under the state of affairs so that
the female maxim could be enhanced with the procedural way.

The standards under the interest of women segment, the expectations of the
womens interest and the opportunities that are ready to exploit according to

the womens interest are best served under the conceptual framework of
Liberal feminism. The best interventions that has shown by the many
researchers and even the epistemology of feminist show that there is difference
between the men and women at social grounds, there is difference between

men and women at biological ground and there is difference between men and
women, most importantly, at psychological perspectives. (Stanford, 2007)

Above all there is only one think that logically appeals the thinkers of women
and men equally to consider the individual liberty in selecting the equality
factors between the men and women is the way to show that the society is free
in terms of thinking for the women and even sometimes against the women as

well. The American mindset that appeal about the equality between men and
women in large scale that can give the benefits as needed to considered in this
complex world. (Stanford, 2007)

The American see feminist views and theories as the liberal one rather than
radical and socialist. The concept of formal equality was given by the liberal

feminism but as the matter of fact, this formal equality did not deal the
difference between jobs, hiring, recruitment and promotion criteria at
workplace between men and women. Liberals even proposed that it is totally
a market that did not endorse the phenomenon of formal equality between men
and women. (Stanford, 2007)

Radical Feminism a Contemporary View of

Feminist
The oppression that has started from the last two decades still prevails in some

minds according to some extent and the only reason behind the conceptual

framework is to endorse the reality that the women was the first group of
people who were being enslaved. When the radical mindset at that time

considered and implement that the women sector could be enslaved. Then they
shifted towards the other group of gender that was men. (Thompson, 2001)

There are many arguments about the reality of this manifesto that the women

should be considered as the part of humanity in any sense. When the culture
believed that the women can enslaved practically than the cultural key

performers endorse that men should be enslaved in the same manner. That was
a crucial time for different schools of thought. Male supremacy is the oldest

phenomenon and this phenomenon was established when the men considered

its image at the first stage and negates the women dominance according to the
radical feminist view. The power structure was also establishing at that time
just upon the men-central view rather than women-concise view in society.
(Thompson, 2001)

Radical Feminism
The male dominance was so much raised in the mid of 20th century that Ti-

Grace Atkinson have to said to that the all kinds of oppression that was facing
by the women are the true product of men. The men is the source of corrupt

values and norms relatively as the main source of inequality of gender in the
society. This was the time when the class system has started and people start

thinking about the different ways and procedures respectively. The other

person who remained in the radical feminism proposed that the women is the
oldest group of gender that was facing the oppression in the society in all
aspect. (Thompson, 2001)

biological difference between ten men and women that is the major difference

indeed that negates the rule that the women and men is equal and should
consider equal in all aspects. The male dominance is being abolished for
instance to show that the women is the basic elements of society and should

be considered as accordingly. This school demands that the women is the basic

element in the society that always believed against the oppression of women
by the men and demands to kick out the men from the social and economic
thoughts in actual.

Patriarchy mindset should abolish from the different perspective because the
challenges that has been facing by the feminism since the inception are

incorporated as the main source of this forceful act. The pure political process
cannot eliminate from different perspective that show what is best for the
society and what not so much beneficial. The social norms, values, ethics and

ways of doing things can alter in the radical feminists mindset in different
ways. The aloofness from the political mindset is the main factor in the radical

feminism that gives still the agile moments to this thought. (Thompson, 2001)

Marxist Deals with Feminism as The

Socialist Feminism
The oppression of women in the society is not a new pheno0menon of this

reckless society because the women has been not welcoming to take part in
state affairs since the inception of women element in the society. The
oppressions started when the men considered that it is easy to enslave the

women rather than men. As the name suggests, the socialist mindset always

considered the society in first priority rather than the capitalist mindset. The
capitalism is the way that has incorporated as the way that may show that may

show that class relations at society level are the advance level element with the
discourse analysis. (wikifoundry.com, 2015)

The class relation between the men and women is the worst thing that enhances

the level of oppression in society. The expression that has showed as per the
exploitation of women is concerned. The roles of women and men collectively

cannot be negated in the society. Capitalists mindset is the major thing to

consider where the societies are at the verge of extinction. The women always

need to provide the free care for the young that are most importantly the child
are. (wikifoundry.com, 2015)

Marxist Feminism
The young people are being monitored by the women by considering the

socioeconomic factors in the society in most beneficial way. The capitalists

against the socialist feminism pursuit the economic outcomes from the women
so that the men labor class have to work as much as they can. The Marxists

believe that the women inequality is increasing and only the capitalist society
is being responsible for it in composite way. (wikifoundry.com, 2015)

The household reality of women cannot ignore because the women is the

unattached reality of this society and cannot separate from the society in any
aspect. The functional society considered exactly opposite the material based

discussion that may hinder the performance of women and can create the
inequality in most adverse form. (wikifoundry.com, 2015)

The concept of unhappy marriage is another way to show that how the
Marxism is being regarded as the sole responsible to create the birth of socialist

feminism because the aim of socialist feminism is almost the same as the
Marxisms believes in terms of capital. The socialist feminism always argues
about the different perspective because they are highly familiar with the ills of
society in respect of women. The socialistic feminism is always against the
oppression of workplace and society in terms of women. (wikifoundry.com,

Psychoanalytic Feminism and Freud Way

Of Thinking
There is no question that the roots of Psychoanalytic Feminism are directly
linked with the Sigmund Freud. The Sigmund Freud negates that the children

are sexless in all aspect. For this he made many conclusions based upon the
sex inheritance even in smallest age. His time was the time when the children

was entirely considered as sexuality-less in different perspective but the

patient-central intervention has been achieved in different ways. The
conclusions that gives the shadow of his thoughts entirely done through the
proper regulations according to that time. (Chodorow, 1989)

There were three major stages that hinders the sexual involvement to show that

the children in infant age are basically developed through the three stages
named as oral, anal and phallic. These all stages that are high considerable
while having the discourse of relation with societal elements show that the

community-based activities are highly concern about the different unconscious

activities at that age of child. Every stage as discussed above show the
Psychoanalytic feminist mindset according to nature of individual.
(Chodorow, 1989)

Psychoanalytic Feminism
Every stage has its own characteristics and show that every stage at the end
have some elements of pleasure that are vital at individual level. That age was

considered as the element in which the child can discovered some elements of

pleasure. The genitals now draw the attention towards the child inheritance for

the sake of success in this paradigm shift. The mother is the key element that
can arise the lust of child because he considered her as the sex partner without

any society limitation. Essentially, feminists have some other mindset about
the Freud and his theoretical interventions. (Chodorow, 1989)

They think that the biology is nothing to do with the women inequality win the

society. Oppositely, it is the social position and powerlessness of women that

relative to men in different ways. The social construction of femininity is the
way that always dismantle the conceptual framework with different

perspective in comparison. Alfred Alder is another thinker that endorse the

later ideas about the Feminism in psychoanalytic paradigm in the responsive

way but not with the reformative way. (Chodorow, 1989)

The Karen Horney was thinking in justified manner that the women is

supposed to considered as the tool that may create the balance between the life
and can create the ideal life. The ideal life that may widens the paradigm with
the both masculine and the feminine traits in the balance form. The equal way

that always considerable in getting the mens equal traits with the little power

degradation. Clara Thompson has considered that the men ego because he has
power cannot match with the women in several aspects and most important in
social aspect. (Chodorow, 1989)

The women are not so inferior in the society as the men created their image
forcefully. In the end, one can say that Psychoanalytic feminism can be negate

through the transformation of existed concepts of legal, political, economic as

well as social structure that were wrongly considered by the different mindset

of society. The transformation of womens psychology from all minds of

society can endorse the importance and even regulate the intervention about
the equality of women in the society. (Chodorow, 1989)

Men Feminism and Men Who Believe in

Feminist Mindset
The western public agenda about the feminism is almost a way to develop the

synthetic mindset about the clear minds and concepts so that the feminist
scholars can give assurance about the women role in the society that could or

should not reverted in any sense. The feminist moment that constitutes the
public agenda on first hand decided that the mutual relations between the men

and women are always considerable in the variety of aspects in society. The
creation of framework is not a big thing to discuss that either the concepts
exactly do the same as they intended to do or the matter is something else than
the requirement. (Digby, 2013)

The mens feminism pondered the feminist mindset in the social, economic

and political platform is not the way to discuss as per the requirement in which
the men are the absolute reality. It is necessary to evaluate that there are

specific strengths that are always considerable while having the vast range of

arguments already found in this paradigm shift. The further numbers that are
always believe in the limitation of the study that show either the study is highly

centralized with the practical grounds or not. The feminist mindset discussed
the discourse so that the social and nature things can get the real maxim in the
distinctive way. (Digby, 2013)

Men Feminism
The chunks of information about the feminist mindset are always deals in

enthusiastic manner so that the community could get it in justified way. The
easy mindsets that have been developed over the time by so that the feminist

behavior could be explored were also done by the men of ancient time. The

gender relations are the only platform where the clear distinction can be made

between the feminism men and feminism women so that they can provide the
material needed to support the arguments. (Digby, 2013)

The epistemology that has been derived from various facet of society show
that the men role in enhancing the image of feminist is not an adequately here
as per the requirement. As the many schools of thoughts in the feminist
mindset, the feminism deals with the public policy and try to change it

according to the needs and demands with the various mindset. The public
policy change is an only way to deal with the best approach as needed to
develop. (Digby, 2013)

The public policy is always deals with the womens resources in the society

and tries to increase or even decrease the resources according to the trend of

society. In the end, one can say that the womens paradigm always try to
survive in the culture where men are dominating factor. The women need
affiliation with the national, international and even governmental agencies so
that they can represent the mass of society accordingly. (Digby, 2013)

Postmodern Feminism and Theoretical Mind

of Feminist Theory
The postmodern way of thinking constitutes entirely different mindset about many
facet of society. The society is deals with the gender as the gender wants to be deal
in reality. The women oppression is not a new phenomenon according to different

angles of society. The extra ordinary innovative linkage developed when the scholars

thinks about the amalgamation of feminism and postmodern time in the same
platform. The Scholars always thinks without the knowledge that either this fusion

is going in the favor of women or women struggle of equality or not. (Mazza, 1991)

Postmodern Feminism
The lacking is clear over here that may negate the scholars thinking or may be

endorse as well. The thinking that postmodern way of society is exactly related with
the feminist mindset so that the exploration of values, ethics and mindset be explored
through the different applications. Thee postmodernism is the big school of thought

and present in the society since the recent passing decades. There are some rules,

values and norms of this postmodernism section of society. Furthermore, these

conceptual framework of postmodernism can use with the feminism mindset as per
the discussion concludes. (Mazza, 1991)

The debates are not end here yet because the community can use it as per the

different fragments of society because the community approach towards feminism

is also having many mindsets and those mindsets can use with the postmodernism.

This is debate about the dual approach; one from the postmodern towards the

feminism and other is the feminist mindset towards the postmodernism. This is talk
about the casual linkage and the exploration of epistemology in reality but the reality
is not so far from it that there is no formal usage of such interventions at all. The
manifesto of the postmodernist-feminist thought in this updated society endorsed the

cultural way of doing the things that are highly concerned with the approach that
show women is updating now according to social norms, education background and
even political image and this women mindset now require extra ordinary arguments
about the equal or non-equal approach in society. (Mazza, 1991)

One can propose it in justified way that the postmodern view of the feminism is not

exactly meets with the reality of feminism in the previous culture and times because

there is lot of differences between the conceptual framework then and now. Modern
thinking is also responsible for creating the responsible results and findings as one
can say. The modern feminism is tending to think about the way that exactly reflects

the demands of society. The modern feminism behaves with the ways that show what
is good and what is not sufficiently good for different fragments of the society.
(Mazza, 1991)

The oppression of the women is the big issue that exists from the ancient time till

date and have no permanent substitutes to avoid this ill. The Modern way of thinking
about the feminism also said in composite form that when the oppression of women
will abrogate from the society than the all oppression intentionally will leave this

society forever. Consequently, one can say that the postmodern feminism is also
show the same desire as the ancient way of dealing with women was. (Mazza, 1991)

Feminist Movements and Ideologies About

the Feminism Minds
The series of the campaigns were being regarded as the movements and those

movements was important to recognized the women as the key player in the
cultural, political, social and economic platform that was highly detached from

the scene. It is no more hidden reality that the women of the west have faced
the consequences of the so called men power in reality as per the ancient

studies explored. The American women was struggling against the

consequences that were so much related with the so called power of the men.

