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O2(g) + 2 H2(g)
Copyright 2015 by Nelson Education Limited
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
SUMMARY:
Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously when
electrons are transferred from one species to another.
The species that gains electrons is said to be reduced.
The species that loses electrons is said to be oxidized.
The species which gains e's is the oxidizing agent.
The species which loses e's is the reducing agent.
OIL RIG
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The oxidation state measures the degree of
oxidation of an element in a compound,
compared with when that element is pure and
uncombined.
Oxidation leads to an increase in the oxidation state of
an element in the compound (more +ve).
Reduction leads to a decrease in the oxidation state of
an element in the compound (more -ve).
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Guidelines:
The oxidation state of each atom in a pure element is zero.
For a monatomic ion, the oxidation state is its charge.
The sum of oxidation states in an ion is equal to its charge.
In a molecule, the sum is zero.
In all of its compounds and ions, F is in oxidation state 1.
In most compounds and ions, H is in oxidation state +1.
In most compounds, O is in oxidation state 2.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Recognizing Oxidation and Reduction
Like O2, the halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) are always oxidizing
agents when reacting with metals and non-metals.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
EXAMPLES:
Sodium-chlorine reaction.
Sodium metal reduces chlorine gas;
chlorine gas oxidizes sodium metal.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
EXAMPLE: Copper and Nitric acid
reaction
Copper reacts vigorously with NO3(aq)
ions in concentrated nitric acid
solution. NO3(aq) ions are reduced to
the brown gas NO2(g), and Cu(s) is
oxidized to blue-green Cu2+(aq) ions.
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e16.5 Compare the reactions of copper and zinc metals with nitric
acid solutions.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions as Competition
Oxidation-reduction reactions can be regarded as the
result of competition between species for electrons:
the winner is reduced, and oxidizes the other species.
The outcome of competition determines the direction
of spontaneous reaction: the direction of reaction that
takes the reaction mixture toward equilibrium.
The ability of a species to compete for electrons is
ranked on a scale of reduction potentials.
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EXAMPLE:
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq, 1.0 mol L1) Cu2+(aq, 1.0 mol L1) Cu(s)
The cell above has Ecell = 1.10 V. This means that the cathode
half cell potential is 1.10 V greater than the anode half cell
potential.
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o cell
RT
0 . 0257 V
o
ln Q=E
nF
n
cell
at 25 o C
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nFE
ln K=
RT
o cell
nE
=
0 . 0257 V
at 25 o C
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Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
Cd(s) E = 0.40 V
Fe(s) E = 0.44 V
o cell
( 2 ) ( 0 . 04 V )
nFE
nE
ln K=
=
=
=3 .1
RT
0 . 0257 V 0 . 0257 V
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K = 22
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Corrosion of Iron
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals resulting
from oxidation in the presence of air and water.
It is an electrochemical process and the product
is a hydrated iron oxide (rust).
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Corrosion of Iron
Corrosion is an electrochemical process in which
iron is oxidized at an anodic region and water is
reduced at a cathodic region.
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Corrosion of Iron
Acceleration of the Rate of Corrosion
Contact with salty water reduces the resistance to ion
migration.
Deformation of the iron makes it more reactive.
Acidic Conditions increase the reduction potential of the
cathode half-reaction.
Contact with a more noble metal forms a voltaic cell
with iron as the anode.
Differential aeration creates a cell, with anode in the
region of lower oxygen pressure.
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Corrosion of Iron
Protection against Corrosion of Iron
Use of sacrificial anodes, which are preferentially
oxidized.
An applied electric potential can render the iron the
cathode.
Prevent contact with air through use of paint, sacrificial
metal coatings, or coatings of less-reactive metals.
Corrosion inhibitors form a protective film on the
surface of the iron.
Use of corrosion-resistant alloys such as stainless steel.
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