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EMILIO AGUINALDO(1869-1964)

Emilio Aguinaldo, (born March 22/23, 1869,


near Cavite, Luzon, Philippines
died February 6, 1964, Quezon
City) Filipino leader and politician who fought
first against Spain and later against
the United States for the independence of
the Philippines.

MANUEL L. QUEZON(1878-1944)
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (August 19, 1878 August 1, 1944) was
a notable Philippine statesman, soldier, andpolitician. He was a Spanish
Filipino; his parents were both Spanish Mestizos.
He served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from
1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the
Philippines (as opposed to other historical
states), and is
considered to have been the secondpresident of the Philippines,
after Emilio Aguinaldo (18971901).

JOSE P. LAUREL(1891-1951)

In 1925 Laurel was elected to the Philippine Senate. He would serve for one
term before losing his re-election bid in 1931 to Claro M. Recto.[5] He retired
to private practice, but by 1934, he was again elected to public office, this
time as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Hailed as one of
the "Seven Wise Men of the Convention", he would sponsor the
provisions on the Bill of Rights.[5] Following the ratification of
the 1935 Constitution and the establishment of
theCommonwealth of the Philippines, Laurel was
appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on February
29, 1936.

SERGIO OSMENA(1878-1961)
Sergio Osmea Sr., PLH, (9 September
1878 19

October 1961) was a Filipino politician who

served as

the fourthPresident of the Philippines from

1944 to 1946.

He was Vice President under Manuel L.

Quezon, and

succeeded as President upon Quezon's sudden

death in 1944,

becoming the oldest officeholder at age 65. A

founder of

theNacionalista Party, he was also the

first Visayan to

become President of the Philippines.

Prior to his

accession in 1944, Osmea served as

Governor

of Cebu from 1906 to 1907, Member and

first Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922, and Senator from
the 10th Senatorial District for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate President pro
tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L.
Quezon for the presidential election that year. The tandem was overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941.
He was patriarch of the prominent Osmea family, which includes his son, former Senator Sergio
Osmea, Jr., and his grandsons, senators Sergio Osmea III and John Henry Osmea), exgovernor Lito Osmea, and former Cebu Citymayor Tomas Osmea.

MANUEL A. ROXAS(1892-1948)

Manuel Roxas' term as the President of the


Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4,
1946, when the Third Republic of the
Philippines was inaugurated and
independence from the United States
proclaimed. The occasion, attended by
some 300,000 people, was marked by the
simultaneous lowering of the Stars and
Stripes and raising of the National Flag,
21-gun salute, and the pealing of church bells.
Roxas then swore the Oath of Office as the
first President of the new Republic.

ELPIDIO QUIRINO(1890-1956)
Elpidio Rivera Quirino (born Elpidio Quirino y Rivera;
November 16, 1890 February 29, 1956) was a Filipino-Chinese
politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from
1948 to 1953.
A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became
a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925. He was then
elected as senator from 19251931. In 1934, he became a
member of the Philippine independence commission that was
sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of Tydings
McDuffie Act to American Congress. In 1935, he was also elected
to the convention that drafted the 1935 constitution for the newly establishedCommonwealth. In
the new government, he served as secretary of the interior and finance under President Manuel
Quezon's cabinet.

RAMON MAGSAYSAY(1907-1957)
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr. (August 31, 1907