The identity of the women was considered in those days distinguished

according to cultural aspects. The female identity is already different
paradigms was not considerable as per the required plan of action. (Durn,
Payne, & Russo, 2007)

Feminist Movements
The western culture contains some rare elements that are attached with the

culture in composite form and is not applicable in the whole world in effective

way as it should work. The Feminist are clearly comes out after the exploration
of the woman oppression in the United States in the mid of 19th Century. The

jobs sector is the first sector that considered the woman as the thing with the
limited rights to get an as professional life. The next field in the west showed
that the education was being also considered as the field that is far away from

the rights of women so that they can boast. The story was not end yet and the
sexuality comes as the third major field in which the woman oppression was

continue according to ancient epistemology. The last but not the least thing
was the reproductive choice that was relevant towards the enslaved status of
woman in west. (Evans, 2012)

The first wave of Feminist movement ensure that the legal bindings in those
circumstances is very necessary in the development of equality paradigm in

the real manner. The movement was there from the 19th century till the early
of 20th century and showed that the unity is only the one basic rule that makes

the society aware that women are not more separate concept in the society and

should be consulted as per the women desired way. There were four major
states that have particularly such elements that can be called as the suffrage

one. The list includes the United States, Netherlands, Canada and United
Kingdom that have had such elements that took part in the movements at large
scale to gain right to vote. (Joannou, 1998)

The Womens Suffrage Association give boast to the agenda to show that both
need requirement is the way to show the other woman the same as they are

designed to show. The year of 1869 was the year that highlights the way in

which the Feminist view to give the right to vote so that the community based

information can assimilate in the society freely. Susan B. Anthon was the
name, is the name and will be the name that show the woman of that time a
way to get the equality in the right direction and finally the 1919 comes with
the right to vote. (Kampwirth, 2004)

The after effects of the second world war II (1960s) was comes under the name

of second movement and the equal rights amendment (ERA) was the
repercussion of the movement.Second wave movement of the feminism was

the way to discuss the woman legalities as per the discussion showed. This

second way movement was comprised of activities that has outlining the social

and political concepts in the defined way. The social paradigm has been the
way to give the mindset that was buzzing by the main leaders of the association

since the conception of movement. The legal protection was the main thing
that give boast to the objectives of this second wave along with many social

reservations indeed. The gender discrimination was also outlined in the same
wave that showed that this wave of the feminism was severe in action than the
previous one. (Kaplan, 2012)

The third wave movement of feminism comes in 1992 and the left agendas in
previous two movements was the objectives of this movement through the
reality based interventions. The basic purpose of the movement comes when

the second wave movement fail in different aspects. The objectives of this

wave were to gather the voices of young women, non-heterosexual women and
even women of color introspectively. (Roth, 2004)

Feminist Movements in The West with

Western Mindsets
Just before the 10 years of the first success in the struggle of women about the

right of vote, United States officially accepts the word feminist in 1910 and
the appearance become more glaring in that segment of the society. The
feminist thinkers of the west collective their thoughts and the way of thinking

about the women status in terms of different written material in the head

account of feminism in the society in previous two decades specifically. The

three different elements in the society are matter a lot at different pace as the
time, culture and the country location is centralized in the meaningful way.
(Wikipedia, 2012)

Feminist Movements in The West

The feminist movements in the west is directly opposite to the current

circumstances in the society because these circumstances are different in

getting the real maxim as per the discussion concludes. The collective working

of the movement is entirely deals with the women right in the justified

manner. Every aspect of the women segment in the society should consider

under the previous women equality paradigm in the composite form. The

concept of the protofeminist comes when the feminist movements in the

west has started over to get the new paradigm shift as needed to develop.
(Wikipedia, 2012)

The only agenda that is integral part in the discussion in whole three waves of

feminist in the west was to get the idea about the feminist movements in the
composite format. The feminist issues are the subject matter that is being

discussed from the start of the movements till the end and these issues were

the main objectives of these movements in the centralized form. Similarly, the

feminist movements are different and same at the same platform because these

movements deal with the issues of women in that times with the same thematic
meaning but different with the different meaningful way to discuss the entire
community of that times. (Wikipedia, 2012)

The working conditions was being considered as the important part of the first

wave of the movements in the west along with the educational right of men

and women on equal basis. The culture always considered as the main element

with respect to different mindset in feminism. This culture constitutes some

major element to discuss with the ability to disrupt the women in the way that

is not being considered as the equality platform for the women and men. These

cultural inequalities are the second major objectives of the second wave
movements in the west specifically. (Wikipedia, 2012)

The last struggle was the discourse analysis of the things and elements of
failure about the different way as the feminist mindset behaves in different

aspects. Those failures that are attached with the second wave of feminism was

the main objective of the third wave of feminism in the different way and that

wave actually started the movement to overcome the results that has been

found since the conception of the third second wave of feminist movements in
the west. In the end, one can say that the major critique about the material in

the movements of feminism proposed that these movements was truly against

the rules and regulation of many nations but exactly deals with the western
culture importantly. (Wikipedia, 2012)

First Wave of Feminism and Feminist

Movements Timeline
The material consists of different aspects of the feminism and feminist mindset

during its first wave. The days of 19th and 20th century was regarded as the

most important days because the women oppression got the minds of the

woman culture in the composite form. The women mind is the basic too that
ignites the need of feminist movement in its first wave. The days in which the

liberal politics was at highest point further endorsed the idea about the woman
to gain the right to vote through effective way. The liberal politics was included
the new way of democratization in the state to state political environment.
(Krolokke, 2005)

First Wave of Feminism

The liberal politics that is highly centralized with the liberal womens rights
movement and most important it gets the idea about the socialist mindset about
the women in this society. That time when the first wave of feminist movement

has started indeed. The United States and the Europe were two main regions

where this wave arises. The western society was exploited by the first wave of
women as the eastern society but many critics take this stance as unjustified

one. They think that the first and even other waves of the feminist movements

were entirely against the other nations and only suited towards the updated
industrialization and even the developed societies specifically. (Krolokke,
2005)

The days was still in the history when the women started to use the National
women party as the platform to make a huge protest against the government

by some controversial sayings that the government is the highest undemocratic

government and practices are not acceptable. The creation of the direct and

sole feminist franchise in the Germany further ignites the need to get the
similar franchise in the United States as well. The main purpose to authorize

the freedom and the democracy real myth in United States so that women
could felt the real authority within the society. The result of this oppression in

the society was come when the well-educated and even great thinkers for the
women was about to hanged till death during the jail tenure. (Krolokke, 2005)

The best thing of the movement that they did not show any resistance to the
police affairs and finally this attitude got the attention of the people and even

men were started to endorsed the movement in the meaningful way. The
President Wilson was in support of National; American Womens Suffrage

Association (NAWSA) that was less radical and more appealing at actual. The

inspiration for the further movements of feminism was got in the last days of
the first wave movement. (Krolokke, 2005)

The Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman and even the Anna Howard Shaw were few
names that got their objective under one platform by winning the vote in 1920.

In the end, one can say that the agenda that was outlined by the Elizabeth Cady
Stanton for the equity of women naturally was the main objectives of the right
of vote in 1920. (Krolokke, 2005)

Second Wave of Feminist Movements with

Objective or History
The wave of the feminist means that the feminism is being regarded as the
basic thinking in identifying the various facet in the society. The society is the

biggest thinking paradigm and women encourages to do in the rightist

approach for the further improvements as per the issues concerned about. The
political views in this wave are highly related with the way of proceedings and

doing with the well versed approach. This wave basically boasts the morale of
thinking about the liberation and the intention to remove the oppression of the

women of that age. The feminist mindset is regarded as the new way to discuss

the meaningful intervention to do the complete analysis about according to the

objectives of the movement. (Krolokke, 2005)

Second Wave of Feminist Movements

The women sector enhances the level of understanding about the feminist

movements because the women of that age always thinks about the
consideration in which the entire change of life was the honest goal indeed.

The time of 1960s and 1970s was also known as the time that show about the
feminism mindset in liberal format with the radical approach. The new way of
revolution starts when the feminist mindset was judged under the information

that was being collaborative in the complete sense. The second wave of
feminism is the biggest paradigm shift in respect of feminist mindset about the
womens oppression that show what is good for the biggest paradigm and what
is not in different perspective. (Krolokke, 2005)

The underground performance is the way to utilize the whole processing with

the complete format so that the community based approach can target the

women at the first scale. The women thinking is highly transparent in

lowering the oppression with the discourse analysis so that the women reality
could get the meaningful platform. The women liberation was highly
considerable to give the believe about the way in which the freedom for women

is not a new concept at all. The next agenda of this wave was identified as the

biggest way to discuss the material approach to assure that the women
movements are highly concerned with the postwar western societies.
(Krolokke, 2005)

The major focus of this women was grasped by the sector of the women that

show in the section of women in the working class and even in the blacks as

well. The conscious rising of the group is the way to react with the group
activities as the main element of the movement decided for the approach. The

sexual difference is the more critical than as compared to race and class

difference because the new capitalist mindset was generating in that paradigm
and still not at its peak until the end of second wave of feminist movement. In
the end, one can say that the women struggle is the class struggle in all aspects
and should demanded a new paradigm shift. (Krolokke, 2005)

The three kinds of struggles were the main focus of the community of that age

and the best way to impart in the women equality paradigm. Those three
schools were social at first level. sexual at second level and personal at third

level to show that the women are the biggest part in the community to show

that the women are the integral part of the society and should need it in
comprehensive format. (Krolokke, 2005)

Third Wave Feminism Through a Critical View

of Feminist Mind
The most recent wave in the feminist mindset was aroused when the study about the

feminist bloc becomes a real issue in the eye of every woman in all aspects. The time comes
for this realization in the early stage of 1990s when the all hopes were risen again under

the same objectives as the second wave of feminist movements constitutes. The other view

about this movement is to get realization about the mistakes and elements of failures in the
second wave indeed. The backfire of the second movement of feminism believe to have
another way of thinking as per the decided actions and reaction on real grounds. (saylor.org,
2007)

Third Wave Feminism

The focus of the movement was to get attraction of the upper middle class women that is

much different than they actually conceptual framework of the society in different minds.
The structured concepts about the intra related activities among the gender and sexuality
always provides the centralized thinking and it is also a hidden ideology of the third wave

movement. The micro politics is another mindset that has set when the feminists always
focused upon the what is considered as good for the women in the society and what is still
not so much in requirement as per the decided actions. The game change plan was executed

by the culture when, in 1991, the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas were involved in the
sexual harassment indeed.

The sexuality at workplace was perceived as ill in the second wave but it was wrongly
perceived that the second wave see some resolved issues as the biggest notion but still these

issues are existing even in the third wave as per discussion said in justified way. There was
much published work that show this discrimination of women in the rightist approach. The

favor vote of Thomas in that case worsens the situation further. The personalities like the

Gloria Anzaldua, bell hooks were some that named this wave as the new mind with
subjective nature in the feminist voice that may endorse the role-breaking paradigm while
accepting the things as they are. (saylor.org, 2007)

The race related subjective are another way to discover that third wave is distinctive in
nature and have its own per-requisites in composite format. The above-mentioned Thomas

case give the agile moments at this level to the third wave that the gender and race becomes
the hot issues of that time. The rice major part of the community and poor minor part of

community are not separate able under this wave because the third wave movements have
to include the young minds of feminist with the vision to get success in this battle.

The queer sexuality was being consider able when the sexuality in the same gender was at
its peak in actual terms. The other thing is about the reproductive rights is meaningful

approach to discuss that how the gender is going to take part in the way that way is highly
De-centralized with the minor issues. In the end, one can propose that the women was the

major issue under this wave and the linkage between gender, class even race and nationality
are issues to be discussed and resolved if not individually than there should be platform to
resolve them. (saylor.org, 2007)

United Nation Conferences on Women and

Women Rights
The First meeting, 1975, has the same objectives against the equality of the
woman in that era as the today United Nation Conference on women have.

Although there are many lowest number of participants were there in the
community that show what is good about the women status in this world within
the boundary of women right in the best approach. The only 133 government

officials took part in the conference that endorse the future of the women
status in the world. The major role that was played by the Nongovernmental
organization to increase the women sector on equality basis. (unwomen.org,
2015)

United Nation Conferences on Women

The basic principles that has discussed over there in the conference was to

confronts the world action pan against the implementation of the women
maxim at large scale to fulfill the way as it is being decided already. The 1980

was another year that felt need to get the discourse over the women issues and
agendas related with the oppression of the women. About 145 member states

come close to each other and discuss the matters of education, employment

and even health at large scale in which the discussion matter a lot and the
member states discuss. (unwomen.org, 2015)

The ownership right of the women was also considered u9nder the same
conference agenda. The inheritance is another agenda that was considered as

important as it should be so that the one level transfer may be possible to cover
the next level progress so that the general awareness could boast. In 1985,
Nairobi, was the place where the UN decades specifically for the women, got

the agenda to discuss the previous achievements and possible pragmatic

strategies to overcome women issues. The Decades goals are discussed in the

way that show what is the best possible in achieving the intention of the women
and about 157 member states were true witness of those talk. (unwomen.org,
2015)

The paradigm shift has been observed under the women oppression and
equality mindset that the community should endorse that the gender equality
is the major issue and should be tackle in as possible as it should be. After the

third wave, in 1995, Beijing proposed the outline agenda to discuss that the
women elements in the community are highest in demand with different
perspective. The conference has the Beijing Declaration through the simple

form of action is explorative in nature in different terms and conditions. The

women throughout the world endorsed the new ways of thinking about the
women as given in the global policy document on gender equality.
(unwomen.org, 2015)

There are about 12 critical linkages were considered through the systematic

approach that show that women and poverty link is the first mind. The
education and training of the women in almost all fields of life is another task

that is glaring in providing the real myth behind the women. The women and
health of the community is not an old concept and still applicable in different

aspects. The violence culture has been disrupting the nature of women equality

at academic level. The armed conflict along with women is another way of
reckless issues that are highly concerned with the ability of gender to run the
smooth way of activities. (unwomen.org, 2015)

The economy and economics activities are two-way concept that may affect
the women culture in the society. The right to become the powerful image by

getting the various approaches towards the image is being considered over

here. The institutional way is another thing that show the procedural
mechanism cannot ignore in the community. The human rights are the other

systemic approach to get the real image of women and oppressions upon her.
The media role in endorsing the elements of the society and even sometimes
negating the full story behind the women. The environment approach to

discuss the women at large scale is another way to do the discourse so that the
women should implement in the further paradigms. The last thing to discuss

about the nature of women is The girl-child in different look and show that
how community treat with them in little age. (unwomen.org, 2015)

Feminist Movements in Pakistan with

Theoretical Touch
The eastern thought about the Feminism in the world was entirely different

than the western one because the Islamic ideologies are not entirely endorsed
the way that has considered as the freedom of expression through reality-based
model indeed. There were two mainstreams name as the gender and class
importantly that gives the way of thinking about the matters of woman in
Pakistan specifically. The social ills of the society are always deals with the
women in the different way to spread the further chunks of information that

may necessary to draw a attention towards this reckless part of the society.
(Ovais, 2014)

Feminist Movements in Pakistan

The political way is another paradigm in which the oppression of women can
be considered as the relevant approach towards the women. The political way
of thinking about the women is also not a lateral one in any aspect. The last

but the least ne is the economics way of thinking about the women status and

linkage with the economic activities. The relaxation that is glaring one while

considering the society as the main element to show that the community is
highly relevant with the issues of women in the Islamic world generally but
most importantly in Pakistan. (Ovais, 2014)

