Table 1

82 WM 028-9

August 1982,2694

Summary of typical switching surge magnitude ranges and

the reduction realized by control techniques

Switching Surges: Part IV.

Control and Reduction on AC

Transmission Lines
This paper summarizes the developments in switching surge
reduction and control during the 1970's. Only switching surges
produced on ac transmission lines are considered. The benefits of
effective switching surge control are illustrated graphically in Fig. 1
for a proposed 1200 kV transmission tower.
Switching surges caused by various events and methods of
controlling their magnitude are discussed in this paper and are
summarized in Table 1. Fig. 2 shows the beneficial effect of circuitbreaker closing resistors on switching surge magnitude from
energizing a transmission line.
The paper concludes that, at present, there is no justification for
controlling switching surges to below 1.5 pu because, as illustrated
in Fig. 3, overvoltages of this magnitude can be caused by the
initiation of transmission line faults.
*Members of the IEEE Working Group on Switching Surges are: R.
G. Rocamora, Chairman; K. R. Chakravarthi, A. Clerici, A. Fakheri, W.
E. Feero, R. A. Hedin, I. B. Johnson, A. E. Kilgour, A. C. Legate, J.
Panek, H. M. Smith, E. R. Taylor, Jr., and D. D. Wilson.

./Wl

-15
-

LU

W1V

15

O
<

-1!

AA/N

1!

-151

48
32
16
TIME (MSEC)

Switching Surge*

Without Control

Type of Event
Energizing

_(P")

Three-phase
reclosing

With Control

Control Method

Closing resistors
Multiple-step
closing resistors
Controlled closing
Controlled closing
and closing resistors
Removal of trapped charge
Closing resistors
Multiple-step
closing resistors
Controlled closing
Controlled closing
and closing resistors

2 4.2 8

IEEE Working Group on Switching Surges*

15

Maximum

Maximum

Switching Surge*

3 5.4 0

Fault-initiation
Single line-

_lEHi_
1 5.2 2

1 3.1 7
1 3.1 7

2 4.2 8
15.2 2
1 4.1 8
1 4.2 0

to-ground

Double line-

to-ground
Fault-clearing
Phase-to-phase
switching

1 5.2 0

Energizing
Reclosing

3 0.4 0
4 0.5 0

surges

*AII pu

on a

None

Opening resistors

Closing resistors
Closing resistors

2 0.3 6
2 0.3

phase-to-ground basis

15

-15h

10

15
0
-15

-10
D

Smo|

LU

o
<

15
0
-15

>

32
48
16
TIME (MSEC)

64

64

>

10
Oi
-10

io
o
-10

Circuit breaker

with dosing resistors

closing resistors
1. Eight c/b; 1.602-in. diam.; 40-in.-diam. bundle.
2. Window-Gap Spacing based on o 5%; Effect of Nonstandard

without

2V

-10|

LU

A Circuit breaker

^jXAfV

Conditions 5% and CFO Data from Ref. 7.

=

Length Shown is for "Light" Contamination.

Length Shown is for "Very Light" Contamination.
Note: Audible Noise Characteristics Should be Examined for
Designs B and C.
Fig. 1. Effect of changes in overvoltages criteria on 1200-kV tower
insulation design.

3.

4.

16
A

32
48
TIME (MSEC)

64

Voltages at fault location

0
B

16

32
48
TIME (MSEC)

64

Voltages at

end of faulted line

Fig. 3. Transient voltages resulting from initiation of a single l/ne-toground fault.

FOG-TYPE
INSULATORS

Fig. 2. Transient voltages resulting from a typical 500-kV energizing

operation.
44

PER AUG