March 17, 1957) was the seventh President of


the Republic of the Philippines, serving from
December 30, 1953 until his death in an aircraft
disaster. An automobile mechanic, Magsaysay
was appointed military governor of Zambales after
his outstanding service as a guerilla leader during
thePacific War. He then served two terms
as Liberal Party congressman for Zambales before
being appointed as Secretary of National Defense by
President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected President under the
banner of the Nacionalista Party. He was the first Philippine
President born during the 20th century.
CARLOS P. GARCIA(1896-1971)
Garcia was the running mate of Ramn Magsaysay in the 1953
presidential election in which both men won. He was
appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs by President Magsaysay, and for
four years served concurrently as Vice-President.
As Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he opened formal reparation negotiations
in an effort to end the nine-year technicalstate of war between Japan
and the Philippines, leading to an agreement on April 1954. During
the Geneva Conference of 1954 on Korean unification and other
Asian problems, Garcia, as chairman of the Philippine delegation,
attacked communist promises in Asia and defended the U.S. policy in
the Far East. In a speech on May 7, 1954the day that theViet Minh defeated French forces at
the Battle of Din Bin Phu in Vietnam Garcia repeated the Philippine stand for nationalism and
opposition to Communism.[citation needed]
Garcia acted as chairman of the eight-nation Southeast Asian Security Conference held in Manila in
September 1954, which led to the development of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL(1910-1997)
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 April 21, 1997) was
the ninth President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and
the sixth Vice-President, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a
member of theHouse of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional
Convention of 1970. He is the father of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was the
fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the University
of the Philippines and University of Santo Tomas, after which he
worked as a lawyer for the government. He first won election in
1949 to the House of Representatives, representing a district in his home
province of Pampanga. In 1957, he became Vice-President under the rule of
President Carlos P. Garca, whom he defeated in the 1961 polls.
As President, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate
the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the
free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his
reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party. He is also
known for shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12,
commemorating the day President Emilio Aguinaldo unilaterally declared the independence of
the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965, and
was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos, who subsequently ruled for 21 years.
Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the Constitutional Convention which would later
draft what became the 1973 Constitution, though the manner in which the charter was ratified and
modified led him to later question its legitimacy. He died of heart failure, pneumonia,
and renal complications, in 1997, at the age of 86.

FERDINAND MARCOS(19171989)
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos,
Sr. (September 11, 1917 September 28, 1989) was
a Filipino politician andkleptocrat,[2][3] who was President
of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled
as dictator[4] under martial law from 1972 until 1981.
[5]
While his regime started an unprecedented number of
infrastructure projects and monuments (known
colloquially as an "edifice complex"),[3][6][7] it also became
infamous for its corruption,[8][9][10][11]
[12]
extravagance[13] and brutality.[14][15][16]
Prior to Marcos's presidency, he served as a member of
the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to
1959 and of the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965, where he was also Senate
President from 1963 to 1965. As part of his election campaign, he would later claim to
have been "the most decorated war hero in the Philippines", a claim which was later
proven to be a hoax,[17][18][19] and according to the United States Army, was "fraudulent"
and "absurd".[20]
He was elected President in 1965. During his term, the Philippine national debt grew
from $2 billion to almost $30 billion[21][22]while used to fund development projects,
about USD5 to USD10 billion of which the Marcos family had plundered, [13] according to
source documents provided by the Corazon Aquino-created Presidential Commission
on Good Government.

CORAZON AQUINO(1933-2009)

In May 1986, the reorganized Supreme


Court declared the Aquino government as "not merely a de
facto government but in fact and law a de jure government",
whose legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of
nations.[12] This Supreme Court decision affirmed the status
of Aquino as the rightful leader of the Philippines. To fasttrack the restoration of a full constitutional government and
the writing of a new charter, she appointed 48 members of
the 1986 Constitutional Commission ("Con-Com"), led by
retired activist Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia
Muoz-Palma. The Con-Com completed its final draft in
October 1986.[13] On February 2, 1987, the new Constitution
of the Philippines, which put strong emphasis on civil
liberties, human rights and social justice, was
overwhelmingly approved by the Filipino people. The
ratification of the new Constitution was followed by the
election of senators and congress that same year and the
holding of local elections in 1988.

FIDEL V. RAMOS(1992-1998)
Fidel Valdez Ramos AFP PLH GCMG (born March 18, 1928), popularly
known

as FVR and Eddie, was the 12thPresident of the Philippines from 1992
to 1998. During his six years in office, Ramos was widely credited and
admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international
confidence in the Philippine economy.
Prior to his election as President, Ramos served in the Cabinet of
President Corazn Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of theArmed Forces of
the Philippines (AFP), and later on, as Secretary of National Defense from
1986 to 1991.[2]
During the historic 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution,
Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to breakaway

from

the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos and pledge allegiance and

loyalty to the newly established government of President Aquino.

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