The difference between the law and its direct impact upon women section of
the society endorsed that the women is the biggest thinking paradigm that may

happen as the best one that decided to talk about the women and not to talk

about the women. The Islamic foundations that is prevailing in Pakistan is not

openly negating the role of women in Pakistan but also against the openness
of women in society as the western media allow it to do. (Ovais, 2014)

Most of the foundations in Pakistan discussed the women as the negative

considerable element that may negate the rules of western women in the
composite format. The relationship between the labor and capital, taxation and
the property maxim is not left the women far behind in getting the real data to

analyze the status of women in Pakistan and resultantly draw the attention

towards the restrictive participation of women in the society by considering

several alike elements. (Ovais, 2014)

The support of lower women tenets in the society is always considerable at the

point that show that the women is the integral part of the society and always
behave oppositely. The relation of women and the state in Pakistan is

something else than the relation between the women and Islamic ideology
argues in the Pakistan. Since the conception of women ideology the women

is being considered as the most important element to discuss that either the
community endorse the role of women in society or negate it. (Ovais, 2014)

The third world country that considered the development of society only at the
basis of developmental matters through the eye of women is entirely different

than in the Pakistan. In the end one can say that the women consideration in

the society is completely different with the paradigm that may endorse the role
of women as per the debates matters a lot. (Ovais, 2014)

Gender and Development Approach

Through the Women Role
The Gender and its issues are key important in getting the real meaningful

theatrical explanation to express that the policy implementation and practice

in further discourse analysis endorsed the role of scholars in Gender and

development in all aspects. For this purpose, the only one aspects is being more
considerable than the other and that aspect is about the Gender Analysis.
Someone rightly said about the gender analysis that it is the gathering through

systematic chunks of information in the shape of pile of information and after

gathering the relevant information, the basic needs is to apply it to the biggest

paradigm by examination of information about the differences among the

gender in society. (ilo.org, 2015)

Gender and Development Approach

The society is the big platform and this platform have some social relations so
that the identification of gender could be easy to evaluate. The complete
understanding of gender is also a matter of discussion under the same way and

finally the re shaping of the gender equalities on several bases. The sustainable

environment across the globe is the biggest platform to show that either the
gender is the biggest learning platform or not. The social change in society is

the way that is enough to initiates the discourse analysis about the difference
of gender at societal level. The inequities that are based upon the gender at

mass level considered the discourse way to behave in the society so that the
differentiation could not negates the societal aspects in different paradigms.
(ilo.org, 2015)

The women equality is the big paradigm shift that can tackle the women issues

in all aspects because the women equality can be achieved through the
discourse of gender and development in all aspects. The social change that

hinder the developmental stages and the ways to show that the gender is an

absolute phenomenon to discuss the pattern that can exactly differ between the
best and ill of factors in the society. The sustainable development in the society

is the basic purpose to deal with the gender so that situation can handle
completely. (ilo.org, 2015)

There are several impacts that may show that the equality among the women

and men in opportunity and treatment is happen equally at employment level

because the employees are best treated at workplace. The equal value
remuneration is the way to deal with the employee at equal level so that the
employment maxim should be done from basic to advance level. The

association among the women and men at large scale show that the

community approach is biggest one to show that the employment level should
enhance at both the gender and development consideration. (ilo.org, 2015)

The Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives

of Gender
When the debates come in western perspective of culture, one can say that the
western pattern of life is highly centralized with the capitalist mindset that

thought most the time about the financial gains more than anything else.
Consciously, the capitalist perspective of the gender is most likely to ponder

upon the capitalism more than anything else. The combined force of free trade

economy, private ownership and even the workforce maxim the main by
product comes when the employee and employer relations could be beneficial

in getting the maximum benefits from the streamline of gender in the society.
(LUGONES, 2012)

The Colonial Perspectives of Gender

The ordinary people and the daily lives can disrupt from the interventions of
capitalist mindset and women oppression could rise but this is not a full truth.
For instance, the Java is the true society that based upon financial decisions of

women at home from corporate level. The capitalist mode of production is the

way that hindered the performance of working class so that the community can
get the real meaning of working style in all aspects. The gender relations are

important in exploration of different aspects in the society because the

community level approach is the real time intervention to show that the
capitalist perspective is the major way to think about the gender and should
not ignore in any facet of society. (LUGONES, 2012)

The capitalist society itself is not a major issue for the employer but the Islamic
views are. The Islamic views, teaching norms and values are highly centralized

with the different aspects of gender with the discourse analysis. The women

even in the most of the Asian counties considered as the way of thinking about
at western social perspective rather than the Islamic view of women that may

further enhance the oppression of women in society. It is entirely accepted that

the capitalism and the Islamic teachings are away from each other and the
women issue could not resolve in such irony. (LUGONES, 2012)

The traditional family system is biggest paradigm have the belief to behave in

the way to discuss the importance of Islam in comparison with the corporate
system. The oppression of the women starts when the contradiction starts

between the religion and capitalism has started in different ways. It is known
reality that there is some intersection exists between the race, gender, class and
even in sexuality that comes to the point that may enables the understanding

level to discuss the systematic violence so that the men role in the violence

could clear because of gender difference here in the debate. (LUGONES,

2012)

The women of color are the advance phenomenon that may show that the

women are the basic reality in world and should develop the way that may

endorse the image of women in society more than anything else. The

framework analysis in three elements one element is the gender, second one is
the race and third element is the colonization that may hinder the performance
of gender in the society in entire approach. These aforementioned approaches
come in the discussion by the third world scholars of feminism to get the real
cause behind this biggest ill of the society. (LUGONES, 2012)

Gender Analysis of Developmental Theories

The society is built up from the gender and gender is the absolute reality of
this world in all aspects. When the gender comes in the debate it assures that

differences are explorative enough to discuss and practical enough to ponder.

The gender differences need a composite platform that can gather the data in
the procedural form about the gender difference in various facet of the gender.

After the gathering of information about the gender differences, the other thing

is to examine it with the reasoning and logics mostly buzzed through the
scholarly material. In such way, the information assimilates from one aspect

to another and the identification goes on. In the other way, the gender
difference is not the only paradigm to think but the social relations are also

explorative enough to discuss in the same systematic manner. The inequities

are the paradigm shift to discuss the order with respect to identify, understand

and even the reshaping of different aspects that are highly considerable in
gender studies.

Developmental Theories
The modernization theory is another way to discuss the various changes that

are incorporating by the society in some decades ago only. The major think

that is being under the debate in modernization theory is about the impacts of
the process of modernization on the communication of human with the detailed

analysis. This way gives the historical touch and with the historical grounds
the most advance thing is to consider the sociological inspiration that show

that modernization comes when the formalities are being discussed in the
absolute manner. Social life is the main platform that should be discuss

because the life span is the hardest core and biggest reality that cannot ignore

in any case. The social life organization is only possible with the best

communication skills and myths that are still in the way of realization. The
worldwide realization about the communication developed at that time when
the world is considering the importance of the commutation across the fields
of life.

World System theory thinks and react with the different fragments of the
society in the manner that show about the realization in the society because the
community level approach discusses different ways as per the decided way.

The World System theory argues about the different economic system
prevailed in the countries that almost have the changed social structure as per

the demands said. The world economic system is the biggest truth of the

society and benefits of countries are about at verge to be exploit in any all
cases.

The dependency theory that was comes during the second wave of feminism

showed that the Raul Prebisch is the main thinker of society of that time. He
proposed that big and even biggest nations according to economy are getting

the success even at the expense of small countries that are considered as poor
one. If one extremist believe could define this, then he would say that the

dependency theory is about all the view that was presented by the Marxist
mindset of recent times in the history of this world.

The Structural Functionalism proposed about the different aspects in the

society about the various forms and trends that are important to society. The
Structures involved in the universal paradigm that are even more persistent in

the nature with consideration of all aspects. The inter-relationships showed that

the community based approach is the biggest way to discuss even the setbacks

that could be cover and should be tackled. The functionalism is about the
system ability that may show that the community level approach is about to

happen as the way in which discussion is the only way to consider the
requirement in the society.

Discourse On Modernization Theory and

Gender
In the modern world, the major differences created by the different segments
of society is not hidden anymore because the community also believed in

modern areas in all aspects. The major factor that has string impact on the
development of gender is the social aspect. This influence starts from the birth
and over there at death. The social factor is there when the individuals among
the gender is alone and even among the peers. The influence is enforcing and

widening day by day with different way. The second factor that impacts on
gender development in this modern world is the economic conditions. (Chege,
2013)

Modernization Theory
These conditions are glaring in modern society and one can argue that the
proposed material advancement is the main factor behind this fact. The
economic conditions are the ways in which the gender, most importantly

women think differently from the men. The difference of mindset on economic

and social issues or activities are the ways to explore the gender difference and
endorsed the developmental issues in this respect. The third thinking sphere is
the community is most important and even do better than anything else during
the development. But one can say that the political needs are truly the modern

based phenomena and did not regulate the skills that are necessary during the
developmental phase. (Chege, 2013)

The development is the phase that always teaches that male-dominated

conceptual framework cannot deals equally with the women in the society and
probably sometimes negates it in all several aspects. No doubt, the problem is

severe enough to get attention of the audience about the different fragments in

the society. The scholars platform of community also created much material
to give a pragmatic approach to deal with the problem so that the problem
effect could be lowest in intention. (Chege, 2013)

The ideas that always believe in the development of different segments in

respective way show that the community can only happens with the ways as
per the necessity of society. The surrounding ideas about the development can

come in front with the full approach to show that the modernization could be
a best tool to get the main ideas. For this purpose, the tool of modernization

theory has generated in the society and this society is necessary for
development. Basically, the modernization theory in the development comes

to explore the relation and difference between the first world and third world
through the argumentative material in different approaches. The global

capitalism is the sub category during the debate of gender development in

modern way. (Chege, 2013)

Where Is World-System Theory Positioned

in Intellectual World
The world-system is complex enough to grasp because the system is so
dynamic n nature that up gradation is highly centralized with it. The world

system always endorsed the reality of boundaries in which the social, political

and even economic matters could discuss easily. The boundaries provide a
complete outlook in which the necessity of things are so important in the
complete approach. The boundary approach is true in nature and composite in

formation because the complete code of conduct is necessary to develop with

the different way of proceeding as per the detailed issued. (Vela1, 2001)

World-System Theory
These boundary approach deals satisfactory with the structure required as per
the assistant in which the basic purpose is to explore the real-time approach so

that the gender development could be retained in the explorative demand. The

members group approach with the different tools and procedures are exactly

deals with the rules of legitimating through the basic need of development can
be analyzed. The idea generation is so much coherent as well because the
personal approach is so much important in development that there is no
substitute of it in any case. (Vela1, 2001)

Source: http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/344/wk04/images/CPM1a.jpg

The theory actually deals with the developmental myths because the

development pursuits for the change in element that may change at individual
level but may be constant as it is in other level. From the other point of view,
the way of life is entirely changed due to the model of self-contained in any

aspect because life is something that is more personal than general. The sum

of idea can give another look by saying that the idea is about the procedural
and internal development rather than external one. A world-system is all about
the Wallerstein and its beliefs about the developmental phase in different

thinking paradigms. One can say that the writer emphasized upon worldeconomy more than anything else and thoroughly studied under the world
system theory without considering the political structure. (Vela1, 2001)

Furthermore, the fact is about the necessities and sometime world system
theory can be negated while considering the needs of food, fuel and even the

protection from the nearby world directly impact upon human. A mixed system

with the core-periphery institutions showed sometime the different kinds of

activities at large scale. The other and most important thing that always
decided about the activities centralization is the technology and this

technological platform is widening time to time to give the new approach in

all aspects. (Vela1, 2001)

The enforcement from the string states in this world system theory is actually

negates the roles of small states in introspective manner that always concluded

in the form of unequal exchange between the resources. The hightechnological states are other way to discuss this old phenomenon because the
differentiation is always happening with the ability approach. The peripheral

countries are always deal in the way that may give the essential approach in
getting the real way through procedural thinking. (Vela1, 2001)

This differential strength among the two system approach in the world system
theory showed that the sustainability of this system is the widest demand but

it is not an easiest way to give the resource to the core zone. In the end, one
can say that according to world system theory the whole capital accumulation
at global scale is being analyzed at industrial core of the world.

Dependency Theory of Development and

Global World
There are many approaches to obtain the political development and most

explorative at western perspective. The studying environment is the basic way

that show that the western approach in this political development platform can

never ignore in any case while getting the real time approach. The third world
country primarily Latin America was considered as the main platform from
which this concept has come before the world as the newest thinking paradigm.

Furthermore, the western academics have nothing to do with this conceptual

framework as reality tells us. (udel.edu, 1999)

Dependency Theory
Thinkers who actually do an introspective approach while considering the third
world dependency as the main element in different approaches, while

controlling the unjust and even reckless situations across the globe.
Economically speaking, third world countries were having the various least
economic activities as compare to developed countries. The politically

epitomizing, the third world countries have the lowest level at political
platform while the developed countries have biggest democratization system

in relative approach. The defensive approaches are different and needy as well
but surprisingly, the developed countries have the basic military resources to

protect themselves but third world countries have no such barricade in proper
way. (udel.edu, 1999)

The other aspect about the third world economies showed that the agricultural
impact is important to these and developed one have no such realization
specifically at agricultural grounds. This are so many gaps between these two

main platform and this discussion started from recent times and still continue.
Thinkers at dependency platform always want to explore such inequalities with

the complete code of life. The life is depending upon different elements and
these elements are different from one another. To know the difference in actual

approach showed that the inequalities are increasing moment by moment.

(udel.edu, 1999)

If one says that such inequalities are not justifiably do with the societies in any
aspect, then it is not a false statement in any case. To mitigate such differential

elements in any case with the best possible approach can lower the differences

between the nations, thinking and finally the peoples that are highly demanded
in this globalized world. The critiques also placed some arguments about the
dependency theory and most of them are western-centered and those thinks

that dependency theory behaves with the Marxist concepts and specifically

those concepts that the blame of inequalities were given to the developed
countries as the same in the dependency theory. The blame of differences
negates the separate minds of Marxist and dependency and wrongly perceived
these two schools with the same root. (udel.edu, 1999)

Structural Functionalism in Gender

Epistemology
This is purely a sociological based theoretical idea in which the whole

information is being regulated from one aspect to another in which the

beautification of information can convert from one aspect to another. This
theory is always tending to explain the society functions and these functions

have the proper way of dealing with the relationship s between the various

societal institutions that are highly centralized with the differential ideas. For
example, government is the societal aspect and the basic element that show the
practical information and integrate with the law, education and religious
activities in the full authoritative approach.

General_Diagram_of_Structural-Functionalism.png

When the social institutions come with one another than the societal needs
come in to being and these societal needs should be dealt with the pragmatic

strategies as per researchers argues. Without the realization of needs in every

aspect, one can say that the community without the fulfillment of these needs
can never sustain in any aspect. The most important role in structural
functionalism mindset is incorporating by the individuals and these individuals
are the key component of the society in any way that always tends to maintain
the needs according to the realization of those needs.

The most important aspect is there to analyze that goods and services should
realize and act according to the norms of the society. The other key idea in
structural functionalism is about the concept of groups and even the bigger

institutions. The shared common norms among groups and even among

institutions showed the relative force to deal with the effectiveness can be
justified only with the proper exploration of needs and their accomplishments.

Norms of the society is required a correlation with the different needs and
interventions as mentioned-above.

According to Robert K. Merton the most basic concepts are most integrated

with the society rather than the high level concept and its framework. The
religious way of dealing with people is required a discourse analysis through

the initialization of club system between them. The natural way of organizing

the institutions is the way that asserts the need to do with the best options
required for doing the informative services against the institutional obligations

that is the most important and glaring way. For example, the Gender inequality
is the main thing that main incorporated in the society and women knows that
for the smooth working of the society, the realization of hierarchy is most

important. This thinking caused to create a gender stratification in the society

and this concept of stratification is necessary to develop the strong gender

institutions.

Gender Approaches to Development Known

as WID, GAD, WAD
The introductory session of women and development is the advance level

approach to show that women are the important topic to the world and now
cannot separate from the current trends while thinking about the human in this
advance age. The women issues and ways to mitigates those issues are always

demands procedural methodologies at administrative level. This trend was

started when the women in development (WID)comes in the debate forum to
initiate the discourse with the best possible approach. WID comes as the pure

economic mind that show that how the exploitation of women is trendy in

economy through the least level of investment. The contribution was

uncountable when the women oppression was justified as the proper
information in reality. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

Gender Approaches to Development

The whole discussion than shifted from the WID to gender and development

(GAD) and mostly termed as the gender role framework by the researchers of

that time and even some called it as the social relations analysis in composite
format. Now, after the introduction of GAD the whole paradigm shifting was
being divided as the whole literature on gender with the discourse analysis.

GAD was promoted with factors in the society who endorsed the role of
socialistic feminist thinking. The macro-economic level is being explored as
one of the main platform that always considered the knowledge-based material

as needed. The second shift is about the womens empowerment strategies and
the proper implications of strategies in the composite concept. The detailed

research showed that the social relations analysis cannot complete unless the
womens empowerment is being tested. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The conferences both at national level and event at the platform of United

Nations explore the epistemological element in the study and showed that the

study is highly centralized with the women issues. The policy goals are new to
the platform because these goals essentially covered the whole material based

approach to show that either the information is necessary to explore so that the
women issues could tackle effectively. The shift from WID to developmental

agencies was only adopted on the basis that show that majority of the people
are the basic target and applied in overall paradigm. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The women and developmental (WAD) approach is another school of thought

that is being descriptive in nature and behaves in the best way to accomplish
the task as needed to exploit. The modernization theory is new paradigm shift

in which the modern concepts are always deals in the new format and with the
new approach. The modernization theory was the need of time and always
considered as the main source of information in advance level approach.

Theoretically, it comes in the scholarly research when the dependency theory

was guiding the whole principles in the gender issues. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)
The illustration in the starts of WAD mind in the community was not justified

in any case because this mindset demands the integration between women and
development that is typically regarded as the myth. In opposite way, the only

focus here at this platform was justified when the women platform shows some

intentions to amalgamate with the developmental process. The benefits of this

approach provides some women as the active role in economic activities.
Along with the economic platform, the social structure is not an obsolete
phenomenon in any case. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

As the matter of discussion shifted from one level to another in getting the

economic and societal structure in the best possible way. Every facet at
economic condition and every aspect in societal structure is being judge and

monitored within the women sector. The international platform is not valuing
the things directly related with these roles of women in society. This is the

major Gender Critique of structural adjustment polices that is commonly

known as the SAPs. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

Discourse On Women in Development WID

Approach Gender
The thinking paradigm was shifted when some professionals typically having

the thinking for the female development proposed the term, women in

development and still this term is implying across the gender studies with its
full pace. This was the time of 1970s and still that feminist mindset is reacting

with the women platform in the complete form. One can have said on the basis
of theories of development that the modernism is reacting with the men

differently and its reaction with women is also not as it is with the men. The
conceptual framework of modernism is getting its worst affects when it is
being considered with the modern minds. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

Women in Development WID Approach

The 1993 was the time when this Washington based network of the women
starts thinking about the acquisition of women working in agencies that are
always presented an integrated role of women as they were. The agencies that

are working under the United Nations thinks about the alternative mindset and

show that the impact of developmental process particularly on women is the

best depends upon the sexual based division of labor. In the composite format,

one can say that the agenda of Women in Development (WID) was not so
much minute that it can ignore in the big platform. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The liberal feminist at that time considered the employment in the second

priority along with the equal rights at first. The United States was the centre of

thoughts in women and agenda considered the equality and citizenship of

United States as the third priority during the agenda development. The
idealistic mindset about the political system is the way than explored the

phenomenon in the best approach because the American women with the
strong political rights can only survive in situation. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The most important aspect is about the agencies of socialization that were
always considerable in identifying the strategies and accomplishing the task in

the further exploring mindset. The WID actual wants that girls should get
appropriate training so that the role models could established in the society in

terms of women and equality based could strong. The opportunities for men

the society are less for women but the same opportunities are piled up at men
perspective. This is the total wrong perception that negates the equal rights
agenda in any aspect. The equality of gender at the most advance platform is

always done with the best approach and should be required in any case. (Razavi
& Miller, 1995)

The legislation is dealt with the ability as the women can show and equal in
both men and women with the transparent way. The need of legislation across

the field is the need of women since the inception of mind that women is being
considered as separate from men and this wrong concept should be negated in

all platforms. The free labor market under the different legislation focuses

upon the way as it should show and is showing in all aspects. In the end, one

can say WID was te paradigm shift and its agendas are still searchingly for

new development phases that may address the women and its issues on high
level. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

Gender and Development GAD Approach

of Gender Research
The irony at women platform starts when the thinking is both shifting from
WID to GAD so that the real issues behind the oppression on women can

obtain and may be amend accordingly. The system that are involved in the
United Nation to get the real maxim behind the women issues starts piling up
at National level. The agencies that are highly centralized in working with the

best approach show that the community is endorsing the role of women in
different approaches so that the system could retain its originality. (Razavi &
Miller, 1995)

GAD Approach to Gender

The conferences under the United Nations show that the community is

responsible for the reckless conditions of women in that time and the same

community can only have addressed with the amalgamation of women sector
with the such agencies under different official bodies of different countries.

Such intervention made the women issues more glaring in society officially

and finally this paradigm got the success through the majority of people. The
United Nations along with its debate corner is the biggest paradigm that thinks

about the women and it finally draw attention of women under the
development process. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The dual platform was achieved and these two platform comes close to each

other with national and international settings. This new thinking articulates a
new way that endorsed the reality according to different concerns. In 1979, the
Elimination of All forms of discrimination against women was raised and still

traces are found even in this age. This new way alters the thinking, thinking

that show gender as the part of social and cultural since origin, thinking that
show the physiological way is not satisfactory meets all demands in the relative

approach and thinking that social relations at earth matter a lot with the
introspective approach. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

The gender relations with different meanings and different ways always
descriptive in nature and perceptive in action. The relationship between the
gender is the explorative in nature because it shows that women; doing is
another thing as the men in active manner. The doing of men is almost visible

in the culture and women, up to some extent are not glaring in comparison.

The sociological approach describes the relations as the total positive attitude

in any way. The gender is proved through the identity and this identity is much
demanded in every way. This gender identity is depending upon the social
construction for the immediate decision-making. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

It cannot prove wrong that sociological approach is traditional and this

traditional approach is still not outdated in any case. There are about four
institutions while drawing any conclusion from the GAD approach to gender
and these four institution have some rules and regulations to apply.
Categorically, these institutions are household in first hand, market in second

one, state is the third one and community is the fourth one platform to discuss
the things in the integral way. For example, the biggest enforcement was got

by the women segment by the launch of volume named as of Marriage and the
Market in 1981 and this volume provided the great understanding in different
ways. (Razavi & Miller, 1995)

Women and Development WAD Approach

to Gender Theme
The Women and Development (WAD) approach is important to humanity in

general and women in specific because the human being always in pursuits for

the justification tool for the domination of men over women. One can say that
the WAD approach to gender considered and sometimes endorsed the
patriarchy existence in the society and also buzzed that this existence cannot

ignore in any case. The radical thinking at feminist platform also have the
implicit wish for the creation of new system because the new and improved

system enriched with the myths of feminism should available and presented
here for the betterment of society. (iimk.ac.in, 2015)

WAD Approach to Development

This suggestion of alternate social institution is the best approach to show that

the community is still having the traces of development with respect to women

and issues. This creation of new system always preferable when it is highly

against the men ability to dominate. This approach is not a separate from all
aspects but there was also some NGOs at government level exists so that the

system-thinking can penetrate in to society and always behaves with the best
possible method. It was known fact that patriarchal domination is the way to
exploit resources without disrupting the maxim in any case. (iimk.ac.in, 2015

It is very difficult to fight for rights for women when the culture is there in the

side of men and also accepts the domination of men in different ways. This
developmental approach to gender is riskier than WID and GAD because it
wants to create the social structure within the society without alarming the men

domination. The differentiation starts when the women structure in the society

was considered as the entire different thinking and way to perceive the women
in the society. The academics did a lot to enhances this mindset in the society.

The working opportunities and situations needs a entire different way and this
need was first identified under the WAD approach to gender. (iimk.ac.in,
2015)

The goals allocations to the men was different, therefore, the scholars of the
WAD approach created the new goals for women so that women maxim could

rise in society with all its element approach. The next thing about the WAD

approach was that the WAD approach discussed the women responsibilities

in the complete form to formulate such structure that is sufficient at least to

remove the oppression at women level. For example, Africa was considered as
the main hub that made easiness in formulating such agenda for women under
this approach. The agriculture sector of the Africa has some elements while
producing the bulk of agriculture products in all systems. (iimk.ac.in, 2015)

That agriculture domination at women perspective enhanced the level for

women both at national and international platforms. The scholars, thinkers and

in large number of women who launched campaign decided to change the

exists rules and policies so that the women issue can provide a solution. There
were two types of organization of women element available in than society.
One type of the separate women structure that demanded enormous patient and

have the lowest result and other is about the integration framework and it looks
more important and proper function able in different terms. (iimk.ac.in, 2015)

Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment

Policies (SAPs)
The Structural adjustment is the important topic specifically to International

monetary fund body across the world that proposed that the huge mis-balance
is experiencing now a day though even the big countries. The countries are

always not willing to pay for the debt as they acquired in early approach

through proper loan system. Now the bigger or developing countries needs a
huge amount to revamp their economies at large scale in the introspective
manner. The economy can rebuild only when they depend upon the economies

in the different aspects. The long term debt is the best way to boast the
economy in no time and this is the basic phenomenon that should apply.

Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)

The conditions of strong economic growth are another way to evaluate the

conditions of the economy at large scale. The debt requires to rebuild the

system of import and export so that the business activities can get the proper

maxim at large platform. Again the economic system is required in proper

format that show that either the business communities within the country is
flourishing or not because the business widens always behave the positives

with the economy at macro level. The economic conditions and the proposed
structure always widens the scope of poverty and show that the poverty is
linkage in the further exploration mode. (Campbell, 2010)

This thinking further wants to shift in economy and finally the reckless

situations create the poverty platform in the country that is even more
disruptive than the original economic disabilities are. The written objectives

about the whole structure of the poverty is being monitored through the latest

information about the poverty and its ways to mitigate this phenomenon from
the country. The other attached paradigm of thinking is about the growth
platform. (Campbell, 2010)

The growth is necessary to the country that show that either the internal
community can attach with the poverty and could show some positives results

only when there is sum of amount is being provided by the internal forums as
IMF is one of them. The exploration of structural adjustment policies (SAPs)

is entirely allowed by the consumer banking sector specifically to those

developing countries have no means to grow in tough situation.

The critique believed that the entire account cannot satisfactory meet the
demands unless or until there is proper check and balance in the gap analysis.

That analysis actually provides through the general level more than the specific

intervention. The gender base analysis is entirely removed from the approach
and cannot accomplish in any aspect. (Campbell, 2010)

Gender Effects with Increased Trend of

Globalization in Society
The economy of the world is growing and now grasping the global economic

conditions while considering it as the single entity. The global economic

integration is the biggest paradigm shift that faces the mobilization of people
from one pole of the world to another. This mobilization is depending upon

the economic resources already available over there and also at the verge of
depletion in the same state of people. Such move of people called as the
transnational move of the people and it is glaring now a day. The biggest

change is being observed is the change in the technology and technical

framework over the needs of people with the integrated manner. (WorldBank,
2012)

The Effects of Globalization On Women

Many people are transferring from one place to another and most of them are

concentrating in the medium and large cities only and the main reason of

selection is again the economic conditions. The globalization at first hand

believe to be served as the main factor of the gender equality in the justified
time. Women is also a debate agenda in this writing section as well because

women considered as the first priority even in the economic conditions of the

country. Formal institutions of the country are focusing upon the

communication and penetration of women that can handle the ills of economic

conditions more effectively and this whole framework is about the gender
equality. (WorldBank, 2012)

The trade openness is the biggest shift that is highly centralized with the

reputation of the country about the platform of gender equality even in this

globalized world. The concept of stringer connection between the women and

scale of economies at state level is the basic way of dealing with gender
equality. The extra ordinary focus of women at globalized jobs platform

increase the probability of wage of women as compare to men. Now the

thinking paradigm has been shifted and pondered upon the gender equality
more than anything else. (WorldBank, 2012)

The globalized world understands and even endorsed that the countries have

no intention to minimize the risk of gender inequality may be or should be

considered as out of the talk on any agenda. This is the way that show that

international standing and the ranking among the third worlds countries is now
shifting from men to women considerations and actions for them. The last but

not the least impact of global on gender is that gender equality maxim is

spreading all over the world and developing countries considered it as the
essential while monitoring the women sector of developed countries that is not
so much hidden due to globalization. (WorldBank, 2012)

The relationship of gender and globalization made it easy to use the platform

of women for success and call the capitalization. The global world is dealing

with the economic integration along with the amalgamating of technical

changes that collectively have the support of women and finally this makes a

great combination of success under the competitive corporate sector.

(WorldBank, 2012)

Women Health Issues and Their

Repercussions in Pakistan
According to Dr. Zareef Khan, Deputy coordinator of health work program of

Pakistan in 1994, said at that time that Pakistan intention and Pakistan health

care system can never tackle the issues of population leaving in the rural areas

and in those areas the health care unit is about seven kilometers away
averagely. This is the fact that the same kind of issues are currently prevailing

in the health sector and the main victim of this negligence are women, if one
can say coherently. (who.int, 2015)

Women Health Issues in Pakistan

Health status of Pakistan according to the women provides the coherence
among the recent upgrading as well as the serious note of previous data
available in ancient times. The women health sector enables the health

professionals so that the health sector can flourish with the ways as it is
designated to behave in different nodes. (who.int, 2015)

The professionals of health care are a best way to show in the reckless situation

as it is designated to behave in professional mindset. The health care

professionalism is another facet that provides the real picture of women in

different aspects. The policy makers in Pakistan has been struggling with the

health care issues of women since the conception of health care system in
Pakistan. The new issues rising is another way to discuss the best approach in

different aspects because the health care system is the basic way to think about
the futuristic issues with the coherent approach. (who.int, 2015)

The health behaviors matter a lot with different aspects because the health care

interventions are likely to begin in the future and most importantly in the near

future. The health behaviors are well settled in the way that is exactly a ruthless
way to share the opinion in different aspects because the women; health is the

major issues and facing various arguments as well. For example, the most
important and highest issues in women health status are maternal health, life

expectancy issue, perinatal mortality problem, infant mortality issue, under

five mortality rate and the finally the various ways in which the population can
think differently. (who.int, 2015)

The diseases are about to come in the way and can health the future paradigm
in further aspects but the policy making is necessary to achieve the real time

goals as most expected for the further research. The medical interventions with

different ways are the best way to exploit the resources of Pakistan while
getting down the issues in further information acquisition. (who.int, 2015)

The health care issues are numerous in Pakistan and recent north Waziristan

war in south west region of Pakistan is another recent aspect that increases the
health issues threat specifically for women. The women of Pakistan have been

suffering from the ills of society about the health care interventions that should
be tackled in any aspects. The need of program of health care workers that was
launched in 1994 need another round so that the medical problems can get the
resolutions in every way. (who.int, 2015)

Status of Womens Health in Pakistan

According to report that was issued by the Pakistan policy institute (PPI) in the
last months of 2014, the health care system of Pakistan is about to collapsed

and did not show any intention to improve in any aspect in the whole year. The

health scare sector of Pakistan has never been a priority at state level and never
discussed at any debate agenda so far. In 2014 analysis, report said in the
conclusive mode that the Pakistan has the weakest health care system in south
Asia and state run hospitals are not moving towards achieving the best goal as

it have to achieve. The achievement of health care is the greatest risk to the
whole system and still the women is the main victim of this reckless system.
(Ahmed, 2014)

Status of Womens Health in Pakistan

The basic health facilities that is the common and humanitarian practices in all
the world, even, is not being presented by Pakistan. The health care system for

women can never elevate unless or until the medical education have some
quality standards to measure that is almost absent from the Pakistan health care

sector. The usage of advance technology in medical fields and the ways that
are being utilized are updated in the whole world and left the Pakistan behind

in the South Asian region. Pakistan women have no access to the health in such
a way that can provides her a way to consider the better future for her child.
(Ahmed, 2014)

UNICEF in 2013 treated about the 7 million women that was about to
collapsed due to illness. This is the due to the women health status that till

2013 about 182,000 women have no direct nutritional facility at all and
UNICEF provided it. The absence of provision of micro-nutrient at women
level is another issue of Pakistan and outside organization have grave interest

to boast this field in beneficial way. The pregnancy is the most critical
condition in the women life span and the health facilities are almost detachable
in this matter. (Unicef, 2013)

The HIV is the most attacked disease during the pregnancy and need a serious

treatment in Pakistan. About 7 per cent women are with positive HIV during

her pregnancy period was identified by the UNICEF according to official

statistics. The Millennium Developmental Goals (MDGs) 4 is directly related
with the maternal health in Pakistan and this health care facility at state level

is never discussed in any aspects and never achieved the desired objectives in

any case. About 30,000 women die before giving the birth to child during the
pregnancy period and pregnancy related complications. Alas! the status of

womens health in Pakistan has been struggling and still the conditions of
health of women is not appreciate able in any aspect. (Unicef, 2013)

Status of Women in Education in Pakistan;

An Introspection
The education sector of Pakistan is not getting its real agendas in any aspects

and the main reason is the misplaced priorities of the government at large scale.
The status of women in education level got the real time boast but after the
unfortunate event of Malala Yousafzai that show the real and some reckless

picture of Pakistan in front of International media. The full time media

intention for the women education in Pakistan made the availability of women

across the fields in Pakistan specifically. Now the Pakistani women is the
artisan and even the trade sector is showing some traces of women in the
complete meaning full way. (dawn.com, 2015)

Status of Women in Education

The increasing poverty is the worst and most important factor that did not
allow the poor families to get the education for their child and specifically the

girls child is the main victim of this dark side of story. The quality of education
and its complete acquisition at poor is not monitoring satisfactory because of

this poverty issue. After the poverty factor that hinders the role of education at
women level, another factor is about the discrimination among the different

fragments of societies. Beyond the poverty, another issue is about the

discrimination at different stages of society in which the population is not

getting the real meaning with full approach as the women sector should have.
(dawn.com, 2015)

The women sector in struggling for the education due to inadequate teachers
in the relevant fields with the extensive knowledge base. The complete
ignorance of training and development at teacher level did not provides a new

teacher base for the women to teach them so that nation can reshaped under
those chunks of society. Some so called religious parties have the wrong

interpretation of Islam said that the women cannot be considered as the real
time part as the men at individuals base has. The wrong interpretation of Islam

sometimes negates the role of women in education most important in Middle

east, Pakistan and even in South Asian countries. Despite the existence of such

ills in Pakistan society, from home education to parliamentarian knowledge

the women do not lapsed in any aspect. (Mirza, 2015)

The 8th March is being observed as the women day and this day the most

important agenda in Pakistan is always the education of women because the

education is the main factor in the socio-economic development at country

level. The free and compulsory funds for education is another aspect that

develops the education base for women at strong grounds and still the goals

accomplishment is continue at women level. The importance of women in

education cannot ignore in any case because the women is always considered
as the main element in raising the education level from one level to another.
(Mirza, 2015)

The women are one that always considered as the factor that boast the national
role of education by teaching their child. The creation of human capital is not

possible the education of women in large scale. Factually Speaking, the gender
gap in Education at Pakistan perspective is not a hidden dilemma from the

international media and about 55 per cent girls in Pakistan are outside the
schools till the date. At the end, one can say that the condition of women status
in education in Pakistan is not so appreciate able and discourse analysis at

women level is necessary to devise at large scale. The women status in

education most importantly in 2015 is getting boast and still the big break
through is necessary for the further improvement. (Mirza, 2015)

Women Status in Employment in Pakistan

It is no more hidden reality towards the rest of world that the women in
Pakistan particularly suffering in employment section of this society because

of many self-created restrictions on females in Pakistan. The lowest part of

females in Pakistan are likely to work due to the restriction of females in

Islamic teachings. The more discourse analysis was never done against the
working of women in the whole sector. The participation rate of working at

women sector is the important link that always develops the new ways in the
appropriate manner. (Sadaquat & Sheikh, 2011)

Women Status in Employment

After the religions restrictions in working of women in Pakistan, the next thing

is about the traditional bindings that did not allow the work to be used as the

working staff as much as male is working under the same traditional network
of the same society. Traditionally, the women are being considered as the main

theme in which the expression of interest while working at society should be

done with the way as it adopted in further discourse. (Sadaquat & Sheikh,
2011)

The cultural values are another platform that negates the women as the
working material because the economy and culture goes against each other and

the integration of these field is not possible, essentially in Pakistan case. The

values of culture are the value that should be obeyed by the whole society and
women are strictly bound to act according to those values. Those values that

can bear the loss of economy without the participation of women but did not

allow their females to take part to improve the economy, this is the harsh reality
of Pakistan along with the colonial ideologies in which the idealist behavior is
the only behavior with different paradigms. (Sadaquat & Sheikh, 2011)

The colonial ideology is the way that demands the highest cultural myths with

the way as society improves. The labor market is always searching for the new
talents, the new blood and the new gender to be included in it so that the new

ways of effectiveness should devised as per the required actions. The social
institutions outside the labor market is exactly did against the intentions of

labor market about the penetration of women in it. The classification of

working women in reality needed so that the labor dynamics can improve
according to the mindset of working as required. (Sadaquat & Sheikh, 2011)

In the end, one can say that the market discrimination is more diverted towards
the women and women is the main victim of these discrimination. The only

cause behind the creation of two segments in job, one segment represents the

low paid jobs and other segment is about the low status jobs. The unorganized
sectors of Pakist6an welcomes the participation of women that has less

contributions towards the macro economy of Pakistan. The organizations in

Pakistan with almost no security of employment are more likely to take the
risk by getting the women in employment. This reckless situation of women

and its employment relation in Pakistan is almost separate from the rest of
world partially and sometimes seems completely. (Sadaquat & Sheikh, 2011)

Pakistan Law Pursuits for Women Human

Rights

There are many hidden and unexplored challenged imposed by the society of

Pakistan regarding the women who always pursuit for the gender equality in
Pakistan. The violence of gender base studies was kept the women aside up to

the limited access to the general culture. The gender base is also getting the
appropriate ways to boast the morale of women in reality because the women

sector is a hot agenda in rising the issues in the respective manner. The so

called norms and regulations are nowhere deals with the law because the legal
interpretation of women rights are always get the debate corner in reality.
(unwomen.org, 2012)

Women and Law

But after the decades of realizations and one can say in the last the Pakistani
government show intentions towards the human rights that covered the women
in the composite way. The women sector is important to society because the

women make over the society. For example, on International Women Day
2012, the President of Pakistan has signed a law regarding the human rights

interventions for women so that the law can explore the gender violence most
importantly. The National Commission signing over the women status and it
is the basic way that explore the reality with the several means. (unwomen.org,
2012)

Therefore, women bill; 2012 was the bill that provides some kind of shelter for

the human rights at women level. Under the bill, the best thing about the
autonomy at financial and administrative level provided a best way to achieve

the success in the particular manner. Furthermore, in 2011, the country also

included the Anti women practices Bill and that bill got the superiorly in the

national law according to its specific activities related with the women

oppression and the movements of women wanted to gain. (unwomen.org,

2012)

The acid violence ion roads and even sometimes at home was the major
concern in that law. In addition to it, the forced marriage was also considered

as the extra judicial activity with the best practices of law. The journey of
oppression of women is not ended yet because the women has been suffering

from the honor killings in Pakistan as well that is the worst form of violence

indeed that deals specifically with the protection given by the state and how
that protection is misleading in every aspect was discussed in preamble of Law.
(unwomen.org, 2012)

The December 2011 was the game changer in the history of law regarding the

women in Pakistan and many intervention was shown by the government of

Pakistan in representing the gender-based crime indeed.

Women Sector Pursuit for Its Status in

Pakistan

The west has the intention to protect women more than the East because the
several agendas are important to west but less prioritized to other countries. It

does not mean that the west has more importance according to women sector
as compare to other nations. Every country, every nation and almost every

individual have its own interpretation of women rights that is more disruptive

situation indeed for the rest of world. Pakistan is always an interesting case

study for the west so that they can humiliate the Pakistan on the agenda of
women status in different aspects. (Sathar, Crook, Callum, & Kazi, 1988)

Status of Women in Pakistan

The exploitation of the resources in appropriate manner is a satisfactory agenda
while thinking about the women at vast level. The subordinate of women rights

and the status of women in composite form is never discussed specifically in

the South west Aisa. The countries have the strong agenda about the
infrastructure development and almost have no way out over the women

development any more. The subordinate sector of the women is never an issue

in any sense because the community of these countries are always negates the

heightened role of women in different sectors. The other thing is about the
main focus of west is about the Pakistan because creation of insurgencies at
first was considered as important to the Pakistan. (Sathar, Crook, Callum, &
Kazi, 1988)

The women health is the first and preliminary focused agenda of United

Nation and its subsidiaries. The Pakistan health sector did not focused towards
the women health that the main source of the population. It is the known fact,

that the women is always have a particular role to play in the society and this
society is the basic focused society according to the health Issue of women.
The other case study about the status of women is about its education. The

educating the girl have several ills in the cultural-centered community as the

Pakistan is. The Pakistan is the basic platform that did not intervene
in educating the women in any sense because women is the basic way to

amalgamate those benefits of education with the practical outcomes in the

different aspects. (Sathar, Crook, Callum, & Kazi, 1988)

The norms and rules of the so called traditional society of Pakistan did not

allow the women to get the education in any way because the education has
never been an agenda of Pakistan as the history tells one. The other detrimental

effect in the society is the job section of the women. the women is the basic
way to study the culture of Pakistan and now the employment sector have no

seats of the women and one can say that women and employment is now never
considered as a two faces of the same coin. (Sathar, Crook, Callum, & Kazi,
1988)

The job section is the way that deliver the knowledge-sharing criterion in vast

range. The last but not the least segment is about the law and law forming

authority in different way because thelaw enforcement authorities has never

discussed the agenda in the relative format. The amendments of law in the
biggest form has been an issue at general level in Pakistan and women has the
main effect through the law. (Sathar, Crook, Callum, & Kazi, 1988)

Defining Governance but Conceptual

Framework Deals Gender

The decision-making platform is the biggest platform from the household and

this is not only bounded with the household decisions. The policy making at

government level is also considerable at large scale due to differential

approach in the different streamline methodology. The policymaking at

national and international platform sometime consider the working criterion

for the immediate procedural settings. The Women is altogether being the
ignored gender under the whole phenomenon and the only reason behind is
come as the cause of the gender studies globally. (Brody, 2009)

Defining Governance
The women have the equal participation in governance and the platform of
governance is the way to explore the different hidden phenomenon with the

beautification of procedures. The right to speak at women level is the right to

create the decision in which the wide concept always shows off. The social

transformation from household to national and international levels comes

under the influence of gender and governance that is most important debate as

well. The role of women is the role that is being incorporate as the best applied
way to discuss the reality in the beneficial approach. (Brody, 2009)

The decisions are important to all individuals either that individual is the
women or men itself. The transformation of ideas from one level to another is

the way to explore the simplify the gender role specifically at government

level. Governance and gender is the amalgamated concept when an individual

have to survive under the mixed concept because of different ways of thinking

about the gender. The governance is the biggest concept and often fits under
different platforms most importantly when it uses in different contexts. The

context changes also change the meaning of governance and also the ways in
which these elements behave. (Brody, 2009)

When numerous people thinks about the decision-making with the same

interested people at the same caliber than the governance perceive about the
decision making for the mass. The decision-making that have the strong impact

upon the men as well as on women sector equally draw the conclusion that has

strong impact upon the gender and this decision goes with the different
societies in the introspective manner. The ordinary citizens including men and
women are equal parts of society because these decisions are relevant with the
different needs of society equally. (Brody, 2009)

The stakeholders that were setting in the power always comes with the strategy

that is highly impacted upon the citizens of the country. The whole decision at
governance level is being important because resources at national level is the

important thing to show the relative benefits. The national resources are
publicized in the manner to reshape the whole national institutions so that they

can comes up with the different benefits for the women as for the men. (Brody,
2009)

The first meaning that comes in the mind when the thinking starts about the

governance is the national government but as the matter of fact the decision
making also effected through the various international governance institutions

like UN and WTO and even the civil society organizations at International
level. (Brody, 2009)

The Historical Revision of Suffragist

Movement & Right to Vote

The Suffragist Movement was started when the first intention was observed
and implement through the women with the introspective way. The movement

is therefore, have the agenda that first time in the history one can now vote
against the government so that the reform development could set as per the

requirement according to the need of those leaders of Suffragist movement that

typically resents the internal relationship among the gender and the governance
at vast scale. the government is the basic platform to revamp the strategy with

the way that the highly suitable for the immediate realization with other means
and resources that could be sufficient as per the needs decided. (suffragist.com,
2015)

Suffragist Movement
The governance is the art to articulates the different elements at one place so

that those elements can endorse the way that can lowers the oppression of the
women from dawn to dusk. The first time in the history the UK daily mail has

given the name of the movement as the Suffragette and this was completely as

derogatory term that was used at that time. The starts of movement have the
strong agenda that there should be reputable place of women in the national

and international affairs of politics that was considered as the main agenda of
the movement in reality. (suffragist.com, 2015)

The main agenda behind the movement was set to do the developmental
approach with the relative way in which the national politics was the limit. The

movement includes the bad day during the women struggle from the outside
women standing ignorance top the torturing the movement women in prison

there was huge signs hat national thinking about the movement was entirely

against the realization of movement and the worth of the movement. The

national politics did not include the right to vote at least level and the
parliamentarian status in the vast level approach. (suffragist.com, 2015)

The movement was the stats of sympathy gaining process at women level as

the times passes. The starts of movement were entirely rejected with the
argument that if the women have the husband than why should the need arises

at massive level to come and vote for. The husband is the sole representative
of the family and can vote as per the women wants but the same vote should

be casted by the name of men. This was the biggest negative point that was
raised at that time against thee suffragist movement. (suffragist.com, 2015)

The starts of movement were kick off when the first womens right convention

was observed among the leaders of movement centralized at Seneca Falls, New
York with the agenda to gain the political worth. The traces of movement were
found in the year of 1848 and the struggle was started at that time that was

continued for the next 50 years and the women becomes the major agenda
under the coverage of Suffragist movement with the best governance approach.
The main element to be focused over here was the gender that was the most

glaring topic of that time in which the vote was the key element.

(suffragist.com, 2015). In the end, one can say that it was the fruit of long
struggle of many years that one election day 1920, the women used their rights
to cast a vote and becomes the part of national politics at that time.

Gender Issues in Women as Voters Is

Linkage of Governance
The women movement was started as the new mindset of women about the
governance and the way as the government thinks about the women. The voters
are the biggest paradigm shift that has been analyzed as per the discussion
analyze. The gender is the major issue that always thinks about the place of

women while voting but the matters was the biggest enough that negates the
role and further exaggerates the situations. (UN)

Gender Issues in Women as Voters

It is an accepted reality that the women have been struggling for the right to

vote since the conception of women role in the politics generally in the world
but the campaign specifically initiated from United States. The United States
was the biggest place that negated the role of women in the general politics

with several reason may be some of theme was explored during the women
movement and other have still needs some explorations. (UN)

The stereotypes behavior of the gender with the several aspects that needs to

be removed instantly. The United States has been considered as the place
where the women was not so free that can do the extra ordinary job for the rest

of society. The political interest was the biggest challenge that has imposed
many ills in the society as the previous politicians thinks about the political

agendas. The next thing that was disrupted in the same manner is about the
political participation always seen as the negative elements with the women.
(UN)

The Nineteenth Amendment derives as the main head that was truly based
through the constitution towards the right to vote in reality. The right to vote

has achieved but still waiting for the globalized acceptance across the world to

show the role of women in the international acceptance of women as the part

of politics. In 2006, for example, the pilot study for the American National

Election studies analyzed that the woman has less role in participation with the
efficient ways to behave as per the discussion endorsed the reality of women
as the advance level voters. (UN)

The both sexes and the gender in reality is the basic way to articulate the
different dimensions with various aspects in different times. The political sense

of the women is less admirable as compare to men with the several decisionmaking skills that is only present at male level. The peace is the key element

that has been in discussion since the establishment show off with the various
facet of women platform. (UN)

The peace among the hands of women is more glaring with the various ways

as it has been in the discussion with the various views about the gender
equality. The democratic role of the women is highly considerable with the
same platform recognition that advances the role of women as the voter and
even the political representation. (UN)

The peace-building is so important in various aspects in the manner that show

what has been important and what is not but the women knows it completely
to build up the priority list with the discourse realization in different aspects.

The women should also involve in politics so that the gender issues in women
as the biggest part of the society can be transformed into the voters. (UN)

Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan with

Historical Chunks
The democracy in Pakistan is the biggest challenge for the gender because
there are numerous cultural issues are also there that influences the completely
democratic institutions in Pakistan. The woman is the agile agenda in Pakistan

politics and the main reason of the politics of women are to get the free and

fair institutions in Pakistan without any forceful event. The free participation
of women was firstly considered by the Pakistan when the first Report of the
Commission of Inquiry for Women was come in August 1997. (Reyes, 2002)

Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan

That was the day when the women start thinking about the political agenda

and the political settings of the country. The next body that was agile in

empowering the women was the women-centered field in which the direct

election quota is the biggest agenda at women sector. The commission at that
time and the all women related institutions are aware about the women

representation in the political institutions and demands about the 33 per cent
women quota in the political arena. (Reyes, 2002)

This was the first move when Pakistan showed that the arguments against the
Pakistan about the women oppression were entirely wrong and Pakistan is the

Islamic country with the liberal believes as well. The women quota in the
political institutions in Pakistan is not new to all previous constitutions namely;

1956, 1962, 1970 and even the 1973 but the implementation of the quota as

per the strategy formulation was almost absent in those days. Therefore, a new
wave of Political Quota in Pakistan has been observed with the endorsements

of these movements in Pakistan specifically getting the women in

consideration. (Reyes, 2002)

The then parliaments did not endorse the women participation and the quota

allocation in any way as the today government thinks and almost applies the

same. The last tenure before the military quo in the last years of the
20th century, parliament had 2 per cent quota at women level in the senate and

about 4 per cent in provincial and the federal level that was satisfactory
according to the needs of that time. (Reyes, 2002)

The local government has the biggest wish to take to consent of the women
while forming the government because the local government issued about 5 to

12 per cent quota in political participation at women level. This was the biggest
way to think and considered as the paradigm shift in political realizations in

Pakistani particularly. The both conceptual framework of direct and indirect

elections was introduced at that time that was also glaring in the darkest history
of the politics. (Reyes, 2002)

The latest election of 2013 showed that the women comes out in the biggest

format to cast their vote and showed that the women representation is
necessary for the political wheel of the country. Nevertheless, as the matter of
fact, still about 11 million women are still not even registered as the voters and

only need to enfranchise those 11 million women so that the quota of political
system could get the latest figures of improvements in the best possible way.
(Reyes, 2002)

Gender Issues in Women as Candidates and

Representative
The principles of governance and the nature of gender about the effective
governance is the way that regulate the various aspects of gender with the

several realities about the inter disciplinary realities. The goals of the
governance and in fact the good governance is to minimize the poverty level.

The gender aspect thinks about the governance because, in those sense they

see that the poverty is the basic goal for which the analysis of the whole
democratic system is being analyzed. The decision-making at governance level

is consistently ignoring the women and the elemental approach towards the
women. (Brody, 2009)

Gender Issues in Women as Representative

The under-represented is the state that is being enjoyed by the women in the

political arena across the countries. The least engagement of the women in the
democratic participation is not so essential at any level. The gender equality
that showed the candidate level approach with the several aspects in the similar

dimension is still missing in women case. The gender equality and the good

governance are two sides of the same coin and these two sides have one to one
situation for each other. The important end note of the discussion comes where
the whole gender studies have the same kind of ethical interventions in several
aspects. (Brody, 2009)

The gender is the first and foremost aspect of the governance with different

usage and on another sexuality and race is not behind any comparison. As the

matter of fact, the decision making at political level can never ignore the
women at large level because the women in power is the greatest treasures for

the communities that are considered as the modern with vast level of liberal
touch. The institutions of the governance are there to revolutionize the whole

system of women authority over the democracy so that the gender equality can
accomplish. (Brody, 2009)

The representation of through the different aspects of the trade unions can
necessary to develop with several aspects, from government to trade unions.

The gender balance is therefore as necessary as it could be essential for the

dimensional approach. The addition of women is explicit at government

departments and also at major level of governance. This is wrong hidden
agenda of political parties to include women in representation and even at

candidate level but the women are being ignored at governance level while
pursuing for the public policy. (Brody, 2009)

The public policy is the core task of the government and the level of
governance is being incorporate as per the discussions concludes. The national

level institutions are highly centralized with the women autonomy but the
public policy while implementation is not so considering the women. The
participation of the women is articulating the facts about the public policy and

women is highly consented against it but the women role in implementation is

not so glaring and has never been in discussion. (Brody, 2009)

To accept the autonomy of women at governance level is only explicit in

different ways because the women is always believing in sustainable changes

with the dimensional approach. The long-term changes at women level is being
classified as per the need assessment show. In the end, one can say that the

governance without the women is another unclear agenda with unclear end

results and proper representation for women in political circles is the advance
level of functionality. (Brody, 2009)

Gender Based Violence Conceptual

Framework; Introspection
There are many human rights violence is being presented a bad sector of the society
while giving the reality based approach bit the treatment with the women is the worst

form of human rights violence indeed. The women are not being treated as the major

elements of the society as the male are and the only reason that the violence occurs
and it can create the disruption of norms and values at mass level. (unfpa.org, 2015)

Gender-Based Violence
The society is the mother of all ills and the women based violence is the biggest one.
The world has been struggling with the ills and still three are no remedial measures

of these ills at any level. The social boundaries are affected by this kind of violence
in the same manner as the economic boundaries are affected and the same treatment

with the national boundaries are being observed by the analyst who try to analyze
the women place in this society and mal treatment with particular gender.

Ironically, at mass level, the women and girls are only victim of these oppression

but there is not agitation, there is no lobby creation at any major level was observed

from the history until the date. Generally speaking, one women in three will have to
bear the violence by society ill treatment if there is not serious action will come

against such gender base oppression. There are many more things that are always
negate oppression of women in reality but at actual there is no serious action at all

against them who actual don not want to change this state of women in society for
their worst means. (unfpa.org, 2015)

The physical abuse is practice that has been practiced since the women starts

fighting against their rights. Along with the physical, the sexual assault with the
women is not have any exemption. The gender-based violence is not limited things

and have no boundaries at any level because from health till the autonomy in society
is being considered as the part of such violence. The health of the victim is the worst

thing to be known as the relevant approach because the health care facilities can only
negate the health issues ate vast level. (unfpa.org, 2015)

The dignity beyond the health is another thing that always considerable because the

women is always searching for this from home till the workplace in this male-

dominated society. The security issues for the women is also not a normal and new
talk and many non-government organizations have the immediate agenda about the

violence where women are being normalized with the actual sense. The forced
pregnancies are the way that always hinders the worth of the gender in front of male
but there is only one decision that is dominating and that decision will be male
decision and this is the worst cases of all forced pregnancies. (unfpa.org, 2015)

The activities of oppression are not limited over here because the unsafe abortions

after realizations are also common in the same sense that is most devastating for the

mental health of women. The violence can come out in the name of traumatic fistula
at large level and other thing that is sexually transmitted infections named as HIV
and other death causes at mass level was observed. The only way to get relief against

such things is due to psychosocial assistance at different levels because the women
is always caring for her health and society is not behaving so. (unfpa.org, 2015)

The medical treatment is another way that is considerable for the victims of such
gender based violence. The next thing that may give relief at some level is about the

provision of rape kits to survivors that may lower the intensity of the male treatment
of society. The next pragmatic strategy to overcome the intense effect of violence is
to promote the rights for women and girls indiscriminately. (unfpa.org, 2015)

Theories of Violence Against Women

It is not an easy task to convert the practical implication of violence against women in to
the theoretical formulation because women are the hidden aspect of society with the several

reasons so far. The theoretical formulation of women is almost establishing the way that

are sufficient in acquiring the various aspects in different thinking satisfaction. There are

theories that can explain the reason behind the violence against the women and there are
also some theories that are always happened to stop that violence in the relative way.

Theories of Violence Against Women

The actual thinking paradigm shift was observed by the several scholars because many

scholars have their own mindset about the women violence with the several hypotheses.

One is going to consider the most popular scholars about the violence against the women,
according to Jasinski, J.L., (2001) the main aspect that was considerable with several
ways are giving the shape of three kinds of theories about the violence against the

women. These three kinds of theories are actually the three kinds of level that always

happened in the society with the several aspects. The first aspect is about the micro aspect
to think about the society and micro theories defined the women in the least level.
(Jasinski, 2001)

The other level is about the macro level aspect to think about the violence against the
women and last but not the least one is the violence against the women at multidimensional

aspect of thinking about the violence against the women. These three levels are defined the
violence against the women in three ways most importantly and three paradigm shift

accordingly. The one paradigm shift is micro theories of violence against the particular
gender. (Jasinski, 2001)

The first theory is about the social learning theory and this theory explain that the
individuals learn about the violence against the women from the experience encountered

by him. the society and most importantly the nearby analysis gives the composite

phenomenon about the violence and may be that individuals have some bad memories of
violence itself as well. (Jasinski, 2001)

This is all about the intergenerational transmission from one level of understanding to

another level and it is completely agitating in the virtual world inside the individual. The
other theory is about the personal characteristics and psychopathology is the major part in
establishing the such characteristics at individual level. This theory proposed that the
individual have the intention to harm the women have some sort of personal and mental

disorder and that disorder tends them to become violate against the women. (Jasinski, 2001)
The other thing is about biological aspect of individual. The natural selection at individual
level tends him to do the violence against the women and rape is the best example of such
lacking at extreme level. The exchange theory is another way of thinking about the micro

aspect of violence. This micro aspect is therefore believing to give the exchange theory

with the view that it happened with the various aspects to do and individuals are always
tending to give priority to their ideas only. (Jasinski, 2001)

The last but not the least theory about the micro thinking about the violence against the

women is the resource theory and this theory explained that the power can only established
at family level when the women become victim of violence in family matters. The other

level to think about the violence against the women is the feminist theory and this theory
is the creative thinking to think about the male-dominated structure of the society in
advance level. The social structure is therefore relevant with the demanding culture and
demanding society in real approach. (Jasinski, 2001)

The male dominated culture like Patriarchy have the intentions to do the harm to the women

factor in the same culture. The other theory that reshape the macro theories is about the
family violence perspective. The natural acceptance was wrongly considered as the

violence against the women and it did not consider bad to be violate against the women in
any sense. These relationships are being violated due to major acceptance of family
structure. (Jasinski, 2001)

The subculture aspect of violence theory showed that some groups in society are always

prefer to do violate against the women but in some specific situations only. The fifth theory
about the macro theories analyzed that the cultural acceptance of violence against the

women showed that the cultural approval of anything specifically violate all rules and

regulations in certain areas of life and these areas are not ignoring able till the end of this
world. Therefore, women oppression is being formalized as the major cultural approval to
do so. (Jasinski, 2001)

The last mindset about the violence against the women is about the stress that is the

remarkable significant risk factor against the violence of women, the stressful situation is
being monitored as the major element to violate against the women. The next is about the

discourse of multidimensional approaches of violation against the women. The exchange

theory showed that the violence is about the reward after the violate behavior against the
women can exceed the costs of violating against the women. (Jasinski, 2001)

The reward is much higher in sop called respect and other facts therefore violence against

women is not ignore able. The other thing is the social control theory and this theory

proposed that the resistance to intervene in family matters and most importantly at cultural
level. The intervene of some other factor in family matters can further agitate against the

women itself. the whole who amalgamated idea showed that the man can harm his woman
because he has the proper right to do so. (Jasinski, 2001)

The gender theory is another thing that considered the macro aspect and this macro theory

is about the violence differently with view constructing is basically provides the way as per

the need show and implement. The social system of multidimensional theory is always

happening in various aspects because influence of power of man over woman is the worst

form ever. The intimate relations among them, sometimes causes of violence against the
women in several ways. (Jasinski, 2001)

The other three kinds of models are being considered as the main factors behind the
violence against the women and comes under the influence of multidimensional theories.

The mal peer-support model is the first aspect like the alcohol use at male level contributes
in violence. The next model is about the social Etiological model and this model again
explain the structural inequality of women and men at same level. (Jasinski, 2001)

The ecological model is about the shaping the social environment and development of

environment about the intra-relationship among the individuals with Micro systems, with

Meso system, with Exo system and finally with the macro system. Micro is all about
interactions with family, friends that are existed in the near environment. (Jasinski, 2001)

The meso system is about the home and school that are away from individual not so much.

The next thing is about the policy making where the schools boards are always built a

relationship with the such bodies in the environment. The next thing is about the macro
system and this system involves the cultural attitudes and showed the relationship among
the individuals and its elements at large scale. These all above-mentioned theories are some

kind of hypotheses that can defined the violence against the women up to great extent or
one can say in the composite form. (Jasinski, 2001)

Mindset About Structural Forms of

Violence
It is difficult to define the violence but not so difficult now a day in which

violence is being implemented in complete code of life through the most

miserable stage. Violence is all about the action that is against the different

segments of society and activities that are highly related with the scale of

information as per the defined values. The action towards the normal thing
through aggressive intention is violence. The action along with the way of
inaction sometimes also regarded as the violence in different mindsets. (Price,
2012)

Structural Forms of Violence

This is the particular arrangements as well. The specification of violence

discussed literally the three kinds of specific harm towards the women. One
and the most important in structural violence is about the physical harm and

such harm is relevant with almost all victims of the society across the societies.
The psychological harm always happens when the consistent approach of
violence is being adopted by the person who is directly involved in violence.
(Price, 2012)

The next level of harm is the social harm because this harm is so much
devastating for the entire community in various aspects. The violence is being

the only way to show that how the community can be subordinate with the
various aspects and ways to behave. The deliberately committed action that is

very disruptive for the various reasons is another way to think about the
community at various levels. (Price, 2012)

The people behind such deliberately actions are always being negated by the
various aspects with the several reasons so far. The violence has the dual phase

thing that has the two kinds of affects. One that is affected by it starts to show
reaction and the other who is the ultimate reason of such behavior. The forms

of power is the biggest challenge that is the biggest way to considered this
reckless thing in the worst form. (Price, 2012)

This exercise of power is the ultimate thing that never penetrates until there is

someone who always exercise this thing. The social forms are always negated
throughout the procedure of violence; the context is matters a lot that is the
ultimate cause of the violence. (Price, 2012)

The power is the main reason of violence and this kind of violence never ends
because the wish to gain power is never minimized so far. The social structure

is another thing that negate the societal form because the violence is the chance
where the response at both levels are equal in recognitions. (Price, 2012)

Strategies to Eliminate Violence Against

Women
The violence along with its affects are always disrupting in several meanings
and these meanings are getting the interest of individuals at various stages in

human life. The women are the core element that has been neglected since
many years because the perception about the male is being considered as the

so called majority so far. The violence against the women is the real time

violence of human rights and those rights have specific monitoring

organizations over it so that those can identify the facts about the violence
indeed. (un.org, 2015)

Strategies to Eliminate Violence Against Women

The discrimination is the core thing that endorse the role of violence direct as
well as structured across the society. The discrimination at major level across
the world is the way that always against the women. The law that is glaring in

different terms are always happening with the inequalities among men as well

as women in various ways that are devastating as well. There is dire need to
initiate the realizations at women level that they are the part of society equally
as the men are. (un.org, 2015)

The accomplishment of need throughout the violence culture is always against

the women because the legal interventions are always happening in respect of
different ideologies. The reduction of poverty at mass level can be a strategy

to eliminate the violence against the women because women is an important

part of society and when the poverty negates the role of women and confined
her at home. (un.org, 2015)

The combating with the HIV and AIDS is another thing that is being
generalized as per the details with the various aspects but the women is the

most affected part of society in various terms and condition directly applied
over there. (un.org, 2015)

The combating with HIV and AIDS are two phases of the same thing because
these diseases are always believing to negate the women as well. The peace is
another thing that happen within the society and men is the real defaulter in
getting competition with it is different ways so far. The security of the women

is the way that happens within the depth and believe to give the desire thing as
wanted to but in real security of women is all about the men understanding
and perception about the women. (un.org, 2015)

The most essential thing over here is to guard the rights of women because it
is the least possible thing in front of violence. Those women and even girls are

about to face the violence both even the physical and sexual violence and such
women are girls are about 35 per cent according to global aspect. The only

need is to implement the given ignorance strategies rather than to wasting the
wasting the cost in formulation. (un.org, 2015)

Mukhtaran Mai; Countrys oppressed

Women Case Study
There is no irony among those people who hear about Mukhtaran Mai and did

not utter a rigid word for those who are the main culprit of such a reckless

event. Those people are attached with the system that have a place in Pakistan
to just listen the appeals of poor people. The worst thing comes in the scene

when those people knows that this time the women was stuck in tragic scene

so far. The worst part of the tragic story has happened in 2002 and that scene
was the most brutal one on women in south Asia. (dawn.com, 2011)

Mukhtaran Mai Case Study

The worst thing happened again in this Mukhtaran Mai case that was happened

in most of poor people cases who considered the supreme court as the supreme

power over other institutes that represents Pakistan at the so called judiciary
platform. The realization that the women cannot raise her voice is being proved

by the women sector in entire basis because women are happening with the

several rationales and those rationales are not bind with the exact form as it
should be. (dawn.com, 2011)

The gang rape was not only the name that happen with the case of Mukhtaran

Mai but it was the complete image of Pakistan in international media that was

further good a rigid response from judiciary of Pakistan. The Mukhtaran Mai
age now above 40 years and she was raped by the alleged person in June 2002.

The worst thing is about the glaring events that the woman is being raped and
so called judiciary release those well-known people. The whole life of the

women was end mentally and these things further ignites the situation in the
international media. (dawn.com, 2011)

The all men who were being arrest in the Mukhtaran Mai case are now free in

the same society where the cases like Mukhtaran Mai are not even an issue
single issue so far. About 120 kilometers away from the central city of Multan,

one can say that the intensity of that unfortunate event of the history in Pakistan

still can hear over there and even in the darkest timeline of judiciary system of
Pakistan. (dawn.com, 2011)

The media always got agile way of proceedings while getting the real way of
behaving with the women in Pakistan but the case of Mukhtaran Mai was the
even that tends many pen to pen down the historical way of proceedings as

well. According to the Aurat foundation the quantity of women that were being

raped are in thousands and those thousands women have their own vision to
maintaining the society. The dark face of oppression of women in Pakistan and
darkest history of judiciary are two things that a women history never forgets.
(dawn.com, 2011)

Malala Yousafzai; 14-year-Old Pakistani

Peace Activist
A name that have no need to introduction at all; Malala Yousufzai. Some called

her a lady of south Asia with the dream of education in those dark stages where
it was not possible at all because of the existence of Taliban specifically in

Pakistan. The Pakistan as the name of land have many unfortunate events. The
women are always considered as the part of society and Pakistan have no
exception at all. This is the real Pakistan but the reality that has been shown at
western media. The west is still not reliable in extracting the facts of Pakistan
and same the case with the Malala Yousufzai. (Agencies, 2012)

Malala Yousafzai
The national and international media consists several aspects about the same

case and still the irony exists among the media. the national media somehow
believed that the Malala Yousufzai was the entirely an inside job and nothing
to do with the Talibans. The other was of the story presented some evidences

that Malala Yousufzai was even not a Pakistan by birth. The point to ponder
here is not to indulge our students to discuss the critics as the society is being
presented over here because many men many words are being successfully

applied in the case of Malala Yousufzai and this was the most ironic thing that
did not support the Pakistan in the anyway. (Paracha, 2013)

The third section of the story is here and having the strong link but in two

phases. The one phase showed that there are elements in Pakistan that did not
wants the rising of women particularly in Pakistan and most importantly in

north Waziristan. There was a lady who actually praising the education system

of Pakistan and showed that the women at big level and girls at school level
even can participate in the change in mindset of international media about the
Pakistan but all before the shoot of girl on October 9, 2012. (Paracha, 2013)

The girl is the most courageous girl of the Pakistan because no one even
thinking about the such kinds of social acts in schools in that area of swat
where most of schools were targeted at that time. This phase was the negative
one and was remain there for about one year both in national and international

media. The positive side of the phase is still continuing. There are many
interviews since has recovered till now because the main focused of the girl is
the education and education is the hot topic worldwide. (Agencies , 2012)

The agenda of recovered Malala Yousufzai was only education, is education

and may be education as per the confidence still explorative at her face. Apart

from the facts the best and most positive impacts come out of it that Malala

Yousufzai now becomes the symbol for the girls in Pakistan in terms of
education that gives a message to western media that Pakistan is shifting
towards the empowering women rather oppressing her in real times. (Paracha,
2013)

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy born 12 November 1978 ,is known for:

By bringing the voices of the ordinary people faced with extraordinary challenges to
television screens around the world, I hope to affect change in one community at a
time.
Is a Pakistani-born, American-educated film-maker and journalist. Many of her fifteen
documentary features highlight various aspects of life in the Muslim world, particularly
with regard to the status of women. These include: Saving Face, a story of women acid
attack victims in Pakistan, Women of the Holy Kingdom, a profile of Saudi Arabian
women, and Afghanistan Unveiled, a look at how the U.S. intervention has impacted
ordinary female citizens.1 Other films, such as Pakistans Double Game, Reinventing the
Taliban, and Terrors Children, focus on the current political, social, and religious climate
in Sharmeens home country of Pakistan.
Her visual contributions have earned her numerous awards, including the Academy
Award for best short film and documentary (2012), and the International Emmy Award
(2011), the One World Media Award for Broadcast Journalist of the Year (2007), the
South Asian Journalist Association Award (2004 and 2006).2 Ms. Obaid-Chinoy regularly
gives lectures and presides over film screenings at colleges and universities across the
United States. In 2007 she helped found the Citizens Archive of Pakistan, whose projects
center around the preservation of Pakistans cultural and social heritage.3 Sharmeen is a
fellow at TED - Technology, Entertainment and Design - a nonprofit dedicated to the
power and spreading of ideas and knowledge through innovative technologies and
audiovisual media.4
Sharmeen graduated from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts with a
Bachelors degree in Economics and Government and subsequently received two Masters
degrees in International Policy Studies and Communication from Stanford University in
Palo Alto, California.5
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy makes documentary films. She's the founder of the Citizens
Archive of Pakistan, dedicated to preserving Pakistan's history.
Why you should listen
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy is a film producer and journalist who has worked on 14 films for
major networks in the United States and Britain. Her films include Children of the Taliban
(with Dan Edge), The Lost Generation (about Iraqi exiles) and Afghanistan Unveiled. Her
work has taken her around the world, where she has filmed and worked with refugees,
womens advocacy groups and human rights defenders. By bringing their voices to the
outside world, she has often helped them bring about a critical change in their
community.
Obaid-Chinoy helped found the Citizens Archive of Pakistan, a nonprofit, volunteer
organization that fosters and promotes community-wide interest in the culture and
history of Pakistan. Citizens Archive works with thousands of children, teaching critical
thinking skills and instilling a sense of pride about their history and identity.
http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/27...the-west-does/
When will we start recognising our Women of Impact like the West does?
By: Fatima Majeed (express tribune)
Pakistani women have done us proud again by securing a place in New York Times
Women of Impact list 2015. The list honours outstanding women from around the world.

It is diverse and interesting, bringing home the point that these individuals have
managed to carve a place for themselves by standing up for the cause of women and
other marginalised factions of society.
Out of the 50 women given the honour, education activist Malala Yousafzai and film
maker Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy have bagged the 36th and 48th positions respectively,
and we all know that honours and recognitions are not new to them. Both ladies have
devoted their lives to womens rights and the rights of other vulnerable segments of
Pakistan. There are many things to be lauded and admired about them but I appreciate
them for the enduring struggles.
No prize, award or criticism is big enough to thwart their mission; they are always on the
go!
Resilience is the leitmotif in both journeys. Malala received immense fame and respect
but instead of basking in the glory, she employed her success for the cause which has
always been close to her heart education for girls. Malalas organisation, Malala Fund
has been actively working for womens education ever since. The 17-year-old is also
inspiring for her refreshing wit and humour which clearly indicates that the horrid events
of her life have not been able to mar her lively nature.
Some of the women on NYTs list have been unpopular in their own country, yet they
stood firm by their cause. Malala and Sharmeen both have faced stinging criticism,
hatred, mocking and trolling by their own people. Malala has often been maligned as
foreign agent and the whole shooting ordeal has been belittled as staged. Despite all this
hatred, Malala has continued her work for womens education. Her strong bond with her
father has also helped in rehashing the conventional patriarchal power structure in
Pakistan. Ziauddin Yousafzai struck the right chord when he said,
My daughter is strong because I did not clip her wings.
Its the core of womens rights issues that they must not feel opposition and hostility in
their house. Only then they can fight the hostility outside.
Sharmeen also shares a special bond with her father as she said in her Emmyacceptance speech. Her work is poignant, prolific and ground-breaking in Pakistani
cinema, culture and womens rights. Saving Face was important not only as a
cinematic experience but also because it shed light on some heinous yet underrated
crimes against women. I came across Sharmeens TED Talk about how suicide bombers
are trained in Taliban-run madrassas in Pakistan her work was bold, detailed and
interesting. She clearly loves her work and strives for it, despite every hurdle.
Like Malala, Sharmeen too has been criticised for doing dirty laundry in public. She has
been blamed for exploiting Pakistans vulnerable aspect to achieve fame. Yet, she
fearlessly continues with her work. Her latest documentary Song of Lahore which
celebrates neglected Sufi musicians was hailed with standing ovation at the Tribeca
Film Festival last month. This is Sharmeens yet another wonderful idea, another brilliant
production.
We all feel the dearth of local yet original educational (and entertaining) animations for
our children and thats exactly what Sharmeens new project, 3 Bahadur is all about.
Both Malala and Sharmeen truly deserve the spot, not just among women who created
an impact and changed the world for the better but also for being awe-inspiring human
beings. We look up to them, we relate to them and they are our voice in this gagged
society.
As Sharmeen said in her Women in the World Summit speech,
Very often, we see women in my part of the world as victims. I hope by putting my
camera out there, I am creating heroes in my part of the world for the next generation. I
need my daughters to have heroes in Pakistan.
Her Films:

3 Bahadur: Taking Pakistani cinema to greater heights

BY: By Muhammad Omar Iftikhar Published: May 28, 2015
The need for promoting childrens content is of utmost importance in any country, since
it develops their personality while broadening their mental horizon as well. Storybooks,
cartoons, and animated movies keep children mesmerised with the help of colourful and
vibrant animations. Most of the time, the content promotes a social cause or a certain
philosophy of life.
Although content for children, both in print and electronic media, is available in Pakistan,
there has always been a dire need for animated shows/movies which could bring stories
to children in ways that would educate and entertain them. Oscar winning producer,
Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy, finally bridged this gap by joining hands with ARY Films to
produce Pakistans first full-length animated movie, 3 Bahadur.
The three protagonists of the movie are Amna, Saadi, and Kami, who unite to fight a
dark force plaguing their neighbourhood, the peaceful locality of Roshan Basti. You would
need to watch the movie to know who and what this dark nemesis is and how these
three friends defeat it.
The movie also explores the journey these friends take from being normal kids to
becoming superheroes, during which they acquire a special power to defeat the forces of
evil lurking over their peaceful town. Furthermore, the way they receive their
superpowers, because they had the courage to face evil, something which no adult in
Roshan Basti was able to undertake, is a treat to watch.
The voice overs of the characters are done by Muneeba Yaseen (Amna), Hanzala Shahid
(Kamil), Zuhab Khan (Saadi), and Behroze Sabzwari (Deenu). The voice overs fit in
perfectly with the characters. The story is realistic and aligns with our everyday life; it
highlights the importance of bravery, something that every child must learn. A line in the
movies trailer reads,
For the first time in Pakistan, witness the birth of courage.
The children, being the target audience of the movie, will easily be able to relate
themselves to the characters and the story from the beginning until the end. 3 Bahadur
has managed to develop the idea of courage in the minds of the younger viewers,
especially at a time when injustice is widely prevalent in our society
This movie has set new standards in Pakistani cinema, since it also falls under the genre
of 3D animation, a category which has remained void for far too long. 3 Bahadur puts an
exclamatory mark on the perils we face in our society, where elders are well aware of
the problems, yet they do not raise their voices.
The animators of 3 Bahadur have done a great job with the characters, setting and
action sequences. All these elements blend well with the dialogue and background score.
The scriptwriters, on the other hand, have certainly hit the mark. The dialogues have
been scripted keeping the target audience in mind, which is why the script is smooth,
uses simple Urdu, and includes everyday terminology to further the motto of the movie.
Produced by Waadi Animation, a joint venture between SOC (Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy)
Films and ARY Films, 3 Bahadur is also a blend of animated content with brand
placement, which serves to entertain the Pakistani mind. Viewing the behind-the-scenes
video of the movie posted on Waadi Animations Facebook page showed that the viewers
will find the presence of everyday brands blended in the movie, hence giving a
noteworthy example of brand placement.
Producing an animated movie requires numerous hours of work where animators,
editors, graphic designers, voice over artists, and other crew members work in unison
from scratch until the completion of the final product. This movie, however, is a
testament to the potential Pakistan has in the creative genre, hence escalating the
countrys movie industry to a different level.
3 Bahadur will certainly set a trend in Pakistan, as other filmmakers and animation
studios who have been producing 3D serials, will begin producing full-length animated

movies, uplifting the animated movie genre of Pakistan to international standards.

With the release of 3 Bahadur, one thing is certain the children of Pakistan have
already witnessed the first wave of Pakistani superheroes in the form of Amna, Saadi,
and Kami
2: SAVING FACE
Film review: Saving face - on the face of it
Saving Face shows women in Pakistan are moving ahead and fighting for justice in
a male-dominated society.
By Uzair Tahir
Ever since Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy won the Oscar, Ive seen comments all over the
internet that give the impression that this documentary shows only the darker side of
Pakistan. However, having actually seen the documentary I would like to clear this
misunderstanding.
I had the good fortune of watching it, along with other Oscar-nominated works, at the
National Archives in Washington DC on the morning of 26 February, the day before the
Oscar winners were announced. While they were all excellent, Saving Face was definitely
the best amongst them. Even though it was the longest one, the audience was riveted
until the last moment.
Saving Face begins with Sharmeen interviewing Zakia, a victim of an acid attack. Zakia,
who had filed for divorce, was attacked by her husband outside the court room after the
hearing. Half her face, including one eye, was destroyed.
We are also introduced to Rukhsana, who was attacked with acid by her in-laws. Tired of
mistreatment by her husband and his family, she takes her children and moves in with
her parents. Soon, financial problems force her to return to her husband and ask
forgiveness, a decision that has terrible consequences. In a harrowing scene, Rukhsana
shows us the room in which she was attacked with acid by her mother-in-law and sisterin-law.
Then there is Dr Jawad, a plastic surgeon in the UK who travels to Pakistan to treat the
victims of acid attack at the Burns Centre in Islamabad. He meets Zakia first and is
deeply moved by her story, trying very hard to save Zakias eye along with her face.
Sadly, the optical surgeons tell him there is no chance of success. Nor does her legal
struggle seem to bear fruit: Zakia attends every hearing of the case against her husband
but the final hearing keeps getting postponed.
On the other hand, Rukhsana, who is waiting desperately for the surgery to restore her
face, cannot undergo the operation because the initial tests reveal that she is pregnant.
In a particularly moving scene, Rukhsana hopes the child will be a boy because she is
afraid that a girl would face the same difficulties as her.
But there is also hope amid the despair. Zakias case is taken up pro bono by a female
lawyer, and eventually, both women succeed in gaining the attention of various NGOs.
They meet Marvi Memon and push for punitive legislation against acid attacks. Memon,
moved by their pleas, proposes a bill in calling for life imprisonment for acid attackers
Near the end, a successful surgery gives Zakia her face back, and the optical surgeon
designs an artificial eye for her. Rukshana gives birth to a baby boy and is successfully
treated by Dr Jawad afterwards. The bill is unanimously passed in the assembly. In the
end comes the happiest moment of all, as the court sentences Zakias husband to double
life imprisonment terms.
Far from being a biased indictment of Pakistan, Saving Face shows women in Pakistan
are moving ahead and fighting for justice in a male-dominated society. It also shows
how, contrary to popular opinion, the courts do sometimes dispense justice. Another
great aspect of Saving Face is that it brings to light the philanthropist mindset of our
society, where individuals feel the need to give something back to their country.
Eloquently summing it up is the closing quote from Dr Jawad: I was not saving their
faces; I was saving my own face as I am also a part of this cruel society.

3. SONG OF LAHORE: Song of Lahore to be played at Tribeca Film Festival

KARACHI: Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoys latest documentary Song of Lahore has been
selected for the World Documentary Feature Competition at the 2015 Tribeca Film
Festival stated a press release.
The documentary, which has been co-directed by Andy Schocken, has been nominated in
the Best Documentary Feature, Best New Documentary Director and Best
Documentary Editing categories at the renowned film festival.
Song of Lahore highlights the underappreciated music community of Lahore, which until
the late 1970s was known throughout the world for its talent. Almost 11 years ago, Izzat
Majeed founded Sachal Studios, which aimed to help traditional music flourish in a
country that has failed to do recognise its roots to traditional music.
The documentary focuses on the efforts of Sachal Studio and how a group of musicians
who had previously released classical and folk albums went onto bring worldwide acclaim
to the studio with an experimental album fusing jazz and South Asian instruments. Song
of Lahore documents the ensembles journey to reclaim and reinvigorate an art that has
lost its place in the countrys culture with the passage of time.
The 12 films selected for this years edition of the World Documentary Competition
represent the years highest achievements in nonfiction storytelling. The submitted
entries showcase investigations of the most important issues of our time, as well as
deeply personal real-life stories sure to open a wider perspective on the human
condition.
The Tribeca Film Festival was founded by Robert De Niro, Jane Rosenthal, and Craig
Hatkoff in 2001, following the attacks on the World Trade Center, to spur the economic
and cultural revitalisation of the lower Manhattan district through an annual celebration
of film, music, and culture. The Festival brings the industry and community together
around storytelling helps film-makers reach the broadest possible audience, enabling the
international film community and general public to experience the power of cinema and
promote New York City as a major filmmaking center.